Dibrugarh University Institute of Engineering

and Technology

A Project report on

“LASER SECURITY SYSTEM USING GSM MODULE”

A
Project report
Submitted in partial fulfillment
for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology
In Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Project Guide: Submitted by:

Jagannath Patra Dhritiman Choudhury ECE-10/17
Gaurav Kumar ECE-12/17
Junaid Ikram Hussain ECE-18/17

1
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “LASER SECURITY
SYSTEM USING GSM MODULE”, undertaken by Dhritiman Choudhury
(ECE-10/17), Gaurav Kumar (ECE-12/17) and Junaid Ikram Hussain
(ECE-18/17) is submitted for the fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering
to Dibrugarh University Institute Of Engineering And Technology,
Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam. It is a record of the candidate's
work carried out by them under my supervision. The matter embodied in this
project is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other
degree.

Mr. Jagannath Patra

Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication
Dibrugarh University Institute of Engineering and Technology
Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam

2
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “LASER SECURITY
SYSTEM USING GSM MODULE”, undertaken by Dhritiman Choudhury
(ECE-10/17), Gaurav Kumar (ECE-12/17) and Junaid Ikram Hussain
(ECE-18/17) is submitted for the fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering
to Dibrugarh University Institute Of Engineering And Technology,
Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam. It is a record of the candidate's
work carried out by them under my supervision. The matter embodied in this
project is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other
degree.

Dr. Bhargab Jyoti Saikia

Assistant Professor
Head Of Department
Department of Electronics and Communication
Dibrugarh University Institute of Engineering and Technology
Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam

3
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “LASER SECURITY

SYSTEM USING GSM MODULE”, which is submitted by us for the
fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree “Bachelors of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering” to Dibrugarh
University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dibrugarh University,
Dibrugarh, Assam. It comprises of only our original work and due
acknowledgment has been made in the text to all other materials used .

Date: Dhritiman Choudhury ECE-10/17

Gaurav Kumar ECE-12/17
Junaid Ikram Hussain ECE-18/17

Mukul Chandra Bora

Director
Dibrugarh University Institute of Engineering and Technology
Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
SERIAL NO TITLE PAGE NO
List Of Figures 8
List Of Tables 9
Acknowledgement 10
Abstract 11
Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction 12
1.2 Motivation 13
1.3 Objective 14
1.4 Literature Review 15-17
Chapter 2
Overview of the Components Used 18
2.1 Layout Diagram 19
2.2 Arduino Nano 20
2.2.1 Arduino Nano Communication 20
2.2.2 Specifications 20-21
2.2.3 Power 21
2.2.4 Memory 21
2.2.5 Input and Output 22
2.2.6 PWM 22
2.2.7 SPI 22
2.2.8 LED 23
2.2.9 Programming 23
2.2.10 Automatic (Software) Reset 23-24
2.2.11 Arduino Nano total pins 25
2.2.12 Pins 1 to 30 26
2.2.13 ICSP Pins 27
2.2.14 Applications of Arduino Nano 27
2.3 GSM 28
2.3.1 What is GSM? 28
2.3.2 Composition of the network 28-30
2.3.3 Security Details 30
2.3.4 GSM Technology Architecture 30-31
2.3.5 Why do we need GSM? 31
2.3.6 Description SIM900A 31-32
2.3.7 Specifications 32
2.3.8 Pin Diagram 33
2.3.9 SIM900A Pin Configuration 34
2.3.10 SIM900A Pin Configuration Description 34
5
2.3.11 SIM900A GSM Module Main Features 39
2.3.12 Applications 40
2.4 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) 41
2.4.1 What is LDR? 41-42
2.4.2 Working of LDR 42-44
2.4.3 LDR Frequency Dependence 44-45
2.4.4 Photoresistor Specifications 45
2.4.5 LDR Advantages 45-46
2.4.6 LDR Disadvantages 46
2.4.7 Photoresistor Applications 46
2.5 Laser Diode 47
2.5.1 What is Laser Diode? 47
2.5.2 Laser Diode Connection 48-49
2.5.3 Laser Diode Working 49
2.5.4 Advantages 50
2.5.5 Disadvantages 50
2.5.6 Applications 50
2.6 Resistor 51
2.6.1 What is Resistor? 51
2.6.2 Resistor Symbol 52
2.6.3 Types of Resistors 52-53
2.6.4 How do resistor work? 53
2.6.5 Resistor color coding 54-55
2.7 LED (Light Emitting Diode) 55
2.7.1 Main LED Materials 56
2.7.2 Physical Structure of LED 56-57
2.7.3 Working Principle 58
2.7.4 Working of an LED 58-59
2.7.5 Advantages 60
2.7.6 Disadvantages 60
2.7.7 Applications 60
2.8 Buzzer 61
2.8.1 Buzzer Features and Specifications 61
2.8.2 Buzzer Pin Configuration 62
2.8.3 How to use a Buzzer? 63
2.8.4 Applications of Buzzer 64
2.9 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) 64
2.9.1 What is PCB? 64-65
2.9.2 Design of PCB 65-66
2.9.3 Modern PCB Design 66
Chapter 3
3.1 Working 67-68
6
3.2 Connection of Schematic Diagram 69
3.3 Block Diagram 70
3.4 Software Implementation 71-73
3.5 Applications 73

Future Scope 74
Results 74
Conclusion 75
References 76

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 Layout Diagram 19
2 Arduino Nano 22
3 Arduino Nano Pinout Description 24
4 Arduino Nano Pin Label 25
5 Diagram of the GSM Network Organization 29
6 Main elements in the GSM Architecture. 30
7 SIM900A Pinout Diagram 33
8 SIM900A GSM Module Block Diagram 39
9 Light Dependent Resistor 41
10 Light Dependent Resistor Symbol 42
11 Photoresistor / LDR Structure 43
12 Laser Diode 48
13 Laser Diode Construction 48
14 Resistor 51
15 Resistor Symbol 52
16 Variable Resistor (Left) and Fixed Resistor (Right) 52
17 4-Band Color Coded Resistor 54
18 5-Band Color Coded Resistor 54
19 LED 56
20 Structure of LED 57
21 LED Parts 58
22 Working of LED 59
23 Buzzer 61
24 Pinout Diagram of Buzzer 62
25 2D Model of Buzzer 63
26 Printed Circuit Board 65
27 Schematic Diagram 67
28 Block Diagram of Laser Security System Using 70
GSM Module

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 LIST OF TABLES
SERIAL NO TITLE PAGE NO
1 Arduino Nano 1-30 Pins 26
2 Arduino Nano Icsp Pins 27
3 SIM900A GSM Main Features 39
4 Photoresistor Specifications 45
5 Buzzer Pin Configuration 62

9
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge the ideas and assistance provided by my fellow
students and friends of DUIET throughout this project. For their support
with technical knowledge and assistance for the dissertation, I’m very
grateful to them.
I would like to thank my supervisor, Mr. Jagannath Patra, Assistant
Professor, for his guidance and advice for proposing and supporting to
complete the project in the given timeframe.
Thank you also to my family, for their continuous support throughout my
degree.

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 ABSTRACT
Our model mainly deals with the design and implementation of a novel
LASER security system for detecting intruders. The prime advantage of using
the Laser system is that the intruder is unaware of the fact that a security
system is installed in the entry points like doors and windows since laser rays
can travel long distances and are almost invisible. When somebody crosses the
laser ray the circuit senses the discontinuity and trips the buzzer. The alarming
sound does not stop until someone turns it off manually after checking. It is
among the most affordable security system that can be used for indoors as well
as outdoors. It is quite efficient and requires very less power. The GSM based
home security system has been used and tested with the mobile network. The
user can get alerts like phone calls and sms from the gsm module and the
recipient gets the intruder alert in his mobile anywhere through the GSM
technology thus making the system location global. A flexible way to control
and explore the services of the gsm module.

