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Unit-2 PPT

The document discusses various types of antennas used for wireless communication. It describes the basic working principles of linear wire antennas, loop antennas, aperture antennas like horn antennas, reflector antennas, microstrip patch antennas, and frequency independent antennas like helical antennas and log periodic antennas. Key design aspects and applications of these antennas are also covered.

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BALAJI VIGNESH L K
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353 views90 pages

Unit-2 PPT

The document discusses various types of antennas used for wireless communication. It describes the basic working principles of linear wire antennas, loop antennas, aperture antennas like horn antennas, reflector antennas, microstrip patch antennas, and frequency independent antennas like helical antennas and log periodic antennas. Key design aspects and applications of these antennas are also covered.

Uploaded by

BALAJI VIGNESH L K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT II

RADIATION MECHANISMS AND DESIGN


ASPECTS
Radiation Mechanisms of Linear Wire and
Loop antennas, Aperture antennas, Reflector
antennas, Microstrip antennas and Frequency
independent antennas, Design considerations
and applications
Radiations from Linear Wire Antenna
A single wire antenna is typically a straight copper wire, between one
and two wavelength long, running parallel to the earth’s surface.
A beverage antenna is called as a travelling wave radiator, when it is
terminated with a characteristic impedance. They are called as non
resonant type.
Loop Antenna
• The loop antenna is a radiating coil of any convenient cross section of
one or more turns carrying radio frequency current
• A loop of more than one turn is called as a frame
• Loop is designed that its dimensions are small in comparison to
wavelength
Radiations from small Loop
• The radiation pattern pf the loop is independent of the exact shape of the loop. If the loop
is small compared with λ and is similar to the radiation pattern of an elementary dipole
Aperture Antennas
The term aperture refers to an opening in a closed surface.
HORN ANTENNA

Types:
1. Rectangular horn antenna
2. Circular horn antenna
1. Rectangular horn antenna
1. Sectoral horn antenna
1. E – plane sectoral horn – Flaring is done in the direction of the
electric field vector
2. H – plane sectoral horn - Flaring is done in the direction of the
magnetic field vector
Pyramidal horn antenna - Flaring is done in the direction of both the
electric field and magnetic field
Circular horn antenna
1. Conical horn antenna 2. Biconical horn antenna
Exponentially Tapered Horn Antenna
Principle of Horn Antenna

Design of Horn Antenna


Reflector Antenna
Reflector type of antennas or reflectors are widely used to modify the
radiation pattern of a radiating element
Reflector antenna means a reflector of suitable size and shape, which
may produce a direct radiation(energy) in a desired direction
Types of Reflector antennas
\
Parabolic Reflector
Field Distribution
Feeding systems or structures:
Parabolic reflector antenna consists of two basic parts
1. A source of radiation placed at the focus called primary radiator or
feed
2. The reflector called secondary radiator
The various feed used in reflectors are
1. Dipole antenna
2. Horn antenna
3. End fire antenna
4. Cassegrain feed
5. Offset feed
Cassegrain feed
Aperture Blockage
Slot Antennas
The slot antenna is an opening (slot) cut in a sheet of conductor which
is energized through a co-axial cable or wave guide
It is the best suitable radiator at frequencies above 300MHz
The shape, size and operating frequency of the slot determines the
radiation pattern
Whenever a high frequency field exists across a very narrow slot in an
infinite conducting sheet, the energy is radiated through that slot
Construction
Method of feeding for Slot Antenna
Types of Slot Antenna
Working Principle: Pattern of the Slot Antenna
Various shapes of slot antenna
Microstrip Antennas (MAS) or Patch Antenna
construction
Types of patch in Microstrip Antenna

The following features are common for all MSA

(i) A thin, flat metallic region which is commonly called patch


(ii) A dielectric substrate
(iii) A ground plane which is much larger than patch considering
dimensions
(iv) A feed network which supplied power to antenna elements
In microstrip antenna, the radiating element and the feed lines are
generally photo etched on the dielectric substrate
Feed methods of Microstrip Antenna
1. Contacting feed
2. Non-contacting feed
(a) Microstrip feed
(i) Center feed
(ii) Offset feed
(iii) Inset feed
(iv) Quarter wave line feed
(b) Co-axial feed
(c) Aperture coupled feed
(d) Proximit coupled feed
Applications
(i) Mobile and satellite communication application
(ii) Radio frequency identification
(iii) Worldwide interoperability for Microwave access (WiMax)
(iv) Radar application
(v) Telemedicine application
(vi) Medicinal applications of patch
(vii)Military applications
(viii) Space applications
Numerical tool for Antenna Synthesis
Computer Aided design (CAD) software
Principle of frequency independent antennas
A frequency independent antenna is physically fixed in size and
operates on an over a wide bandwidth (entire frequency band) with
relatively constant impedance, pattern, polarization and gain
These antennas are broadband antennas which are using 10 to 10,000
MHz
RUMSEY’S PRINCIPLE
“The performance that is, the impedance and pattern properties of a
lossless antenna is independent of frequency if the dimensions of the
antenna are specified in terms of angles such that they remain constant
in terms of wavelength”
Helical Antenna
For N turn of helix, the total length of antenna is equal to NS
If one turn of helix is unrolled, then circumference (πD), spacing S, turn
length ”L” and pitch angle ᾳ are related by the triangle as shown in fig.
Then the length of one turn is expressed as
Log Periodic Antenna

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