Question: How to calculate cement and sand quantities in cement mortar

As 1:1,1:2,1:4,1:6 ?
Answers # 1:

The procedure to calculate quantity is given below: E.g. if the cement mortar ratio is
(1:6).

Suppose 1m3 of cement mortar work is to be done, then add 60% extra for voids &
cavities in case of plaster.

Then total volume of work = 1 + 60/100 x1 = 1.6 m 3

Quantity of cement in m3 = 1.6 / (1+6) = 1.6/7=0.228 m 3
But as we know cement is available in market in 50 kg bags (volume of 50kg cement is
= 0.0347 m3)

Then quantity of cement in bags = 0.228/0.0347= 6.57 bags

Quantity of sand in m3 = 0.228 x 6 = 1.36 m3

E.g.: If cement mortar ratio is ( 1:4);

Suppose 1 m3 of cement mortar work is to be done then add 60% extra for voids &
cavities in case of plaster.
Then total volume of work = 1 + 60/100 x1 = 1.6 m 3
Quantity of cement in m3 = 1.6 / (1+4)= 1.6/5 = 0.32 m 3
But as we know cement is available in market in 50 kg bags (volume of 50kg cement is
= 0.0347 cum)

The quantity of cement in bags = 0.32/0.0347= 9.22 bags

Quantity of sand in m3 = 0.32 x 4 =1.28 m3

This is exact procedure. You can calculate for any ratio of cement & mortar.

Santosh Singh

Answer # 2:

Calculation of materials for 1cum of 1:6 Cement Mortar by Volumetric method:

Specific Gravity of Cement = 3.15 ; Density of Cement = 1440kg/m 3
Specific Gravity of Sand = 2.6 ; Density of Cement = 1550kg/m 3 @ 5% moisture
First of all we have to calculate yield of 1 cement bag (50kg) mixed in 1:6

Volume of Cement = (50/1440) = 0.03472 m3

Volume of Sand mixed = 6 X 0.03472 = 0.208 m 3 (contains 5% moisture)
Volume of only sand = 95% of 0.208 = 0.198 m3
Absolute volume of Cement = 50kg / (3.15 * 1000) = 0.016 m 3
Absolute volume of sand = Weight of sand / (2.6 * 1000) = (0.198 * 1550) / (2.6 * 1000)
= 0.118 m3
Let volume of water added = 30litres = 0.03 m3
Moisture present in the sand = (0.208 - 0.198) = 0.01 m3
Total volume of water = 0.03 + 0.01 = 0.04 m3
Let, Moisture content in the mortar = 2% of yield
Let, yield = Y
(1-2%)Y = Absolute volumes of (Cement + Sand + Water) =
0.016 + 0.118 + 0.04 = 0.174 m 3
Total Yield Y = 0.174 / 0.98 = 0.178 m 3
1bag of 50kg Cement produces = 0.178 m3 of 1:6 Cement
Mortar with 0.208cum of Sand @ 5% Moisture and 30 litres of water.
Therefore, 1 cum of 1:6 Cement Mortar requires :
Cement = 1bag * 1/ 0.178 = 5.62 bags
Sand = 0.208 * 1 / 0.178 = 1.17 m3
Water = 30 * 1 / 0.178 = 168 .5 litres.

Guppi Chandra Sekhar

Answer # 3 : 1:4 (or) 1:6

Arjun

Answer # 4: How to calculate cement and sand quantities in cement mortar as 1:3?

Saritha

Answer # 5: How to calculate water for brick work , plaster , flooring, emergency.

Sagar

Answer # 6: Take an example 1:4, total ratio(1+4) is 5.

Assume total volume of mortar required is 10 m 3.

This will contain 1/5of10 = 2 m3 of cement and 4/5of10 = 8 m3 of sand. Density of

cement is 1440kg/m3, Mass of cement will be 2 * 1440 = 2880kg and Number of bags =
2880/50 = 57.6bags.

Note!!
(i) 50kg is mass of 1 bag of cement.
(ii) Other irregularities like covering voids, reduction in volume/shrinkage due to setting
of cement etc should be considered by factoring the total volume by say 1.4.

(iii) For water use about 30% of the raw volume of sand and cement.

Osbert (Civil Engrg. Student maker).

Answer # 7: Calculation Method:

Plastering with C:M 1:5 12 mm thick.

Area to be Plastered = 10 m 2

Thickness of mortar Layer = 12 mm = 0.012 m

Volume of mortar required = 10 * 0.012 = 0.12 m 3

Add 15 percent allowance for undualation of surface & wastage = 0.018 m 3

So, total volume of Mortar required = 0.138 m 3 say 0.14 m3

Sand required for 0.14 m3 of CM 1:5 = 0.14 m3

Cement required for 0.14 m 3 of CM 1:5 = 0.14/5 = 0.028 m 3

Weight of cement required = 0.028 m3 * 1440 kg/m3 = 41 kg

Prakash

Answer # 8: I think Mr. Kamlesh is right. The consideration of voids for mortar is 25%
and rest method
is same as our conventional method.

But for plaster 30 % should be increased for undulation (uneven wall surface) also.

So total dry volume is 1 + 25% + 30% = 1.55 m3.

