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FM Generation 3

This document discusses methods of generating frequency modulated (FM) signals. It describes direct and indirect (Armstrong) methods. The direct method uses a reactance modulator like a FET or varactor diode to vary the reactance of an oscillator's tuned circuit. The indirect method generates phase modulation first using a balanced modulator then converts it to FM. It allows using a crystal oscillator for stability and multiplier circuits to increase the frequency before transmission.

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Disha Goel
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57 views30 pages

FM Generation 3

This document discusses methods of generating frequency modulated (FM) signals. It describes direct and indirect (Armstrong) methods. The direct method uses a reactance modulator like a FET or varactor diode to vary the reactance of an oscillator's tuned circuit. The indirect method generates phase modulation first using a balanced modulator then converts it to FM. It allows using a crystal oscillator for stability and multiplier circuits to increase the frequency before transmission.

Uploaded by

Disha Goel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FM Generation

Tanaji Biradar

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 1


Contents

• FET reactance modulator


• Varactor diode modulator
• Frequency stabilized reactance modulator
• Indirect method.

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 2


F M Generation

Methods

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Direct Method
Simple Method- Vary L or C

If L or C of a tuned circuit of an oscillator is changed in proportion with the amplitude of the modulating signal
then FM can be obtained across the tuned circuit as shown below.

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 4


Reactance Modulator
• A BJT or FET is operated as a variable reactance (Inductive or capacitive)
• Device is connected across the tuned circuit of an oscillator, so as to change the oscillator
frequency.
• Reactance of device is changed by the instantaneous value of modulating signal.
• This will change the frequency of the oscillator to produce FM wave.

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 5


Basic FET Reactance Modulator (Capacitive)

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 6


Theory

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Theory

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Observations

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Type of Reactance Modulators

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Varactor Diode Modulator

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Frequency Stabilized Reactance Modulator- AFC

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Frequency Stabilized Reactance Modulator- AFC

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 13


Frequency Up conversion

• With FM and PM modulators, the carrier at the output is generally somewhat


lower than the desired frequency of transmission.
• There are two basic methods of performing frequency up conversion.
1. Heterodyning process (Mixing )
2. Frequency multiplication

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 14


Heterodyne method of frequency up-conversion
• Mixing is used to increase or decreased the center frequency Fc ,keeping the
deviation constant.
• Due to deviation constant mf is unchanged.

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 15


Multiplication method of up-conversion

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Effect Mixing and Multiplication on FM Wave

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Block Diagram of Crosby direct FM Transmitter

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 18


Indirect Method FM Generation-Armstrong Method

• In the Direct method:


• LC oscillators are used, crystal oscillators cannot be used.
• LC oscillators are not stable enough for communication.
• Increasing gain beyond a certain limit causes the FB loop to become unstable

Hence the need for an indirect method called Armstrong method of FM


generation
In this method
FM is obtained through Phase modulation (PM)
The crystal oscillator can be used.
Frequency stability is very high.

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 19


How to obtain PM ?
AM wave

Resultant at Unmodulated
Unmodulated the output
 carrier
Resultant  carrier

Fig (a) Fig (b)

• FM cannot be generated from AM because resultant of sidebands of AM are in phase


with unmodulated carrier,hence no phase variations.
• The resultant of AM wave and unmodulated carrier forms an angle of  degrees as
shown in fig(a)
• When AM wave is taken out with the help of modulator, we get a phasor diagram as
shown in fig(b). As we change the modulation index, the resultant will change, changing
the phase angle  and hence we get a PM wave.

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 20


Phase modulator circuit
CRYSTAL
OSCILLLATOR

Carrier

Carrier
COMBINING PM wave
BUFFER NETWORK

Only
sidebands

900 PHASE BALANCED


SHIFTER MODULATOR

Modulating
signal

The Phase modulator circuit is used to generate PM

Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji


17-05-2022 21
Biradar
Use of multiplier circuit

The Multiplier Circuits are used to increase the frequency level


as well as frequency deviation.
Mixer is used to reduce the center frequency without affecting
the frequency deviation
{ fc – fo – δ ; fc – fo + δ } and hence modulation index
17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 22
Need of an Audio Equalizer

• FM: eFM = A sin [ ct + mf sin mt ]


• PM: ePM = A sin [ ct + mp sin mt ]
• If PM is to be converted to FM then mp = mf
• mf depends on deviation & modulating frequency & mp depends on modulating
voltage
• In order to change mp like mf, bass-boosting is provided by the audio equiliser.

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 23


Indirect Method FM Generation-Armstrong Method

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Indirect Method FM Generation-Armstrong Method

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Principle of Operation –Using Vector Diagram

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Operation of the Armstrong Method
• The crystal oscillator generates the carrier at low frequency.
• The modulating signal is bass boosted through an audio equalizer.
• The balanced modulator produces two 900 phase shifted sidebands.
• The unmodulated carrier and these side bands are added in the combining
network.
• Output of the combining NWK is an FM wave with low carrier frequency fc &
low modulation index mf
• FM wave is passed through multiplier circuits
• fc & mf are increased by 1st group of multipliers
• fc is raised by the mixer
• fc & mf are both increased by 2nd group of multipliers
• FM signal with high fc & high mf is passed through a class C power amp. to raise
its power level

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 27


Effect of Frequency Changing on FM signal

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Application

• The Armstrong’s indirect method is used in FM radio


broadcasting.
• For narrowband FM ( = 10.8kHz & fc = 180MHz) only
multipliers are required.
• For wideband FM ( = 75kHz & fc = 100MHz) both mixing &
multiplying are required.

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 29


FM Capture effect

Capture effect
In telecommunication, the capture effect, or FM capture effect, is a phenomenon, associated
with FM reception, in which only the stronger of two signals at or near the same frequency will
be demodulated

The capture effect is defined as the complete suppression of the weaker signal occurs at the
receiver limiter, if it has one, where it is not amplified, but attenuated. When both signals are
nearly equal in strength, or are fading independently, the receiver may switch from one to the
other.

17-05-2022 Analog communication. Sem-IV Tanaji Biradar 30

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