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 CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Security is the most important factor today. Technology develops day by day
in the world. The criminals also using advanced technology to perform their
illegal activities. So, this technology of security is up to date with time to
protect the criminal activities. We decide to make a security system in our
project. In this project we used laser light to cover a large area. We know laser
light goes through long distance without scattering effect. It is also visible at
source and at incident point, otherwise invisible.

These two properties help us to build a modern security system which may
name as “LASER SECURITY”.

When any person or object cross over the laser line security alarm will ring and
through GSM the person will receive a phone call along with a SMS and also
the focus light will be turned on to focus the entrance on unauthorized person.
We can make a security boundary of single laser light by using mirror at every
corner for reflection.

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1.2 MOTIVATON
LASER-Ray goes through long distance without scattering effect and the ray is
almost invisible. Only the radiation point and incident point are visible. So, by
this security project we can make an invisible boundary of a sensitive area.
This will help us to detect intruders trying to enters in people’s houses or in
their personal space. Laser light travels in a straight line. For instance, to
protect the front of the yard, putting the laser at one comer and the detector at the
other corner would do the job. That’s not a very practical configuration, though.
More typically, if it is needed to protect the perimeter of a room, or at least the
enhances. So, laser security systems start with a laser pointing to a small mirror. The
first mirror is angled to direct the beam to a second small mirror, and so
on until the final mirror directs the beam to the detector. If the beam is interrupted
anywhere between the laser and the detector, the electronics will put the warning
signal.

13
1.3 OBJECTIVE
The prime objective of our model is to enhance and ensure complete security
of the user. This can be used in any place for security purposes like in banks,
any plants, any professional places like multinational companies, offices, etc. It
may be used in jails, hostels, etc. It requires a password authentication to
disable it so only the user will have complete control over it. So, it gives the
user complete control whether he/she wants to disable it or arm it for his/her
safety.

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1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW
Hemane & Sen (2018) [1] Describes that security is a most important factor
today. Technology develops day by day in the world. The crime gang also
improves their technology to perform their operation. So, technology of
security should be modern with time to protect the crime works. We decide to
make a security project as our project. In this project we have used laser light
to cover a large area. We know laser light goes through long distance without
scattering effect. It’s also visible only at source and incident point, otherwise
invisible. These two properties help us to build up a modern security system,
which may name as “laser security”. When any person or object crossover the
laser line the security alarm will ringing and also the focus light will “on” to
focus the entrance of unauthorized person. LASER-Ray goes through long
distance without scattering effect and the Ray is almost invisible. Only the
radiation point and incident point is visible. So, by this security project we can
make an invisible boundary of a sensitive area. There is two parts of the
system. One is transmitter and other is receiver. The transmitter part is built
with a LASER radiator, a pair of dry cell batteries, an on-off switch and a
stand to hold it. The receiver side, there is a focusing LDR (Light depending
Resistor) sensor to sense the LASER continuously. The LDR sensor also holds
with a stand and it connected with the main driver circuit. The circuit has two
parts. One is filtered the signal of discontinuity ray and others is alarm circuit.
When anybody crossover the invisible ray the main circuit sense the
discontinuity by sensor and turn on the alarm circuit. If once the alarm circuit
is on it will still ringing until push the reset button. There are two options of
ringing. One is the duration of ringing depends on preset timer and another
reset manually. Any option can be set by DPDT switch. If anybody wants to
bind a sensitive area with the single ray, he has to use mirror at every corner to
reflect it. The system has built with low cost and high performance. The power
consumption of the system is very low.

Parab & Joglekar (2015) [2] Represented that home security system is
needed for convenience and safety. This system invented to keep home safe
from intruder. In this work, we present the design and implementation of a
GSM based wireless home security system. Which take a very less power. The
system is a wireless home network which contains a GSM modem and magnet
15
with relay which are door security nodes. The system can response rapidly as
intruder detect and GSM module will do alert home owner. This security
system for alerting a houseowner wherever he will. In this system a relay and
magnet installed at entry point to a precedence produce a signal through a
public telecom network and sends a message or redirect a call that that tells
about your home update or predefined message which is embedded in
microcontroller. Suspected activities are conveyed to remote user through SMS
or Call using GSM technology.

Dutta (2016) [3] Pointed that the project we have worked on is a wireless
security system that can be controlled through a wireless remote or a touch
tone phone from any place. The main component of this system are the
infrared motion sensors and basic alarm unit. It works on detecting heat of any
human body when there is any technical fault, in turn the alarm unit is
triggered. The security makes the person monitoring security alert and may be
the concerned local law enforcement body also, by sirening a high-pitched
sound. Here there are two types of laser beam that work: green beam, infrared
beam. The infrared beam is not visible to naked to eyes whereas the green
beam the visible.

Dharne, Dongare, Dhisale & Dongare (2021) [4] Represented that the Laser
security system provides us the security against any crime, theft in our day to
day life and so people are installing them in order to stay safe, secure and
Sound. Various electronic securities can be used at home and other important
working place for security and safety purpose. It is great opportunity and
source of saving man power contributing no wastage of electricity. The “Laser
Security System” is an important helping system. Using this system robbery,
theft and crime can be avoided to large extent. Avoiding thieves result in the
safety of our financial assets and thereby this system provides us protection
against all. The laser and LDR System are highly sensitive with a great range
of working. The system senses the light emitted by the laser falling over the
LDR connected with the circuit. Whenever the beam of light is interrupted by
any means, it triggers the alarm or siren. This highly reactive approach has low
computational requirement; therefore, it is well suited to surveillance,
industrial application and smart environments.

16
Sumangala & Ram (2012) [5] Expressed that the present technology for
Home Security Automation at entry level involves systems like RFID cards,
Biometrics Access System, ZIGBEE based etc. These systems provide a very
high level of security to home, but comes with high price thus limiting the
security system accessible only to wealthy families. These features also come
with great complexity in designing, working and implementation. Thus we
attempted to design a system which can be affordable to every home within a
feasible price which is less than 5000 INR, i.e. approximately 100 USD
(includes the installment and future upgradations). Also, the working of the
system is simple and easily can be implemented on existing doors without the
need of replacing or modifying the door.

Sarkar & Islam (2016) [6] Represented that their paper deals with the design
and implementation of a novel LASER based security system for inland
aquaculture such as Shrimp/prawn farming perspective to Bangladesh. The
system implements LASER as a mean of detecting intruders. A wireless sensor
network based on nRF24L01 trans-receiver is used to communicate with the
gateway and the sensors. The number of LASERs obstructed is determined by
LDRs attached to an Arduino board; which is programmed to take decisions
whether to sound an alarm or call a desired mobile number through a
GPRS/GSM network; depending on the number of LASERs obstructed. The
proposed work has been done and verified in real life. The system was
satisfactory in terms of both cost and security compared to other existing
systems available in Bangladesh.

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 CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEW OF THE COMPONENTS USED

LASER SECURITY SYSTEM USING GSM

MODULE
Laser based security system is designed to provide maximum security to a
given restricted area where the presence of any person is not desired. If
someone tries to pass over the boundary line defined by laser lights, an alarm
will be triggered and a SMS to the authorized person will be sent. Proper
messages will also be displayed on the LCD. With this obstacle sensor, you
can find out your car’s distance to another car behind it while backing. In the
kit laser-based security system Light Dependent Resistors analog to digital
converter (LDR) is used as a laser light sensor. If the laser lights are cut, even
for a moment, the intensity of the light on the LDR will decrease. The
advantage of this development is the circuit, construction and setup for the
Laser Security System is very simple. The whole system can be powered from
any 12VDC/2A power supply unit/battery. The wireless communication is
increasing day by day. This has motivated us to use mobile phones to remotely
control household appliances and to receive a feedback SMS about the security
and safety of the house. In this paper we describe a remote appliance control
system which can control different household appliances by sending a SMS
from a mobile phone and monitor the safety and security of the house just by a
SMS. This controller is extremely handy at places where we have to control
the ON and OFF switching of the devices as no wired connection is required
between the switch and the home appliances as it can be controlled from any
place in this world.

