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Lesson 4 - Control Structures - Theory

The document discusses different types of control structures in SQL including IF-THEN, IF-THEN-ELSE, IF-THEN-ELSIF-ELSE, loops, WHILE, and FOR statements. Control structures allow for conditional execution and repetition of SQL statements. They are important for manipulating SQL data in a flexible and powerful way. The document provides examples of how each control structure works and what they allow programmers to do.

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shania nkusi
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11 views

Lesson 4 - Control Structures - Theory

The document discusses different types of control structures in SQL including IF-THEN, IF-THEN-ELSE, IF-THEN-ELSIF-ELSE, loops, WHILE, and FOR statements. Control structures allow for conditional execution and repetition of SQL statements. They are important for manipulating SQL data in a flexible and powerful way. The document provides examples of how each control structure works and what they allow programmers to do.

Uploaded by

shania nkusi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Faculty of Computing and Informatics

Lesson 4 - Theory
Control Structures
Learning Objectives

After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

• Identify the uses and types of control structures


• Construct an IF statement
• Use CASE statements and CASE expressions
• Construct and identify different loop statements
Introduction

• Based on your current exposure, please give by example (either


using a scenario or any form to explain the importance of using
control structures in SQL server).

• Probably the most useful (and important) part of SQL


• You can manipulate SQL data in a very flexible and powerful way
Control Flow of Execution
IF-THEN

• IF-THEN statements are the simplest form of IF.

• The statements between THEN and END IF will be executed if


the condition is true. Otherwise, they are skipped.
IF-THEN-ELSE

• IF-THEN-ELSE statements add to IF-THEN by letting you specify


an alternative set of statements that should be executed if the
condition evaluates to FALSE.
IF-THEN-ELSIF-ELSE

• IF-THEN-ELSIF-ELSE provides a more convenient method of


checking many alternatives in one statement.

• Formally it is equivalent to nested IF-THEN-ELSE-IF-THEN


commands, but only one END IF is needed.
Loops

• With the LOOP, EXIT, WHILE and FOR statements, you can
arrange for your SQL function to repeat a series of commands.

• LOOP defines an unconditional loop that is repeated


indefinitely until terminated by an EXIT or RETURN
statement.

• The optional label can be used by EXIT statements in


nested loops to specify which level of nesting should be
terminated.
WHILE

• The WHILE statement repeats a sequence of statements so


long as the condition expression evaluates to true.

• The condition is checked just before each entry to the loop


body.
FOR (integer for-loop)

• This form of FOR creates a loop that iterates over a range of


integer values.

• The variable name is automatically defined as type integer


and exists only inside the loop.

• The two expressions giving the lower and upper bound of the
range are evaluated once when entering the loop.

• The iteration step is normally 1, but is -1 when REVERSE is


specified.

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