Y. Kapil

Answer # 9: Calculation of materials for 1 m 3 of 1:6 Cement Mortar by

Weighing method:
Specific Gravity of Cement = 3.15 ; Density of Cement = 1440kg / m 3
Specific Gravity of Sand = 2.6 ; Density of Cement = 1550kg / m 3 @ 5% moisture
First of all we have to calculate yield of 1 cement bag (50kg) mixed in 1:6
Weight of Cement = 50kg
Weight of sand mixed = 6 * 50 = 300kg (contains 5% moisture also)
Approximate volume of sand = 300 / (2.6 * 1000) = 0.12 m 3 (contains 5% moisture
also).
Weight of only sand = 95% of 300kg = 285 kg
Absolute volume of Cement = 50kg / (3.15 * 1000) = 0.016 m 3
Absolute volume of sand = Weight of sand / (2.6 * 1000) = 285 / (2.6 X 1000) = 0.11 m3
Let volume of water added = 25 litres = 0.025 m3
Moisture present in the sand = 300 - 285 = 15kg = 15 litres = 0.015 m 3
Total volume of water = 0.025 + 0.015 = 0.04 m 3
Let, Air content in the mortar = 2% of yield. Let yield = Y
(1-2%)Y = Absolute volumes of (Cement + Sand + Water) = 0.016 + 0.11 + 0.04 =
0.166 m3
Total Yield Y = 0.166 / 0.98 = 0.17 m 3
1bag of 50kg Cement produces = 0.17 m3 of 1:6 Cement
Mortar with 0.12 m3 (equals to 300kg) of Sand @ 5% moisture and 25 litres of water.
Therefore, 1 m3 of 1:6 Cement Mortar requires :
Cement = 1bag * 1/ 0.17 = 5.88 bags
Sand = 300 * 1 / 0.17 = 1765kg (or) equivalent to 0.71 m3 by volume
Water = 25 * 1 / 0.17 = 147 litres.

Answer # 10: The unit weight of cement is 1440kg/m 3.

For 1 m3 of 1:1 Cement Mortar the requirement of sand is 1m3 and cement will be 1part
of sand that is 1 m3.

Thus weight of cement required is 1 * 1440kg/m 3 = 1440 kg.

for 1 m3 of 1:2 cement mortar the requirement of sand is 1m 3 and cement will be 1/2
part of sand that is 0.5 m3.

Thus weight of cement required is 0.5 * 1440kg/m 3 = 720 kg.

For 1 m3 of 1:4 cement mortar the requirement of sand is 1m 3 and cement will be 1/4
part of sand that is 0.25 m3.
Thus weight of cement required is 0.25 * 1440kg/m 3 = 360 kg.
For 1 m3 of 1:6 cement mortar the requirement of sand is 1m 3 and cement will be 1/6 of
part sand that is 0.5 m3.

Thus weight of cement required is 1/6 * 1440kg/m 3 = 240 kg.


 t.chandraseka
r

12 >>

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June 18, 2014 ·

Re: How to calculate cement and sand quantities in cement mortar As

1:1,1:2,1:4,1:6 ?
Answer
# 1 the procedure to calculate quanity is given below

eg. if cement mortar ratio is ( 1:6)

suppose 1 cum of cement mortar work is to be done

then add 60% extra for voids & cavities in case of plaster

then total volume of work = 1 + 60/100 x1 =1.6 cum

quantity of cement in cum = 1.6 / (1+6)= 1.6/7=0.228 cum
but as we know cement is available in market in 50 kg
bags (volume of 50kg cement is = 0.0347 cum)

thu quantity of cement in bags = 0.228/0.0347= 6.57 bags

quantity of sand in cum= 0.228 x 6 =1.36 cum

eg. if cement mortar ratio is ( 1:4)

suppose 1 cum of cement mortar work is to be done

then add 60% extra for voids & cavities in case of plaster

then total volume of work = 1 + 60/100 x1 =1.6 cum

quantity of cement in cum = 1.6 / (1+4)= 1.6/5=0.32 cum
but as we know cement is available in market in 50 kg
bags (volume of 50kg cement is = 0.0347 cum)

thu quantity of cement in bags = 0.32/0.0347= 9.22 bags

quantity of sand in m3 = 0.32 x 4 =1.28 m3

This is exact procedure. You can calculate for any ratio of

cement & mortar
Re: How to calculate cement and sand quantities in cement mortar As
1:1,1:2,1:4,1:6 ?
Answer
# 2 the unit weight of cement is 1440kg/m3.
for 1 m3 of 1:1 cement mortor the reuirement of sand is 1m3
and cement will be 1part of sand that is 1 m3 thus weight
of cement required is 1x1440kg/m3=1440 kg.
for 1 m3 of 1:2 cement mortor the reuirement of sand is 1m3
and cement will be 1/2 part of sand that is 0.5 m3 thus
weight of cement required is 0.5x1440kg/m3=720 kg.
for 1 m3 of 1:4 cement mortor the reuirement of sand is 1m3
and cement will be 1/4 part of sand that is 0.25 m3 thus
weight of cement required is 0.25x1440kg/m3=360 kg.
for 1 m3 of 1:6 cement mortor the reuirement of sand is 1m3
and cement will be 1/6 of part sand that is 0.5 m3 thus
weight of cement required is 1/6x1440kg/m3=240 kg.