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2.1LAYOUT DIAGRAM

Fig1: Layout Diagram

19
2.2 ARDUINO NANO

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based

on the ATmega328P released in 2008. It offers the same connectivity and
specs of the Arduino Uno board in a smaller form factor.

The Arduino Nano is equipped with 30 male I/O headers, in a DIP30-like

configuration, which can be programmed using
the Arduino Software integrated development environment (IDE), which is
common to all Arduino boards and running both online and offline. The board
can be powered through a type-B micro-USB cable or from a 9 V battery.

2.2.1 Arduino Nano Communication

The Arduino Nano has a number of facilities for communicating with a

computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328
provide UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital
pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An FTDI FT232RL on the board channels this serial
communication over USB and the FTDI drivers (included with the Arduino
software) provide a virtual com port to software on the computer. The Arduino
software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent
to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash
when data is being transmitted via the FTDI chip and USB connection to the
computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software
Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Nano's digital
pins. The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The
Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus.

2.2.2 Specifications:

 Microcontroller Atmel ATmega168 or ATmega328

 Operating Voltage: (logic level) 5 V
 Input Voltage: (recommended) 7-12 V
 Input Voltage: (limits) 6-20 V
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 8
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
20
  Flash Memory: 16 KB (ATmega168) or 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 2
KB used by bootloader
 SRAM: 1 KB (ATmega168) or 2 KB (ATmega328)
 EEPROM: 512 bytes (ATmega168) or 1 KB (ATmega328)
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
 Dimensions: 0.73" x 1.70"

2.2.3 Power:

The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V
unregulated external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power
supply (pin 27). The power source is automatically selected to the highest
voltage source.

The FTDI FT232RL chip on the Nano is only powered if the board is being
powered over USB. As a result, when running on external (non-USB) power,
the 3.3V output (which is supplied by the FTDI chip) is not available and the
RX and TX LEDs will flicker if digital pins 0 or 1 are high.

2.2.4 Memory:

The ATmega168 has 16 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 2 KB
is used for the bootloader); the ATmega328 has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used
for the bootloader). The ATmega168 has 1 KB of SRAM and 512 bytes of
EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library); the
ATmega328 has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.

21
 Fig2: Arduino Nano

2.2.5 Input and Output:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Nano can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts.
Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-
up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 k Ohms. In addition, some pins
have specialized functions: Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX)
and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the
corresponding pins of the FTDI USB-to-TTL Serial chip. External Interrupts: 2
and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a
rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function
for details.

2.2.6 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the
analogWrite() function.

2.2.7 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not
currently included in the Arduino language.

22
2.2.8 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the
pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Nano has 8 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (
1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though
is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the
analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized
functionality:

 I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the
Wire library (documentation on the Wiring website).

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

 AREF:Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with

analogReference().

 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to
add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

2.2.9 Programming:

The Arduino Nano can be programmed with the Arduino software. The
ATmega168 or ATmega328 on the Arduino Nano comes pre burned with a
boot loader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an
external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500
protocol.

We can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through
the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header.

2.2.10 Automatic (Software) Reset:

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino Nano is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software
running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines
(DTR) of the FT232RL is connected to the reset line of the ATmega168 or
ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken

23
low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software
uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload
button in the Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a
shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start
of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Nano is connected to either a
computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made
to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the
bootloader is running on the Nano. While it is programmed to ignore
malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept
the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a
sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data
when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates
waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.

Fig3: Arduino Nano Pinout Description

24
2.2.11 From the image Arduino Nano got 36 pins in total:
Digital I/O, PWM - 14 Pins
For Analog Functions - 9 Pins
Power - 7 Pins
SPI (Apart from Digital I/O Section) - 3 Pins
Reset - 3 Pins
TOTAL - 36 Pins

Fig4: Arduino Nano – Pin Label

25
2.2.12 Pins 1 to 30
Table-1
Arduino Nano Pin Pin Name Type Function
1 D1/TX I/O Digital I/O Pin
Serial TX Pin
2 D0/RX I/O Digital I/O Pin
Serial RX Pin
3 RESET Input Reset (Active Low)
4 GND Power Supply Ground
5 D2 I/O Digital I/O Pin
6 D3 I/O Digital I/O Pin
7 D4 I/O Digital I/O Pin
8 D5 I/O Digital I/O Pin
9 D6 I/O Digital I/O Pin
10 D7 I/O Digital I/O Pin
11 D8 I/O Digital I/O Pin
12 D9 I/O Digital I/O Pin
13 D10 I/O Digital I/O Pin
14 D11 I/O Digital I/O Pin
15 D12 I/O Digital I/O Pin
16 D13 I/O Digital I/O Pin
17 3V3 Output +3.3V Output (from FTDI)
18 AREF Input ADC reference
19 A0 Input Analog Input Channel 0
20 A1 Input Analog Input Channel 1
21 A2 Input Analog Input Channel 2
22 A3 Input Analog Input Channel 3
23 A4 Input Analog Input Channel 4
24 A5 Input Analog Input Channel 5
25 A6 Input Analog Input Channel 6
26 A7 Input Analog Input Channel 7
27 +5V Output or +5V Output (From On-board Regulator) or
Input +5V (Input from External Power Supply
28 RESET Input Reset (Active Low)
29 GND Power Supply Ground
30 VIN Power Supply voltage

26
2.2.13 ICSP Pins
Table-2
Arduino Nano ICSP Pin Name Type Function

MISO Input or Output Master In Slave Out

Vcc Output Supply Voltage

SCK Output Clock from Master to Slave

MOSI Output or Input Master Out Slave In

RST Input Reset (Active Low)

GND Power Supply Ground

2.2.14 Applications of Arduino Nano

 Automation.
 Robotics.
 Control Systems.
 Embedded Computer.
 Instrumentation.

27
2.3 GSM
2.3.1 What is GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)?
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile network
that is widely used by mobile phone users in Europe and other parts of the
world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is
the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies:
TDMA, GSM and code-division multiple access (CDMA). GSM digitizes and
compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user
data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 megahertz (MHz)
or 1,800 MHz frequency band.

GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless

mobile telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
(HSCSD), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM
Environment (EDGE) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service
(UMTS).

2.3.2 Composition of the network

The GSM network has four separate parts that work together to function as a
whole: the mobile device itself, the base station subsystem (BSS), the network
switching subsystem (NSS) and the operation and support subsystem (OSS).

The mobile device connects to the network via hardware. The subscriber
identity module (SIM) card provides the network with identifying information
about the mobile user.

28
 Fig5: Diagram of the GSM Network Organization

The BSS handles traffic between the cell phone and the NSS. It consists of two
main components: the base transceiver station (BTS) and the base station
controller (BSC). The BTS contains the equipment that communicates with the
mobile phones, largely the radio transmitter receivers and antennas, while the
BSC is the intelligence behind it. The BSC communicates with and controls a
group of base transceiver stations.

The NSS portion of the GSM network architecture, often called the core
network, tracks the location of callers to enable the delivery of cellular
services. Mobile carriers own the NSS. The NSS has a variety of parts,
including mobile switching center (MSC) and home location register (HLR).
These components perform different functions, such as routing calls and Short
Message Service (SMS) and authenticating and storing caller account
information via SIM cards.

Because many GSM network operators have roaming agreements with foreign
operators, users can often continue to use their phones when they travel to
other countries. SIM cards that hold home network access configurations may
29
be switched to those with metered local access, significantly reducing roaming
costs, while experiencing no reductions in service.

