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Phase Diagram

The document defines key terms used in phase diagrams including components, phases, solubility limits, and binary systems. It then discusses several types of binary phase diagrams including: 1) Isomorphous systems which have complete solubility of components in both liquid and solid phases. An example given is the Cu-Ni system. 2) Eutectic systems where two metals are completely soluble in the liquid state but insoluble in the solid state. At the eutectic point, the liquid transforms to two solid phases. 3) Systems with a eutectic reaction where there are three single phase regions and three two-phase regions on the diagram. Solvus lines show the limit of solub

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Mobashawir Alam
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32 views36 pages

Phase Diagram

The document defines key terms used in phase diagrams including components, phases, solubility limits, and binary systems. It then discusses several types of binary phase diagrams including: 1) Isomorphous systems which have complete solubility of components in both liquid and solid phases. An example given is the Cu-Ni system. 2) Eutectic systems where two metals are completely soluble in the liquid state but insoluble in the solid state. At the eutectic point, the liquid transforms to two solid phases. 3) Systems with a eutectic reaction where there are three single phase regions and three two-phase regions on the diagram. Solvus lines show the limit of solub

Uploaded by

Mobashawir Alam
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PHASE DIAGRAM

Definitions: Components and Phases

• Component : Chemically recognizable species (Fe and C in carbon steel, H2O and sucrose in sugar
solution in water). A binary alloy contains two components, a ternary alloy – three, etc.

• Phase : A portion of a system that has uniform physical and chemical characteristics. Two distinct
phases in a system have distinct physical and/or chemical characteristics ( e.g. Water and ice, water
and oil) and are separated from each other by definite phase boundaries. A phase may contain one
or more components.
• A single-phase system is called homogeneous, systems with two or more phases are mixtures or
heterogeneous systems.
Definitions: Solubility Limit

• Solvent - host or major component in solution, solute minor component.


• Solubility limit of a component in a phase is the maximum amount of the component that can be
dissolved in it ( e.g. Alcohol has unlimited solubility in water, sugar has a limited solubility, oil is
insoluble). The same concepts apply to solid phases: Cu and Ni are mutually soluble in any amount
(unlimited solid solubility), while C has a limited solubility in Fe
Phase diagrams for binary systems

A phase diagrams show what phases exist at equilibrium and what phase transformations we can
expect when we change one of the parameters of the system.

Real materials are almost always mixtures of different elements rather than pure substances: in
addition to t and p, composition is also a variable.

We will limit our discussion of phase diagrams of multicomponent systems to binary alloys and will
assume pressure to be constant at one atmosphere. Phase diagrams for materials with more than
two components are complex and difficult to represent.
Binary isomorphous systems (I)

Isomorphous system - complete solid solubility of the two components (both in the liquid and solid
phases).
Three phase region can be identified on the phase diagram: liquid (l) , solid + liquid (α +l), solid (α )
Liquidus line separates liquid from liquid + solid solidus line separates solid from liquid + solid
Binary isomorphous systems (II)

Example of isomorphous system: Cu-Ni


(the complete solubility occurs because
both Cu and Ni have the same crystal
structure, FCC, similar radius and
electronegativity).
Binary isomorphous systems (III)

In one-component system melting occurs at a well-defined melting temperature.


In multi-component systems melting occurs over the range of temperatures, between the solidus and
liquidus lines. Solid and liquid phases are at equilibrium with each other in this temperature
range.
Interpretation of a binary phase diagrams
For a given temperature and composition we can use phase diagram to determine:
1) The phases that are present
2) Compositions of the phases
3) The relative fractions of the phases.
Finding the composition in a two phase region:
1. Locate composition and temperature in diagram
2. In two phase region draw the tie line or isotherm
3. Note intersection with phase boundaries. Read compositions at the intersections.
The liquid and solid phases have these compositions.
The Lever rule

• Finding the amounts of phases in a two phase region:


1. Locate composition and temperature in diagram
2. In two phase region draw the tie line or isotherm
3. Fraction of a phase is determined by taking the length of the tie line to the phase boundary for
the other phase, and dividing by the total length of tie line
The lever rule is a mechanical analogy to the mass balance calculation. The tie line in the two-phase
region is analogous to a lever balanced on a fulcrum.
Derivation of the lever rule
➢ All material must be in one phase or the other:
• Wα + WL = 1
➢ Mass of a component that is present in both phases equal to
the mass of the component in one phase + mass of the
component in the second phase:
• Wα Cα + WLCL = co

➢ Solution of these equations gives us the lever rule.


• Wl= (ca -co) / (ca-cl)
• Wa= (co -CL) / (ca-cl)
Development of microstructure in isomorphous alloys
equilibrium (very slow) cooling
➢Solidification in the solid + liquid phase occurs gradually upon cooling from the liquidus line.

➢The composition of the solid and the liquid change gradually during cooling (as can be determined
by the tie-line method.)

➢Nuclei of the solid phase form and they grow to consume all the liquid at the solidus line.
Development of microstructure in isomorphous alloys
fast (non-equilibrium) cooling

Compositional changes require diffusion in solid and liquid phases.


Diffusion in the solid state is very slow. The new layers that solidify on top of the existing grains have the
equilibrium composition at that temperature but once they are solid their composition does not change.
Formation of layered (cored) grains and the invalidity of the tie-line method to determine the composition
of the solid phase.
The tie-line method still works for the liquid phase, where diffusion is fast. Average Ni content of solid
grains is higher. Application of the lever rule gives us a greater proportion of liquid phase as compared to
the one for equilibrium cooling at the same T. Solidus line is shifted to the right (higher Ni contents),
solidification is complete at lower T, the outer part of the grains are richer in the low-melting component
(cu).
Two metals completely soluble in liquid state insoluble
in solid state
Two metals completely soluble in liquid state insoluble
in solid state
Eutectic point
The eutectic reaction
Binary eutectic systems (I: metals partially soluble in
solid state)
Binary eutectic systems (I: metals partially soluble in
solid state)
• Three single phase regions (α- solid solution of ag in cu matrix, β= solid solution of cu in ag
matrix, L - liquid) three two-phase regions (a+ L, ß+l, a+ß)
• Solvus line separates one solid solution from a mixture of solid solutions.
• Solvus line shows limit of solubility
Binary eutectic systems
Development of microstructure(alloys with no eutectic
and forming unsaturated solid solution)

In this case of lead-rich alloy (0-2 wt. % Of


tin) solidification proceeds in the same
manner as for isomorphous alloys (e.G.
Cu-ni).

• L →α+l→α
Development of microstructure in eutectic alloy
Development of microstructure in hypoeutectic alloys
Primary α phase is
formed in the α+ L
region, and the
Eutectic structure that
includes layers of α and
β phases (called eutectic
α and eutectic β phases)
is formed upon crossing
the eutectic isotherm.
Development of microstructure (alloys with no eutectic and
forming supersaturated solid solutions)

At compositions between the room


temperature solubility limit and the
maximum solid solubility at the
eutectic temperature, β phase
nucleates as the α solid solubility is
exceeded upon crossing the solvus line.
Cooling curves

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