Re: How to calculate cement and sand quantities in cement mortar As

1:1,1:2,1:4,1:6 ?
Answer
# 3 the procedure to calculate quanity is given below

RATIO (1:6)

NOTE = 1:6: 0.55(Water) = + (7.55)

CEMENT = 1m3/7.55 x 1 = 0.132m3 (No of Kg = 0.132 x 1506 =

198.792kg)

Sand = 1m3/7.55 x 6 = 0.794m3 (No of Kg = 0.132 x 1650 =

437.250 kg)

Water = 1m3/7.55 x 0.55 = 0.072 m3 ( No of Kg = 0.072 x

1000 = 72liters

Re: How to calculate cement and sand quantities in cement mortar As

1:1,1:2,1:4,1:6 ?
Answer
# 4 in cement morter the void between sand and cement is less
and take 25% total wet volume of water.take 10 cu m wet
volume of morter increse 25% than total volume of dry
material 12.5 cu m . if we find the material in 1:6 morter
than 12.5/(1+6)
cement=1.78 cu m sand=1.78*6=10.71cu m

Re: How to calculate cement and sand quantities in cement mortar As

1:1,1:2,1:4,1:6 ?
Answer
# 5 For planter 20mm thickness
area 100m2
= 100*.02= 2m3
20% for wide of brick work & westage.
=2*.2= 2.4m3
Bluk 1.3
=2.4*1.3=2.99m3
Ratio
1:2
=1/3*2.99=.996m3(cement)
For bag .996/.03496=28.45bagscement
for slarry 1sqmtr =2kg cement.
So 100sqmtr 200kg/50 =4 bags
total cement qty =28.45+4= 32.45 bags cement
Sand
=2.99*2=5.98m3 sand
Note: this qty condider for only for plaster.

Re: How to calculate cement and sand quantities in cement mortar As

1:1,1:2,1:4,1:6 ?
Answer

#6
The consideration of voids for mortar is 25% and rest method is same as our
conventional method, but for plaster 30 % should be increase for undulation (
uneven wall surface)
also so total dry volume is 1 + 25% + 30% = 1.55 m 3.

QUANTITY OF CEMENT & SAND CALCULATION IN MORTAR

QUANTITY OF CEMENT & SAND CALCULATION IN MORTAR
Quantity of cement mortar is required for rate analysis of brickwork and plaster or
estimation of masonry work for a building or structure. Cement mortar is used in
various proportions, i.e. 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 etc.

Calculation of quantity of cement mortar in brickwork and plaster:

For the calculation of cement mortar, let us assume that we use 1m3 of cement
mortar. Procedure for calculation is:

1. Calculate the dry volume of materials required for 1m 3 cement mortar.

Considering voids in sands, we assume that materials consists of 60% voids.
That is, for 1m3 of wet cement mortar, 1.6m3 of materials are required.

2. Now we calculate the volume of materials used in cement mortar based on its
proportions.

Let’s say, the proportion of cement and sand in mortar is 1:X, where X is the
volume of sand required.

Then, the volume of sand required for 1:X proportion of 1m 3 cement mortar will
be

1.6 * X / (1 + X).

3. Volume of cement will be calculated as:

(1 x 1.6) / (1 + X).

Since the volume of 1 bag of cement is 0.0347 m 3, so the number of bag of

cement will be calculated as:

[(1 x 1.6) / (1 + X)] / 0.0347

Example:

For cement mortar of 1:6, the quantity calculated will be as below:

Sand quantity:
(1.6 x 6) / (1 + 6) = 1.371m3

Quantity of cement (in bags):

1.6 / (1 + 6) = 0.22857

Volume of cement = 0.22857/0.0347

Therefore, number of bags required = = 6.58 bags.

RATE ANALYSIS FOR CEMENT MORTAR

Rate analysis for cement mortar requires estimation of materials for cement
mortar, i.e. quantity of cement and sand required for 1m 3 for various proportions,
i.e., CM 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 etc. So, let us first calculate quantity of cement and
sand required for 1m3 of cement mortar.

For 1m3 of wet cement mortar, 1.3m3 of cement and sand is required, due to
presence of voids in sand in dry state. So, cement and sand quantity is
calculated for 1.3m3 of cement mortar.

Estimation of Materials for Cement Mortar:

Steps for calculation of quantity of cement and sand for cement
mortar:

Consider, we want to calculate quantity of cement and sand for CM 1:X, where, 1
is proportion of cement and X is proportion of sand. Then, quantity of cement
shall be calculated as:

Quantity of cement = (1.3 X 1) / 1 + X)

Above formula gives quantity in volume. To calculate the quantity of cement in

number of bags, we have to divide it by volume of cement of one bags. The
volume of one bag of cement is 0.0347 m 3.

Therefore, number of bags of cement = [(1.3 X 1) / (1 + X) * 0.0347]

Quantity of sand = (1.3 * X) / (1 + X)

For example, for a proportion of CM 1:4,

Quantity of cement in bags = [(1.3 * 1) / (1 + 4) * 0.0347 = 7.492 bags

Quantity of sand = (1.3 * 4) / (1 + 4) = 1.04 m3 of sand.

Estimation of Labour and Tools for cement mortar:

For 1m3 of cement mortar, semi-skilled labour is required for 0.27 days for
mixing, unskilled labour for 0.26 for carrying of cement, sand and water. Hire
charges for mechanical mixer is taken in lump sum of can be taken as 0.27 days
for mixing 1cum of mortar.

Rate Analysis of cement mortar:

Rate analysis of cement mortar requires the rate of cement and sand multiplied
with their respective quantity. Cost of labour and tools and tackles for the cement
mortar is also calculated. Cost of cement, sand, labour and tools depend on local
availability and local rates.

When, quantity of cement, sand, labour and tools are multiplied by its rates, and
a contractors profit of 10-20% is assumed, the total sum of the amount is taken
as the cost of 1m3 of cement mortar, which is shown in the file below.

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Sunday, September 21, 2014

CALCULATION OF CEMENT AND SAND QUANTITY IN MORTAR
CALCULATION OF CEMENT AND SAND QUANTITY IN MORTAR

In the building construction, we use cement mortar for civil works from the foundation up to the
roof top.

Ex: Rubble Masonry, Brick Masonry, Plastering, etc.