2.3.3 Security details

Although GSM was designed as a secure wireless system, it can still
experience attacks. GSM uses authentication measures, such as challenge-
response authentication, which prompts a user to provide a valid answer to a
question, and a pre shared key that is in the form of a password or passphrase.

There are a few cryptographic security algorithms that GMS employs,

including stream ciphers that encrypt plaintext digits. A5/1, A5/2 and A5/3 are
three stream ciphers that ensure a user's conversation is private. However, the
algorithms for both A5/1 and A5/2 have been broken and published and are
therefore susceptible to plaintext attacks.

GSM uses GPRS, a packet-based communication service, to transmit data,

such as through web browsing. However, the ciphers that GPRS uses, GEA1
and GEA2, were broken and published as well in 2011. Researchers published
open source software to sniff packets in the GPRS network.

2.3.4 GSM Technology Architecture

Fig6: Main Elements in The GSM Architecture

30
 The Architecture of GSM Technology
 Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
 Base-Station Subsystem (BSS)
 The mobile station (MS)
 Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

2.3.5 Why do we need GSM?

 Improved spectrum efficiency

 International roaming
 Low-cost mobile sets and base stations (BSs)
 High-quality speech
 Compatibility with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and
other telephone company services
 Support for new services

2.3.6 Description SIM900A

The sim which we have used in the project is SIM900A. Here the Modem is
built with Dual Band GSM/GPRS based SIM900A modem from SIMCOM. It
works on frequencies 900/ 1800 MHz SIM900A can search these two bands
automatically. The frequency bands can also be set by AT Commands. The
baud rate is configurable from 1200-115200 through AT command. The
GSM/GPRS Modem is having internal TCP/IP stack to enable you to connect
with internet via GPRS. SIM900A is an ultra compact and reliable wireless
module. This is a complete GSM/GPRS module in a SMT type and designed
with a very powerful single-chip processor integrating AMR926EJ-S core,
allowing you to benefit from small dimensions and cost-effective solutions.

SIM900A GSM Module is the smallest and cheapest module for GPRS/GSM
communication. It is common with Arduino and microcontroller in most
of embedded application. The module offers GPRS/GSM technology for
communication with the uses of a mobile sim. It uses a 900 and 1800MHz

31
frequency band and allows users to receive/send mobile calls and SMS. The
keypad and display interface allows the developers to make the customize
application with it. Furthermore, it also has modes, command mode and data
mode.

2.3.7 Specification

 Dual-Band 900/ 1800 MHz

 GPRS multi-slot class 10/8GPRS mobile station class B

 Compliant to GSM phase 2/2+

 Dimensions: 24*24*3 mm

 Weight: 3.4g

 Control via AT commands (GSM 07.07 ,07.05 and SIMCOM

enhanced AT Commands)

 Supply voltage range: 5V

 Low power consumption: 1.5mA (sleep mode)

 Operation temperature: -40°C to +85 °

32
2.3.8 Pin diagram

Fig7: SIM900A PINOUT DIAGRAM

33
2.3.9 SIM900A Pin Configuration:
The Module SIM900A looks like a single chip but it has a bunch of features
that can help to build almost many commercial applications. Although, there
are a total of 68 pins on SIM900A and using these pins helps to build the
applications. But we will need few pins if you we use a module for interfacing
with Arduino.

2.3.10 SIM900A GSM Module Pin Configuration Description

GPIO Pins

The GPIO pins help to perform the simple and advance I/O function. All pins
give the maximum output equal to the power supply which is useable to
control most of the devices like sensors and other modules. All GPIO pins in
SIM900A are:

 GPIO1 – Pin40
 GPIO2 – Pin41
 GPIO3 – Pin42
 GPIO4 – Pin43
 GPIO5 – Pin44
 GPIO6 – Pin47
 GPIO7 – Pin48
 GPIO8 – Pin49
 GPIO9 – Pin50
 GPIO10 – Pin51
 GPIO11 – Pin67
 GPIO12 – Pin68

Status Pins
The module has two status pins which help to indicate two different kinds of
status. The first one is the working status of the module and the second for
communication status. Net status means either the module is connecting to the

34
network or other network functions, etc. Both these pins can’t operate LED
directly. They always act with a combination of a transistor.
 STATUS – Pin52
 NIGHTLIGHT – Pin66

SIM900A Display Interface Pins

The device offers a 4 pin display interface with itself. The display isn’t
necessary; it is only in case of requirement. The use of interface helps to get
the visualization with the module and make it an application. All display pins
are:
 DISP_DATA – Pin12 – For Display Data
 DISP_CLK – Pin11 – For Clock Input
 DISP_CS – Pin14 – To enable the display
 DISP_D/C – Pin13 – To select between data and command

I2C Pins
SIM900A has multiple kinds of communication and I2C is one of them due to
is popularity. The module has a single I2C protocol pin, which helps to build
the application with any module with that communication.
 SCL – Pin38
 SDA – Pin37
SDA for data and SCL for clock pulse.

SIM900A GSM Module Keypad interface Pins

The two-pin keypad is interfaceable with the module. The module will take the
keypad data as a 2D matrix value from the KCB pins for each value. The
keypad interface pins in the module are:
 KBR0~KBR4 (ROWS) – Pin40~Pin44
 KBC0~KBC4 (COLUMN) – Pin47~Pin51

Serial Port
The UART serial interface uses the two pins for proper data communication,
which are RX and TX. Both pins have no independence on any other pins or
modules. In SIM900A these pins are available but it also has some other pins
35
for status/indication of data. By combining these pins, the serial port helps to
generate the RS-232 connector too.

All the serial pins are:

 RXD – Pin10 – To receive the data
 TXD – Pin 9- To send the data
 RTS – Pin8 – To send the request of data transmission
 CTS – Pin7 – To clear the send request
 RI – Pin4 – Ring indicator
 DSR – Pin6 – To indicate that data set ready
 DCD – Pin5 – To indicate data carry detect
 DTR – Pin3 – To indicate data terminal ready

Debug Interface
Debugging helps the developers to debug the module and update its firmware.
In this module, there are separate serial interface pins for debugging. Both pins
are:
 DBG_TXD – Pin27 – For Data Transmission
 DBG_RXD – Pin28 – For Data receiving

SIM Interface
As we know that module SIM900A is a GPRS/GSM module. The module is
dependent on some devices for some of its features. The most important one is
the SIM. The SIM needs to connect with the module for GPRS/GSM functions
to fully operate. All the sim interface of the module is:
 SIM_VDD – Pin30 – Power Supply of the SIM
 SIM_DATA – Pin31 – For data output
 SIM_CLK – Pin32 – For clock pulse
 SIM_RST – Pin33 – For reset
 SIM_PRESENCE – Pin34 – To detect the SIM

36
SIM900A Analog to Digital converter Pins

The module has only a single pin to detect and convert the analog signal to
digital for SIM900A. The voltage range on the ADC pin is from 0 to 3 only.
 ADC – Pin25

PWM Pins
The PWM is mostly in microcontrollers for industrial applications but due to
IoT, the module offers two PWM pins which helps to make the IoT and PWM
based device without using any third interface.
 PWM1 – Pin35
 PWM2 – Pin36

Audio Interface
The audio interface will help to connect the mic and speaker with SIM900A.
The connection of Line, Audio and Speaker will help to make the calls through
the modules.
 MIC_P – Pin19
 MIC_N – Pin20
 SPK_P – Pin21
 SPK_N – Pin22
 LINEIN_R – Pin23
 LINE_L – Pin24

Control Pin
There is power on pins on the device, which helps to turn it on using external
signals. There is two power on pins. The first one is PWRKEY which requires
a LOW signal to power on/off the system. To do that, the pins require an input
signal for a little bit long time. The second pin is PWRKEY_OUT, which gets
short with the PWRKEY pin and turn on/off the device.
 PWRKEY – Pin1
 PWRKEY_OUT – Pin2

37
Reset pins
The device has an external LOW input signal reset pin to reset the device
with the use of an external signal.
 NRESET – Pin16

SIM900A GSM Module RF Antenna

To extend the range of the SIM900A the antenna pin needs to connect with an
external wire. The official antenna is also available for the module.