The proportion of mixing of cement and sand will vary depend on the application of the
particular work. Therefore, contractors must know what should be the mixing ratio according to
the BOQ and specifications. If not required quality and strength will not be there with
construction work.

Now let's go for the quantity of cement and sand calculation in mortar for 1 Cu of dry volume.

Assume that for 1 Cu of dry volume required 1.33 Cu of cement and 1.33 Cu of sand of wet
volume. Which means to create a 1 Cu of a dry mortar volume is required 1.66 Cu of a wet
mortar volume.

Shall take the proportion of cement and sand is 1:X

Therefore required volume of sand can be calculated from bellow equation;

 Sand Quantity in Cement Mortar

Required Cement bags (50kg) can be calculated from bellow equation.

Cement Quantity in Cement mortar

Note: Units are should be in Cu

Example:

1. Calculate the required amount of cement and sand for 3.2 Cu of mortar in 1:5 mix.

at 12:17:00 AM
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9 comments:
1.

braFritz NdebeleOctober 2, 2014 at 8:57 AM

Interesting stuff........

Reply

2.

braFritz NdebeleOctober 2, 2014 at 8:58 AM

interesting stuff

Reply

Replies

1.

Lahiru MadusankaOctober 5, 2014 at 11:00 PM

Yeah. Thank you!

Reply

3.

Nasir IlloOctober 6, 2014 at 11:42 PM

Can we use it in concrete? If yes,what is the formula for coarse aggregate?

Reply

Replies

1.

Lahiru MadusankaOctober 7, 2014 at 5:55 AM

No, we cannot use this formula for concrete. The formula for concrete is changed
depend on the grade of the concrete that you need to practice.
 Reply

4.

kevin cshankSeptember 11, 2015 at 10:03 AM

Why is the formula for sand "wet sand"?

Reply

5.

Tabuk TagguNovember 27, 2015 at 10:30 AM

confused.

Reply

6.

Raghani VijayDecember 24, 2015 at 2:11 AM

what is NR ?

Reply

Replies

1.

ras IQJanuary 29, 2016 at 1:51 AM

"Nr" - Numbers

Reply

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Rate analysis for Steel Grating

Let's take an example design of a G.I Steel grating.

The drain to be covered is 18' long and 2'-6" wide.

G.I Grating
Material requirement

1. Angle iron - 50 x 50 x 6mm - 5.5m

2. Angle iron - 50 x 50 x 8mm - 5.5m
3. Welding Rods

Material Quantity

Angle iron - 50 x 50 x 6mm

1. 18' x 2 nos
2. 2'-6" x 8 Nos x 7 Times

for above requirement;

1. 18' peices 2 Nos = 2 Nr of bars

2. 2.5' pieces 56 nos Required = 7 Nr Bars

Therefore, 9 Nr of Angle iron - 50 x 50 x 6mm - 5.5m are required

Angle iron - 50 x 50 x 8mm

1. 2.5' x 16 nos therefore 2 bars are required.

Now let's find the total weight of bars

9 x 5.5 x 6 x ((50+50)/1000) x (7850 / 1000) = 233.15 kg

2 x 5.5 x 8 x ((50+50)/1000) x (7850/1000) = 69.08 kg

Total Weight = 302.23 kg

Therefore required welding rods = 15 x 302.23/1000 = 4.53 kg

Material Cost

Note: these prices are local market price in Sri Lanka

Angle iron - 50 x 50 x 6mm - 5.5m @ Rs. 2,475 x 9 = Rs.22,275

Angle iron - 50 x 50 x 8mm - 5.5m @ Rs.3300 x 2 = Rs. 6,600
Welding Rods - 1 kg @ Rs.180 x 5 = Rs. 900
Galvanizing cost - 1 kg @ Rs.70 x 302.23 = 21,156

Total cost of material = Rs.50,931

Labour cost

Say 3 Skilled labour work for 2.5 days to complete work

Labour cost = 2.5 x 3 @ 2000 = Rs. 15,000

Total cost for constructing G.I Grating as per the design and specification above = 50,931+
15,000

= Rs. 65,931

Therefore rate per 2'-6" wide above design & specification grating is = 65,931/ 18 = Rs. 3,662.83

at 9:28:00 PM
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Saturday, September 12, 2015

Taking-off Measurement for the Foundation

Taking-off Measurements

Estimating cost for a particular construction work can be divided into categories as follows.

1. Method of construction
2. Detail drawings
3. Measurements
4. Specification of materials
5. Availability of material and market price
6. Quantity (Labour and Material)
7. Transport and operational expenses

Measurements are one of the most important parts in estimating the construction cost. Estimate
the materials, labour, transport or whatever the expenses are prior to the quantities gathered from
the drawings. Therefore, quantities must be very accurate to estimate the construction cost.

Taking-off measurement is called the process of recording dimensions in a standard way which
is accepted by construction professionals. It is done in a particular sheet called TDS and it has
been explained in my previous article "How to Prepare a BOQ". Taking-off measurements and
estimating the project quantities are time-consuming, but it is required to be done. Because to
reduce errors and give a rational elucidation for the estimated quantity whenever necessary. The
measurements entered are should be accurate while it is clear and readable for others.

In this article, we will discuss how we take measurements for excavation work for the foundation
in a building.

Foundation Detail
Foundation Layout
According to given details in the drawings, we can find the center line girth of the building.

Horizontal Lengths = 3 x 20’-0” + 2 x 10’-0”

= 60’=0” + 20’-0”

= 80’-0”

Vertical Lengths = 3 x 20’-0” + 2 x 12’-0”

= 60’-0” + 24’-0”

= 84’-0”

Centerline Girth = 80’-0” + 84’-0”

= 164’-0”

Let’s find the excavation volume of rubble foundation with following steps;

Excavation for Rubble Foundation = 164’-0” x 1’-6” x 2’-0”

= 492 Cu.ft

Ddt

For Column bases = 8 x 3’-0” x 3’-0” x 2’-0”

= (144 Cu.ft)
Therefore Total excavation for Rubble Foundation = 492 Cu.ft – 144 Cu.ft

= 348 Cu.ft

= 3.48 Cube

= 9.85 m3

Excavation for Column Bases = 8 x 3’-0” x 3’-0” x 3’-0”

= 216 Cu.ft

Total Excavation Work for the foundation of the Building = 348 Cu.ft + 216 Cu.ft

= 564 Cu.ft

= 5.64 Cube

= 15.96 m3

at 11:13:00 PM
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Wednesday, September 9, 2015

Material Calculation for Concrete Mixing Designs

Introduction to Concrete

Concrete is an artificial stone which we used in construction. Concrete can be divided into two
main categories as follows;

1. Mass Concrete
2. RCC Concrete

The only different between Mass concrete and RCC concrete is reinforcement. The mass
concretes are designed without reinforcement while RCC concrete are designed with
considerable reinforcement. The mass concrete are not being used as structural concrete. It is
only used for leveling & as ground floor slabs and may be as some other architectural designs.

The concrete is basically made with cement, sand, metal and water to mix them together. The
metal used for increasing the volume and also to give a considerable strength to the concrete.
The sand used to fill the rest of the void which cannot be filled with metal. The cement is used in
concrete will make these components attached well together with the jelly kind of thing that they
produce in the mixing. Again the cement will make sure to fill other micro small voids which the
sand cannot go through.

Density of Cement = 1440 kg/m3

Density of Sand = 1920 kg/m3
Density of Metal = 1800 kg/m3

How to Find the cement, sand & metal quantities used in different type of concrete mixing
designs.
Calculations are based on the following assumption;

 Sand includes 15% wastage

 Cement Included 5% wastage
 No wastage includes for metal
 Contribution of the sand 65% per 1m3 of concrete by volume
 Contribution of metal 85% per 1m3 of concrete by volume
 Contribution of cement 2% per 1m3 of concrete by volume

Nominal Mixing Designs

1. G15 (C:S:M = 1:3:6)

2. G20 (C:S:M = 1:2:4)
3. G25 (C:S:M = 1:1 1/2:3)
4. G30 (C:S:M = 1:1:2)

Contribution of material for 1 m3 of concrete = Sand 65% + Metal 85% + Cement 2%

= 152 %
= 1.52 m3

This means (1.52m3) to produce a 1m3 of solid concrete requires a 1.52 m3 of the actual
quantity of the above material.

Hence, we can find the required material for the different type of concrete.

Required Material for G15 Concrete

1. G15 (C:S:M = 1:3:6)

Cement = 1/10 = 0.1
Sand = 3/10 = 0.3
Metal = 6/10 = 0.6

Number of 50 kg cement bags per 1m3 = 0.1 x 1.52 m3 / Volume of cement bag
= 0.152 / 0.035
= 4.343
= 4.343 x 1.05
= 4.560 Nr

Therefore required number of cement bags per 1Cu = 4.56 x 2.83 Nr

= 12.91 Bags
Say Nr of Bags = 13 Nos

Required amount of Sand = 0.3 x 1.52 Cu

= 0.456 Cu
= 0.456 x 1.15 Cu
= 0.525 Cu

Say Required Amount of Sand = 0.53 Cu

Required amount of Metal = 0.6 x 1.52 Cu

= 0.912 Cu

Say Required Amount of Metal = 0.91 Cu

Required material for G20 Concrete

2. G20 (C:S:M = 1:2:4)

Cement = 1/7 = 0.14

Sand = 2/7 = 0.29
Metal = 4/7 = 0.57

Number of 50 kg cement bags per 1m3 = 0.14 x 1.52 m3 / Volume of cement bag
= 0.21 / 0.035
= 6.00
= 6.00 x 1.05
= 6.30 Nr

Therefore required number of cement bags per 1Cu = 6.30 x 2.83 Nr

= 17.83 Bags
Say Nr of Bags = 18 Nos
Required amount of Sand = 0.28 x 1.52 Cu
= 0.43 Cu
= 0.43 x 1.15 Cu
= 0.50 Cu

Say Required Amount of Sand = 0.50 Cu

Required amount of Metal = 0.571 x 1.52 Cu

= 0.87 Cu

Say Required Amount of Metal = 0.87 Cu

Required material for G25 Concrete

3. G25 (C:S:M = 1:1.5:3)

Cement = 1/5.5 = 0.18

Sand = 1.5/5.5 = 0.27
Metal = 3/5.5 = 0.55

Number of 50 kg cement bags per 1m3 = 0.18 x 1.52 m3 / Volume of cement bag
= 0.27 / 0.035
= 7.71
= 7.71 x 1.05
= 8.1 Nr

Therefore required number of cement bags per 1Cu = 8.1 x 2.83 Nr

= 22.92 Bags
Say Nr of Bags = 23 Nos

Required amount of Sand = 0.27 x 1.52 Cu

= 0.41 Cu
= 0.41 x 1.15 Cu
= 0.47 Cu

Say Required Amount of Sand = 0.47 Cu

Required amount of Metal = 0.55 x 1.52 Cu

= 0.836 Cu

Say Required Amount of Metal = 0.87 Cu

Required material for G30 Concrete

4. G30 (C:S:M = 1:1:2)

Cement = 1/4 = 0.25

Sand = 1/4 = 0.25
Metal = 3/5.5 = 0.50

Number of 50 kg cement bags per 1m3 = 0.25 x 1.52 m3 / Volume of cement bag
= 0.38 / 0.035
= 10.86
= 10.86 x 1.05
= 11.40 Nr