 RF_ANT – Pin60

Power Pins

The module SIM900A has multiple types of power pin. Some works as
input and some as output. The most important one to understand is VRTC,
which acts as a backup for the internal RTC of the device. All power and
ground pins of the module are:
 VBAT(Input) – Pin55, Pin56, Pin57
 VRTC (Input/output) – Pin26
 VDD_EXT(OUTPUT) – Pin15
 GND – Pin17, Pin18, Pin29, Pin39, Pin45, Pin46, Pin53, Pin54, Pin58,
Pin59, Pin61, Pin62, Pin63, Pin64, Pin65

38
 Fig8: SIM900A GSM Module Block Diagram

2.3.11 SIM900A GSM Module Main Features

Table-3
Features Details
Power Input 3.4V to 4.5V
Operating Frequency EGSM900 and DCS1800
Transmitting Power Range 2V for EGSM900 and 1W for DCS1800
Data Transfer Link Download: 85.6kbps, Upload:42.8kbps
SMS MT, MO, CB, Text and PDU mode.
Antenna Support Available
Audio Input/output Available
Serial Port I2C and UART
Serial Debug Port Available

39
2.3.12 Applications
 The module is the best application to design a graphic for Voice call and
SMS application.
 Some IoT applications, mostly in an emergency have the module.
 The location tracing system also uses SIM900A.
 SIM900A can use for mobile communication.

40
2.4 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

Fig9: Light dependent Resistor

2.4.1 What is light dependent resistor, LDR or photoresistor?

A photoresistor or light dependent resistor is an electronic component that is

sensitive to light. When light falls upon it, then the resistance changes. Values
of the resistance of the LDR may change over many orders of magnitude the
value of the resistance falling as the level of light increases.

It is not uncommon for the values of resistance of an LDR or photoresistor to

be several mega ohms in darkness and then to fall to a few hundred ohms in
bright light. With such a wide variation in resistance, LDRs are easy to use and
there are many LDR circuits available. The sensitivity of light dependent
resistors or photoresistors also varies with the wavelength of the incident light.
LDRs are made from semiconductor materials to enable them to have their
light sensitive properties. Many materials can be used, but one popular
material for these photoresistors is cadmium sulphide, CdS, although the use of
these cells is now restricted in Europe because of environmental issues with
the use of cadmium.

Similarly cadmium CdSe is also restricted. Other materials that can be used
include lead sulphide, PbS and indium antimonide, InSb.
41
 Fig10: Light Dependent Resistor Symbol

The LDR symbol used in electronic circuits is based around the resistor circuit
symbol, but shows the light, in the form of arrows shining on it. In this way it
follows the same convention used for photodiode and phototransistor circuit
symbols where arrows are used to show the light falling on these components.
The light dependent resistor / photoresistor circuit symbols are shown for both
the newer style resistor symbol, i.e., a rectangular box and the older zig-zag
line resistor circuit symbols.
2.4.2 Working of an LDR

It is relatively easy to understand the basics of how an LDR works without

delving into complicated explanations. It is first necessary to understand that
an electrical current consists of the movement of electrons within a material.

Good conductors have a large number of free electrons that can drift in a given
direction under the action of a potential difference. Insulators with a high
resistance have very few free electrons, and therefore it is hard to make them
move and hence a current to flow.

42
An LDR or photoresistor is made any semiconductor material with a high
resistance. It has a high resistance because there are very few electrons that are
free and able to move - the vast majority of the electrons are locked into the
crystal lattice and unable to move. Therefore, in this state there is a high LDR
resistance.

As light falls on the semiconductor, the light photons are absorbed by the
semiconductor lattice and some of their energy is transferred to the electrons.
This gives some of them sufficient energy to break free from the crystal lattice
so that they can then conduct electricity. This results in a lowering of the
resistance of the semiconductor and hence the overall LDR resistance.
The process is progressive, and as more light shines on the LDR
semiconductor, so more electrons are released to conduct electricity and the
resistance falls further.

Fig11: Photoresistor / LDR Structure

Structurally the photoresistor is a light sensitive resistor that has a horizontal

body that is exposed to light.

The active semiconductor region is normally deposited onto a semi-insulating

substrate and the active region is normally lightly doped.

In many discrete photoresistor devices, an interdigital pattern is used to

increase the area of the photoresistor that is exposed to light. The pattern is cut
in the metallisation on the surface of the active area and this lets the light
through. The two metallise areas act as the two contacts for the resistor. This
43
 area has to be made relatively large because the resistance of the contact to the
active area needs to be minimised.

This type of structure is widely used for many small photoresistors or light
dependent resistors that are seen. The interdigital pattern is quite recognisable.

The materials used for photoresists are semiconductors and include materials
such as CdSe, CdS, CdTe, InSb, InP, PbS, PbSe, Ge, Is, GaAs. Each material
gives different properties in terms of the wavelength of sensitivity, etc.

Types of photoresistor

Light dependent resistors, LDRs or photoresistors fall into one of two types or
categories:

 Intrinsic photoresistors: Intrinsic photoresistors use un-doped

semiconductor materials including silicon or germanium. Photons fall on the
LDR excite electrons moving them from the valence band to the conduction
band. As a result, these electrons are free to conduct electricity. The more
light that falls on the device, the more electrons are liberated and the greater
the level of conductivity, and this results in a lower level of resistance.
 Extrinsic photoresistors: Extrinsic photoresistors are manufactured from
semiconductor of materials doped with impurities. These impurities or
dopants create a new energy band above the existing valence band. As a
result, electrons need less energy to transfer to the conduction band because
of the smaller energy gap.

Regardless of the type of light dependent resistor or photoresistor, both types

exhibit an increase in conductivity or fall in resistance with increasing levels of
incident light.

2.4.3 LDR Frequency Dependence

The sensitivity of photoresistors is shown to vary with the wavelength of the

light that is impacting the sensitive area of the device. The effect is very
marked and it is found that if the wavelength is outside a given range then
there is no noticeable effect.

44
Devices made from different materials respond differently to light of different
wavelengths, and this means that the different electronics components can be
used for different applications.

It is also found that extrinsic photoresists tend to be more sensitive to longer

wavelength light and can be used for infrared. However, when working with
infrared, care must be taken to avoid heat build-up caused but he elating effect
of the radiation.

2.4.4 Photoresistor specifications:

Table-4
KEY LDR / PHOTORESISTOR SPECIFICATIONS

PARAMETER DETAILS

Max power This is the maximum power the device is able to dissipate within a given
dissipation temperature range. Derating may be applicable above a certain temperature.

Maximum operating Particularly as the device is semiconductor based, the maximum operating
voltage voltage must be observed. This is typically specified at 0 lux, i.e. darkness.

Peak wavelength This photoresistor specification details the wavelength of maximum sensitivity.
Curves may be provided for the overall response in some instances. The
wavelength is specified in nm

Resistance when The resistance under illumination is a key specification is a key parameter for
illuminated any photoresistor. Often a minimum and maximum resistance is given under
certain light conditions, often 10 lux. A minimum and maximum vale may be
given because of the spreads that are likely to be encountered. A 'fully on'
condition may also be given under extreme lighting.

Dark resistance Dark resistance values will be given for the photoresistor. These may be
specified after a given time because it takes a while for the resistance to fall as
the charge carrier recombine - photoresistors are noted for their slow response
times.