Therefore required number of cement bags per 1Cu = 11.40 x 2.83 Nr

= 32.26 Bags
Say Nr of Bags = 31 Nos

Required amount of Sand = 0.25 x 1.52 Cu

= 0.38 Cu
= 0.38 x 1.15 Cu
= 0.437 Cu

Say Required Amount of Sand = 0.44 Cu

Required amount of Metal = 0.50 x 1.52 Cu

= 0.76 Cu

Say Required Amount of Metal = 0.76 Cu

How to prepare a BOQ

Step 1

When preparing a BOQ, there are certain steps to be carried out in order to make a proper BOQ.
Mainly, it can be Quantity and Rate for each work. As the first step in preparing a BOQ is taking
off quantities from the given drawings.Therefore, we need record these taking off measurements
properly in a particular order which we can easily edit and recognize the measurements for each
work. This measurement recording sheet is called TDS. The sheet arrangement will look like the
following document.
 TDS - Sheet

Timesing:- In this column, we fill the number of repetitions of same work. for an example if we
have same size columns 10 nos. we put it in this raw as 10.

Dimension :- In this column, we put the dimensions of the work. When we enter the dimensions,
we should first add the length, width, and depth.

Sums:- In this column, we calculate the sums of work multiplying the Timesing & Dimensions.

Description:- In this field, we describe the work of the BOQ prior to the measurements we enter.

Completing the TDS is the first step when preparing a proper BOQ. because we can edit and adjust
quantities easily if we maintain a TDS sheet. Not only that but also we can justify how we estimate
the quantities to a senior or someone who's responsible for checking the quantities.

If a part of the drawing need to be changed, we need to estimate the quantities again. Even the
changes like this can easily be re-estimated easily, quickly and accurately by using a TDS sheet.
Once we complete the TDS sheet next step is preparing the abstract sheet which I am going to
explain in my future articles.

Cantilever Beams & Bending Moment

Cantilever Beams

Cantilever beam is a type of beams that one end of the beam is fixed and the other end is completely
free. Therefore, the fixed end should be able to bear the rest of the load of the beam itself. In that
case, supported end must be stiff and rigidly fixed. Though this is not a structurally proficient
method, it is being used In order to achieve some purposes in certain construction. Ex: improve
the space requirement & quality, the aesthetic of the buildings, etc.

Maximum Bending Moment

I am going to explain the maximum bending moment theory with an example situation. Assume
that the part of a balcony design is supported by cantilever beam that is carrying a “w” uniformly
distributed load per unit. Length of the cantilever beam is “L”.

Now we will consider a point on the beam (c) where the vertical displacement is “x” from the
free end of the beam (B).
Let’s take the momentum force (M) around the point “C” considering the section “CB”.
Hence, Mmax where the x = L

Mmax = -wL2/2

You can draw the graph for the maximum bending moment. We can consider the above
equation as y = mx2

where, y = M, m = -(w/2), and x = L

Condition of Contract - (Preambles)

Preambles

Preamble notes are one of the most important parts in a tender. It is necessary to discuss the
preamble notes when pricing the tender. In preambles, we have all the information and
guidelines about the rates and specification. Generally preamble notes contain the general
specification of the construction work under each item and how the rate should be established.

Example:

B.1 Excavation & Earthwork

Rate Shall include for:-

 Levelling Bottom of Trenches

 Backfilling with selected excavated material and consolidation
 Dewatering including pumping out water up to the nearest manhole
 Disposal of surplus excavated material away from premises
 Bulking after excavation
 Necessary Shoring and shuttering
 Working space if required only net areas are considered for measurement
 Cost of testing materials and samples to establish to specifications
B.3 Concrete Work

Unless otherwise stated all concrete shall be:-

1. Grade 20 (3/4" minimum aggregate size)

2. All concrete shall be so cast as to receive only that finishing on it's exposed as specified
in the respective items.
3. All concrete shall be made dense with vibrator and finished with monolithic to receive
tiles, granite etc. The type and stability which shall be agreed with the consultant prior to
commencement of concerning of each item.

Rates shall include for the plant for mixing, handling, hoisting, depositing compacting, vibrating,
curing making good after removal of formwork and any test establish the compliances with
specification whatever necessary.

Likewise, we will have a set of notes under each work of how the pricing must be done in the
quotation. Therefore, it is essential to refer the preamble notes carefully enough where we have
all the details to price the tender.

Actual Project Cost

How to Track the Actual Cost in a Construction Project

Tracking the actual cost of a construction project is very hard unless there is a proper cost
tracking system. In a construction project, cost can be divided into categories as follows;

1. Material Cost
2. Labor Cost
3. Tools & Equipment Cost
4. Transport Cost
5. Operational Cost (Accommodation, Electricity, Water, Sanitary, Safety, etc.)

Therefore, it is really important that we track each and every cost comes under above mentioned
items. To make this possible, it is necessary to each division of the project (Engineering,
Quantity Surveying, Project management team, Purchasing team and Accounting team) work as
one team.

Project Management Team

The main object of this team is to set an appropriate and executable construction timeline for the
project. It should contain all necessary items that cover the whole project within the project
timeline. The field experience and knowledge of the different type of construction methods will
be key for project management team. Project management team should often contact with
engineering team to discuss that the timeline they provide is executable with the actual site
condition.