2.4.5 LDR Advantages

The advantages of LDR include the following.
45
 Sensitivity is High
 Simple & Small devices
 Easily used
 Inexpensive
 There is no union potential.
 The light-dark resistance ratio is high.
 Its connection is simple

2.4.6 LDR Disadvantages

The disadvantages of LDR include the following.
 Spectral response is narrow
 Hysteresis effect
 Temperature stability is low for the best materials
 In stable materials, it responses very slowly
 The use of LDR is limited where the light signal changes very quickly
 It is not so much a responsive device.
 It provides incorrect result once working temperature alters

2.4.7 Photoresistor applications:

Photoresistors are found in many different applications and can be seen in

many different electronic circuit designs. They have a very simple structure
and they are low cost and rugged devices. They are widely used in many
different items of electronic equipment and circuit designs including
photographic light meters, fire or smoke alarms as well as burglar alarms, and
they also find uses as lighting controls for street lamps.

Extrinsic photoresistors provide sensitivity for longer wavelengths and as a

result they are popular in various electronic circuit designs as infrared
photodetectors. Photoresistors can also be used to detect nuclear radiation.

46
2.5 LASER DIODE
In present photonics technology, LASER diodes play an essential role. The
term LASER stands for “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation”. A Laser Diode is a p-n junction diode that emits laser radiation
once the current is applied in forward direction. These diodes operate on the
optical & electrical properties of semiconductor materials & PN junctions. The
process used to emit coherent light in this diode is stimulated emission
whereas, in light-emitting diodes, the process used to emit light is the
spontaneous emission process. So, the emission of light in LASER is more
complicated as compared to LEDs but the materials used in both diodes are the
same. The wavelength of these diodes ranges from the visible to the IR based
on the active layer’s material.

2.5.1 What is Laser Diode?

A semiconductor device that is used to generate high-intensity coherent light

by using the process like Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation (LASER) is called a laser diode which generates laser light. Here,
coherent light means the light signals which are generated through the device
include the same phase and frequency.

The sunlight or incandescent bulbs have waves with several wavelengths but
they are not in phase with each other. But these diodes generate a thin laser
light beam where all the light signals contain the same wavelengths & they
move together. So, laser rays are extremely bright which targets an extremely
small spot. These are used in different devices like barcode readers, laser
printers, security systems, FOCs (Fiber optic communications), LIDAR,
etc. Laser diode temperature typically selected between 20 to 25 °C.

47
 Fig12: Laser Diode

2.5.2 LASER Diode Construction

The construction of a laser diode can be done using different materials like
metal contact, p-type material, n-type material & intrinsic layer. The input
terminals of this are connected toward metal plates which are inserted into the
p-type and n-type layers. An alternative name of this diode is Homojunction
Laser Diode.

Fig13: Laser Diode Construction

The intrinsic region used in between the p-type & n-type material is to enhance
the capacity of the active region so that more charge carriers can build up at
the junction. This permits several electrons to combine through holes at any
time, so gives better output power. The laser light is generated from the
48
elliptical region that can be focused through an optical lens. This whole
arrangement of the PIN diode is enclosed usually within a metal casing.

2.5.3 Laser Diode Working

This diode working mainly involves three processes like absorption,

spontaneous & stimulated emission.

 Absorption

In this process, once an external energy source is given to the electrons then
the flow of electrons can jump from one energy level to another like low to
high which is also called valence to the conduction band.

 Spontaneous Emission

In the spontaneous emission process, if the flow of electrons within a higher

level of energy is not stable then immediately, they start moving toward the
low level of energy. However, if they jump from one energy level to another
like high to low then they will definitely generate the energy which is the
difference between the two levels. Here, the released energy will be in light
form, so photons will be generated. So, this entire process is called
spontaneous emission.

 Stimulated Emission

In this kind of emission, the photons hit electrons at a high level of energy,
supplied from an exterior source of light energy. Once these photons hit the
electrons, then immediately they will gain energy & recombine through holes
to generate an additional photon. Therefore, one incident photon motivates
another photon to let go. Therefore, this process is known as stimulated
emission.

49
2.5.4 Advantages
 As compared with other diodes, the operational power of the laser is low
 These diodes can be handled very easily
 The high-efficiency light can be generated.
 Power consumption is low
 Manufacturing and operation cost is less
 Operates for a long time
 Reliable highly

2.5.5 Disadvantages

 As compared to other diodes, it is expensive

 Laser rays are very harmful to the eyes
 These are temperature-dependent, once the temperature increases then
this diode operation will be affected.
 Not applicable for high power applications

2.5.6 Applications

 These diodes are used extensively in different industries like defense and
telecommunication
 The laser beam is used for transmission of signal within optical fiber
communication also because optical finer uses high focused beam.
 It is used as a barcode reader
 Lasers are used in the medical field for different treatments.
 It is used in CD & DVD players
 In telecom, these are used as the main source with 1.3 & 1.5-micrometer
bands
 Lasers are high-intensity signals which are used in industries for different
purposes like drilling, welding & cutting.

50
2.6 RESISTOR
2.6.1 What is Resistor?
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that limits the current
flowing in electrical or electronic circuits. Its property to resist the flow of
current is called resistance, expressed in ohm (Ω), named after German
physicist Georg Simon Ohm. Resistors are available in different sizes. Its size
is directly proportional to its power rating. The power rating is the maximum
amount of power that a resistor can dissipate without being damaged by
excessive heat build-up. The larger the surface area covered by a resistor, the
more power it can dissipate.
The current is proportional to the voltage across the terminal ends. This ratio is
represented by Ohms Law R=V/I
Resistors are used for many purposes. A few examples include limiting electric
current, voltage division, heat generation, matching and loading circuits, gain
control, and setting time constants. They are commercially available with
resistance values over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. They can
be used as electric brakes to dissipate kinetic energy from trains, or be smaller
than a square millimeter for electronics.

Fig14: Resistor

51
2.6.2 Resistor symbol
The international IEC symbol is a rectangular shape with leads at each end as
shown in the figure at left. In the USA, the ANSI standard is very common and
represents a fixed resistor as a zigzag line.

Fig15: Resistor Symbol

2.6.3 Types of resistors

There are actually two types of resistors: fixed and variable.

Fig16: Variable Resistor (Left) and Fixed Resistor (Right)

52
Fixed resistors are designed to set the right conditions in a circuit. Their
values should never be changed to adjust the circuit since those were
determined during the design phase. It can have a carbon composition or chip-
and-wire wound type. It can also be made with a mixture of finely ground
carbon or be very small in size and for high power rating.

Variable resistors have fixed resistor elements plus a slider. The slider taps
onto the main resistor element so there will be three connections; two are
connected to the third element and one to the slider. Examples of this are
potentiometers, rheostats, trimmers, and so on.

2.6.4 How do resistors work?

Wiring a resistor in a circuit will reduce the current by a precise amount. If you
look at resistors from the outside, they most likely look the same. However, if
you break it open, you’ll see an insulating ceramic rod running through the
middle with copper wire wrapped around the outside. Resistance depends on
those copper turns. The thinner the copper, the higher the resistance since it’s
harder for the electrons to pass through it. As we’ve found out, it’s easier for
the electrons to flow in some conductor materials than insulators.

George Ohm studied the relationship between resistance and the size of the
material that was used to make the resistor. He proved that the resistance (R)
of a material increases as its length increases. This means that the longer and
thinner wires offer more resistance. On the other hand, resistance decreases as
the thickness of wires increases. Having said that, Georg Ohm came up with an
equation that explains this relationship:

Where ρ = resistivity (Ω-m)

53
2.6.5 Resistor color coding

Fig17: 4-Band Color Coded Resistor

For a four-band color coded resistor, the 1st and 2nd band represent the 1st and
2nd significant digit while the 3rd band represents the multiplier, and the 4th
band represents the tolerance.

Fig18: 5-Band Color Coded Resistor

For a five-band color coded resistor (high precision resistor), the 1st, 2nd and
3rd band represent the 1st, 2nd and 3rd significant digit while the 4th band is
the multiplier and the 5th band is the tolerance.

For some four-band color coded resistor, another extra band (5th band)
indicates the reliability in percent of failures per 1000 hours (1000h) of use.

54
Where V is the voltage across the resistor in Volts, I is current flowing through
the resistor in Amperes, and R is the resistance of the resistor in Ohms (Ω).

2.7 LED (Light Emitting Diode)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when
an electric current is passed through it. Light is produced when the particles
that carry the current (known as electrons and holes) combine together within
the semiconductor material.
Since light is generated within the solid semiconductor material, LEDs are
described as solid-state devices. The term solid-state lighting, which also
encompasses organic LEDs (OLEDs), distinguishes this lighting technology
from other sources that use heated filaments (incandescent and tungsten
halogen lamps) or gas discharge (fluorescent lamps).

55
 Fig19: LED

2.7.1 Main LED materials

The main semiconductor materials used to manufacture LEDs are:

 Indium gallium nitride (InGaN): blue, green and ultraviolet high-brightness

LEDs
 Aluminum gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP): yellow, orange and red high-
brightness LEDs
 Aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs): red and infrared LEDs
 Gallium phosphide (GaP): yellow and green LEDs

2.7.2 Physical Structure of LED

LED is structured in such a way so that light emitted does not get reabsorbed
into the material. So it is ensured that the electron-hole recombination takes
place on the surface.

56
 Fig20: Structure of LED

The above figure shows the two different ways of structuring LED p-n
junction. The p-type layer is made thin and is grown on the n-type substrate.
Metal electrodes attached on either side of the p-n junction serve as nodes for
external electrical connection. The Light emitting diode p-n junction is encased
in a dome-shaped transparent case so that light is emitted uniformly in all
directions and minimum internal reflection to take place.

57
 Fig21: LED Parts

2.7.3 Working Principle:

A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n

junction diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is
applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within
the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of
the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

2.7.4 Working of an LED:

 The material used in LEDs is basically aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs).

In its original state, the atoms of this material are strongly bonded. Without
free electrons, conduction of electricity becomes impossible here.
 By adding an impurity, which is known as doping, extra atoms are introduced,
effectively disturbing the balance of the material.
 These impurities in the form of additional atoms are able either to provide free
electrons (N-type) into the system or suck out some of the already existing
electrons from the atoms (P-Type) creating “holes” in the atomic orbits. In
both ways the material is rendered more conductive. Thus, in the influence of
an electric current in N-type of material, the electrons are able to travel from
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 anode (positive) to the cathode (negative) and vice versa in the P-type of
material. Due to the virtue of the semiconductor property, current will never
travel in opposite directions in the respective cases.
 From the above explanation, it’s clear that the intensity of light emitted from a
source (LED) will depend on the energy level of the emitted photons which in
turn will depend on the energy released by the electrons jumping in between
the atomic orbits of the semiconductor material.
 We know that to make an electron shoot from lower orbital to higher orbital its
energy level is required to be lifted. Conversely, if the electrons are made to
fall from the higher to the lower orbitals, logically energy should be released in
the process.
 In LEDs, the above phenomenon is well exploited. In response to the P-type of
doping, electrons in LEDs move by falling from the higher orbitals to the
lower ones releasing energy in the form of photons i.e. light. The farther these
orbitals are apart from each other, the greater the intensity of the emitted light.

Different wavelengths involved in the process determine the different colors

produced from the LEDs. Hence, light emitted by the device depends on the
type of semiconductor material used.
Infrared light is produced by using Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) as a
semiconductor. Red or yellow light is produced by using Gallium-Arsenide-
Phosphorus (GaAsP) as a semiconductor. Red or green light is produced by
using Gallium-Phosphorus (GaP) as a semiconductor.

Fig22: Working of LED

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2.7.5 Advantages of LEDs:

 Very low voltage and current are enough to drive the LED.

 Total power output will be less than 150 milliwatts.

 The response time is very less – only about 10 nanoseconds.

 The device does not need any heating and warm up time.

 Miniature in size and hence lightweight.

 Have a rugged construction and hence can withstand shock and

vibrations.

 An LED has a lifespan of more than 20 years.

2.7.6 Disadvantages:

 A slight excess of voltage or current can damage the device.

 The device is known to have a much wider bandwidth compared to

the laser.

 The temperature depends on the radiant output power and

wavelength.

2.7.7 Applications of LED:

 Picture phones and digital watches

 Camera flashes and automotive heat lamps
 Aviation lighting
 Digital computers and calculators
 Traffic signals and Burglar alarms systems

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2.8 Buzzer
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may
be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical
uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of
user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

Fig23: Buzzer

2.8.1 Buzzer Features and Specifications

 Rated Voltage: 6V DC
 Operating Voltage: 4-8V DC
 Rated current: <30mA
 Sound Type: Continuous Beep
 Resonant Frequency: ~2300 Hz
 Small and neat sealed package
 Breadboard and Perf board friendly

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2.8.2 Buzzer Pin Configuration
Table-5

Pin Pin Name Description

Number

1 Positive Identified by (+) symbol or longer terminal lead.

Can be powered by 6V DC.

2 Negative Identified by short terminal lead. Typically

connected to the ground of the circuit.

Fig24: Pinout Diagram of Buzzer

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2.8.3 How to use a Buzzer?

A buzzer is a small yet efficient component to add sound features to our

project/system. It is very small and compact 2-pin structure hence can be easily
used on breadboard, Perf Board and even on PCBs which makes this a widely
used component in most electronic applications.
There are two types are buzzers that are commonly available. The one shown
here is a simple buzzer which when powered will make a Continuous Beep
sound, the other type is called a readymade buzzer which will look bulkier than
this and will produce a Beep. Beep. Beep. Sound due to the internal oscillating
circuit present inside it. But, the one shown here is most widely used because it
can be customized with help of other circuits to fit easily in our application.
This buzzer can be used by simply powering it using a DC power supply
ranging from 4V to 9V. A simple 9V battery can also be used, but it is
recommended to use a regulated +5V or +6V DC supply. The buzzer is
normally associated with a switching circuit to turn ON or turn OFF the buzzer
at required time and require interval.

Fig25: 2D Model of Buzzer

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2.8.4 Applications of Buzzer

 Alarming Circuits, where the user has to be alarmed about something.

 Communication equipment’s.
 Automobile electronics.
 Portable equipment’s, due to its compact size.

2.9 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB):

2.9.1 What is PCB?
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects
electronic components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads,
and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated
onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components
are generally soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect and
mechanically fasten them to it.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. They
are also used in some electrical products, such as passive switch boxes.
Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both
once popular but now rarely used. PCBs require additional design effort to lay
out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated.
PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two copper layers
on both sides of one substrate layer), or multi-layer (outer and inner layers of
copper, alternating with layers of the substrate). Multi-layer PCBs allow for
much higher component density because circuit traces on the inner layers
would otherwise take up surface space between components.

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 Fig26: Printed Circuit Board
PCB is an acronym for the printed circuit board. It is a board that has lines and
pads that connect various points. A PCB allows signals and power to be routed
between physical devices. Solder is the metal that makes the electrical
connections between the surface of the PCB and the electronic components.
Here we are using the simple copper PCB as shown in the fig where the basic
PCB consists of a flat sheet of insulating material and a layer of copper foil,
laminated to the substrate. Chemical etching divides the copper into separate
conducting lines called tracks or circuit traces, pads for connections, vias to
pass connections between layers of copper, and features such as solid
conductive areas for electromagnetic shielding or other purposes. The tracks
function as wires fixed in place, and are insulated from each other by air and
the board substrate material. The surface of a PCB may have a coating that
protects the copper from corrosion and reduces the chances of solder shorts
between traces or undesired electrical contact with stray bare wires. For its
function in helping to prevent solder shorts, the coating is called solder resist
or solder mask.