Quantity Surveying Team

After finalizing the timeline by the project management team, a copy of that should be given
along the each team of the project. Therefore, once the project timeline handed over the quantity
surveying division they must prepare the material, labor, tools & equipment, transport items are
required prior to the timeline. This report should be given to the project purchasing team and the
accounting team.

Purchasing Team

Looking into this report issued by the QS team, purchasing team can have a premature idea of
the material and labor and other items to be available in the site prior to the timeline. Therefore,
they have enough time to contact suppliers and discuss the prices and deliver them without
having a delay.

Accounts Team

Same as purchasing team, accounts team can realize the expenses to be made with the timeline.
They can make the cash flow for the project stages wise of the project.

Engineering Team

The engineering team is the most important team in the project. Because they are the ones who
actually execute the project. If they do not follow the instructions are given to them, the project
will be unsuccessful.

How to track Actual Cost

When ordering a material or service for a particular work, it is necessary to make a material or
service requesting note by an authorized person before purchasing the materials or services. Then
these request order will be recorded under purchasing team of the project. Then they make the
purchasing of material or services according request order. Once the good received note or
service received note arrives from the supplier, we should make the manual Good Received Note
(GRN) or Service Received Note (SRN) for the work and record it. This should be done under
the financial management team of the project.

Therefore, all the departments have to work as a team to track the actual project cost. If any
mistake happens, this system can show it directly who is responsible for the mistake so everyone
will have to work properly and accurately.

Advantages of having proper cost tracking system

  Figure out the Actual Profit.
 Figure out the Actual Project Cost.
 Increase the knowledge about the project in each department.
 Figure out the financial status in the progress of the project.
 Figure out the errors in quotations & estimations.
 For the similar type of future project cost realization.

Tender Documents - (Bidding Documents)

Generally tender documents consist with the following sub documents stated below.

 Instruction to Tenderers
 Form of Tender
 Articles of Agreement
 General Conditions of Contract
 Special Conditions of Contract
 Specimen Forms
 List of Drawings
 General Specification
 Particular Specification
 General Notes
 Bills of Quantities
 Schedule of Rates
 Appendix

Instruction to Bidders/ Tenderers

The Scope of Bid :- Brief description about the project including construction period indicated
in the contract.

Source of Funds :- Means of the finance stated in the contract.

Qualification of the Bidders :- Tenderers must submit the required qualification and legal status
and other relevant documents asked by the client's consultant and those who do not comply with
the required qualifications will be rejected.

Bidding Cost :- All costs involve with the bidding to the contractor shall be borne by the
contractor himself with no claim by the client.

Site Visit :- It is Contractor's responsibility to visit the site and examine all necessary cost and
requirement to be fulfilled with the project and submit them accordingly. No allowance will be
given to the contractor to carry out these works and bidders shall bear the site visiting and
investigation expenses on their own.
Bidding Document :- These are the document listed under the first paragraph of this article.

Clarification of Bidding Documents :- Tenderers must inform if there are any doubts about the
designs, drawings, specification, etc.. and clarify it with the client's representative appointed in
the contract. Bidders should inform it prior to the deadline of the tender and no later than the
given period in the contract.

Preparation of Bid :- Language of the bid, Currency of Bid & payment, Validity period of Bid,
Bid Security, Bid Prices, Documents of the Bid, etc. should be provided.

 Language of the Bid

All the documents to be submitted by the stated language in the contract.

 Currency of Bid & Payment

The bidders should quote the tender rates and prices prior to the currency stated in the
contract

 Bid Validity

Bidders should indicate the validity period of the bid with the quotation.

 Bid Secuirity

Client can ask to provide a bid security by the tenderers together with their tender from a bank
draft or guarantee from a reputed bank in the state. It is a must to provide this guarantee with the
tender otherwise bid will be rejected.

Pre-Bid Meeting :- Bidders will be invited by the client to meet them and discuss their doubts
and clarify them with the consultant of the client. Bidders can raise their questions about
specifications, drawings, design and whichever things regarding the tender document and clarify
it with the consultant. Meeting minutes will be issued to all the tenderers stating all changes of
the specifications, drawings, design, etc.. whichever decision made as a result of the meeting as
soon as possible. Anyway absence for the pre-bid meeting will not cause to disqualification of a
tenderer.
Taking-off Measurement for the Foundation

Taking-off Measurements

Estimating cost for a particular construction work can be divided into categories as follows.

1. Method of construction
2. Detail drawings
3. Measurements
4. Specification of materials
5. Availability of material and market price
6. Quantity (Labour and Material)
7. Transport and operational expenses

Measurements are one of the most important parts in estimating the construction cost. Estimate
the materials, labour, transport or whatever the expenses are prior to the quantities gathered from
the drawings. Therefore, quantities must be very accurate to estimate the construction cost.

Taking-off measurement is called the process of recording dimensions in a standard way which
is accepted by construction professionals. It is done in a particular sheet called TDS and it has
been explained in my previous article "How to Prepare a BOQ". Taking-off measurements and
estimating the project quantities are time-consuming, but it is required to be done. Because to
reduce errors and give a rational elucidation for the estimated quantity whenever necessary. The
measurements entered are should be accurate while it is clear and readable for others.

In this article, we will discuss how we take measurements for excavation work for the foundation
in a building.

Foundation Detail
Foundation Layout
According to given details in the drawings, we can find the center line girth of the building.