2.9.2 Design of PCB:

Initially, PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear
mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the
schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then

65
traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of common
component footprints increased efficiency. Traces were made with self-
adhesive tape. The finished photomask was photolithographically reproduced
onto a photoresist coating on the blank copper-clad boards.

2.9.3 Modern PCBs are designed with dedicated layout software, generally
in the following steps:

1. Schematic capture through an electronic design automation (EDA) tool.

2. Card dimensions and template are decided based on required circuitry and
case of the PCB.
3. The positions of the components and heat sinks are determined.
4. Layer stack of the PCB is decided, with one to tens of layers depending on
complexity. Ground and power planes are decided. A power plane is the
counterpart toa ground plane and behaves as an AC signal ground while
providing DC power to the circuits mounted on the PCB. Signal
interconnections are traced on signal planes. Signal planes can be on the outer
as well as inner layers. For optimal EMI performance high frequency signals
are routed in internal layers between power or ground planes.
5. Line impedance is determined using dielectric layer thickness, routing
copper thickness sand trace-width. Trace separation is also taken into account
in case of differential signals. Microstrip, stripline or dual stripline can be used
to route signals.
6. Components are placed. Thermal considerations and geometry are taken into
account. Vias and lands are marked.
7. Signal traces are routed. Electronic design automation tools usually create
clearance sand connections in power and ground planes automatically.
8. Gerber files are generated for manufacturing.

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 CHAPTER 3
3.1 WORKING

Fig27: Schematic Diagram

 Laser Transmitter module KY-008 for Arduino emits a dot- shaped, red
laser beam. The KY-008 Laser transmitter module consists of a 650nm
red laser diode head and a resistor.

 The project basically works on the principle of interruption. If by any

means the LASER light is interrupted the alarm will start unless it is reset
with push-button. The laser is a concentrated light source that puts out a
straight beam of light of a single colour.

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 An LDR is connected in series with a 10k resistor which makes a voltage
divider circuit. As you know an LDR is basically a variable resistor,
whose resistance decrease with the amount of light falling on the LDR.
So a change in resistance will result in a change in voltage. This change
in voltage can be monitored using the analog pin A0 of the Arduino.

 Txd of the sim900A is connected with pin number D3 of the Arduino, the
Rxd pin of the sim900A module is connected with pin number D2 of
Arduino, and GND is connected with the Arduino’s ground. A power
supply is connected with sim900A ideal voltage is 4.7v to 5v as already
explained.

 The working principle of an LDR is photoconductivity, which is nothing

but an optical phenomenon. When the light is absorbed by the material
then the conductivity of the material enhances. When the light falls on
the LDR, then the electrons in the valence band of the material are eager
to the conduction band. But, the photons in the incident light must have
energy superior to the bandgap of the material to make the electrons
jump from one band to another band (valance to conduction).

 Hence, when light having ample energy, more electrons are excited to the
conduction band which grades in a large number of charge carriers.
When the effect of this process and the flow of the current starts flowing
more, the resistance of the device decreases. When the laser beam is
interrupted with more than 04 nano seconds and laser beam of light can’t
reach LDR. Then as per Arduino nano is programmed, the owner will get
PHONE CALL alert through GSM Module.

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3.2 CONNECTIONS OF SCHEMATIC
DIAGRAM
 The Arduino Nano is powered by 5V DC supply via mini-B USB. It is
the main hub of the whole project.

 The GSM module is powered using external 5V DC power adapter.

 The Arduino Nano is connected to the GSM Module (SIM 900A)

through its transmitter pin SIM_TXD to D3 of Arduino Nano and the
receiving pin SIM_RXD to D2.

 The LDR is connected to 5V of Arduino Nano and also to pin A0 of

Arduino Nano. The resistor (10000 Ohm) is connected to the LDR (Light
Dependent Resistor).

 The Buzzer is connected to the pin D13 of Arduino Nano and its ground
end is made common with all the ground terminals of the circuit.

 There is an LED connected to the buzzer and also to the D5 of the

Arduino Nano.

 The Laser is placed in front of the LDR and its one terminal is connected
to the 5V of Arduino Nano from where it gets powered and the other end
is connected to the ground terminal of the circuit.

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3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig28: Block Diagram of Laser Security System Using GSM Module

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3.4 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial SIM900(3, 2);
String textForSMS;
int P_E = 4;
const int ledPin = 13;
const int buzzerPin = 5;
const int ldrPin = A0;
const int laserPin = 5;
void setup () {
Serial.begin(9600);
SIM900.begin(9600);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ldrPin, INPUT);
pinMode( laserPin , OUTPUT);
pinMode(P_E, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite( laserPin , HIGH);
delay(2000);
}
void loop() {
int ldrStatus = analogRead(ldrPin);
if (ldrStatus < 700) {

71
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
Serial.println(" ALARM ACTIVATED ");
textForSMS = "\nLaser Sensor Alert";
sendSMS(textForSMS);
Serial.println(textForSMS);
Serial.println("message sent.");
SIM900.println("ATD+ +916913333650;");
delay(400);
}
else {
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
Serial.println( ldrStatus );
//delay(10);
}
void sendSMS(String message)
{
SIM900.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
delay(1000);
SIM900.println("AT + CMGS = \"+916913333650\"");
delay(1000);
SIM900.println(message);
72
delay(1000); SIM900.println((char)26);
delay(1000);
SIM900.println();
delay(100);
}

3.5 APPLICATIONS
 Laser Security System can be used in safety lockers in our homes, where
even if the locker's code is hacked, it acts as an additional layer of
security.

 It can be used in commercial shops, banks, etc.

 It can be used in agricultural fields to detect intruder used to s crops

 It can be used in military purpose as it can be installed boarders or

somewhere else from which they get information of about someone
crossing through it.

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 FUTURE SCOPE
 It can be implemented by adding camera, when laser detects anything, it
will take a picture those taken pictures can be sent to the mobile.
 In upcoming generation, it is used not only to detect the entering the
person but it can also be used with programmed, that it will give
notification that the object or person is fled and also can able to recognize
the human as well as animals and also object

RESULTS
This system is based on the interruption of laser beam. If somehow the laser
path is broken the alarm will be generated for few seconds. It generally has
two sections. One is the 3v dc supply laser transmitter. The receiver has a
photo transistor in front end and it acts as a laser sensor. Nowadays security is
a very important factor. The technology is improving day by day so is the
crime gang improving their technology. So, security is an important factor
today. We know that laser light travels a long distance without scattering.
Though generally it is invisible but is visible at its source point. Any unknown
person crossing this invisible boundary triggers the alarm in system making us
aware of the unknown person. So that we can take the required steps to protect
ourselves.

74
 CONCLUSION
Home security is rapidly growing field and there are new & improved
burglar alarms popping up every day. With rapid advancement of
technology, the field is turning out to be an area full of scope and new
changes can be made to make it more efficient. It has years to come,
because security is of prime importance to one and all. Lasers have a
strong beam width & can be focused on the perfect target. One can be safe in
case of harmful effects on the body by using laser security system. Not only so.
This cheap security system can be used in different commercial buildings
mainly banks. Laser security system is ultimately a high tech security system
that is both easily available and has a low budget providing protection in full
security. It is nothing but a manually switch dependent sensor and a basic
alarm unit. This alarm unit sounds a loud siren and also signals by lighting.

75
 REFERENCES
 [1] Hemane Harshal, Sen Debarati, 2018, “Laser Based Security System
For Home”, International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology, Vol 05, No. 1
 [2] Parab Abhishek S, Joglekar Amol 2015, “Implementation of Home
Security System using GSM module and Microcontroller”, International
Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 2950-2953
Vol 6, No. 3
 [3]Debarati Dutta, 2016, “Laser Security System”, International Journal
of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol 7, No. 4
 [4] Sumangala B V, Ram K Bhargava, 2012, “Design, Development and
Performance Study of L3- Home Security System”, Global Journal of
Researches in Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol
12 No. 8

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