Horizontal Lengths = 3 x 20’-0” + 2 x 10’-0”

= 60’=0” + 20’-0”

= 80’-0”

Vertical Lengths = 3 x 20’-0” + 2 x 12’-0”

= 60’-0” + 24’-0”

= 84’-0”

Centerline Girth = 80’-0” + 84’-0”

= 164’-0”

Let’s find the excavation volume of rubble foundation with following steps;

Excavation for Rubble Foundation = 164’-0” x 1’-6” x 2’-0”

= 492 Cu.ft

Ddt

For Column bases = 8 x 3’-0” x 3’-0” x 2’-0”

= (144 Cu.ft)
Therefore Total excavation for Rubble Foundation = 492 Cu.ft – 144 Cu.ft

= 348 Cu.ft

= 3.48 Cube

= 9.85 m3

Excavation for Column Bases = 8 x 3’-0” x 3’-0” x 3’-0”

= 216 Cu.ft

Total Excavation Work for the foundation of the Building = 348 Cu.ft + 216 Cu.ft

= 564 Cu.ft

= 5.64 Cube

= 15.96 m3

RATE ANALYSIS OF CIVIL WORKS –

ELEMENTS AND REQUIREMENTS
What is Analysis of Rates or Rate Analysis of Civil Works?
Every construction project is divided into number of activities. Each activity consists of different
types of civil or construction works. For example, the in the construction of a building, the
activities can be excavation or earthwork, Concrete work, masonry work, Wood work such as
doors and windows, plumbing, flooring, waterproofing, finishing work such as plastering,
painting or distempering.

The Activity earthwork can be divided into many types based on depth and type of soil. For
example, an excavation of 1.5m deep in soft soil, an excavation of 3m deep in hard soil.
Likewise, concrete work can be divided into many types based on its mix proportions and its
placement. For example, M25 reinforced concrete work in foundation, M30 reinforced concrete
work in columns, slabs etc. Likewise, there can be many small civil works in every construction
project.

The cost of any construction project is calculated based on each works associated with every
construction activity. Thus it is essential to calculate cost of each small works.
Rate analysis of Civil Works or Building Works is the determination of cost of each construction
work per unit quantity. This cost includes the cost of materials, labours, machinery, contractors
profit and other miscellaneous petty expenses required for the particular work to be complete in
unit quantity. For example, cost of 1 cubic meter of M20 RCC work in slab, Cost of 1 cubic
meter of excavation in soft soil of 1.5m depth, cost of 1 square meter of plastering of 20mm, cost
of 1 square meter of painting work with specified paint in 2 layers or 3 layers as required.

The cost of materials in rate analysis is calculated as combination of cost of material at origin, its
transportation costs, taxes. The rate of labour is based on skill of the labour, such as skilled
labour, semi-skilled and unskilled labour. The cost of materials and labours vary from place to
place. Thus, the cost of each construction work varies from place to place.

What are the factors affecting Analysis of Rates of Civil

Works?
Factors which affect the rate analysis of civil works are:

 Specification of the civil work and materials such as quality of materials, proportion of
mortar or concrete, thickness of plastering, number of coats of painting, depth of
excavation, type of soil etc.
 Location of the construction site – Distance of construction site from source of materials,
availability of labours, availability of water, machinery etc. influence the rate analysis of
construction work.
  Quantity of materials, number of different types of labours and rates of materials and
labours influence the rate analysis.
 Profit of the contractor, miscellaneous expenses and other overheads also influence the
rate analysis.

What are the elements of Rate Analysis of Civil Works?

Elements which constitute the rate analysis are:

a) Material cost inclusive of wastage

b) Labour cost

c) Plant & machinery owning and operating charges

d) Water charges

e) Taxes
f) Insurance/ risk coverage charges

g) Contractor’s overheads and profit

Why Analysis of rates is required in construction projects?

The rate analysis may be required in construction projects for following purposes:

 For the purpose of tendering. In the case of tendering, the contractor may calculate cost
of unit work involved in each construction activity for justified quoting of rates. The
client may also require rate analysis to calculate the cost of construction project.
 To assess the requirements of quantities of labours, materials, machineries and capital to
complete the project.
 To optimise the use of labour, materials and machineries and to know the alternatives to
optimize the resources.
 To assess the rate of unit work from time to time for payment increase in material or
labour costs or any deviations in work specifications, extra items of work to the
contractor.
 To compare the cost of project with the sanctioned capital of the project to take necessary
action or regularization of excess or less cost.
 To workout the budget of the construction project and control the cash flows at various
stages of construction work.
 To find out the irrational rates quoted by the contractors during tendering process.
 To serve as the basic data in case of dispute among project owner and contractor.

RATE ANALYSIS OF PLASTERING WITH

CEMENT MORTAR
Rate analysis of plastering with cement mortar requires the quantity estimation of materials
cement mortar, i.e. quantity of cement, sand and water for various grades of mortar required.
Grades of mortar used for plastering is generally same grade as used in the masonry work.

There are different grades of mortar that can be used for plastering of masonry structural
members such as in CM 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 etc. Cement Mortar in ratio 1:6 is generally used for
plastering work.

For the calculation of quantity of cement and sand in mortar, volume of mortar required for
plastering is calculated based on thickness of plastering surface and surface area of the structural
member.
Let us take an example of a wall to be plastered:

Length of wall = 2m

Width of wall = 1.5m

Thickness of plaster to be used = 20mm

Plaster to be carried out in two layers of 10mm each.

The quantity of cement mortar required will be: 2 x 1.5 x (20/1000) = 0.06 m3 of mortar.

The rate analysis of mortar need to be done for the calculated quantity required. Read here the
rate analysis of cement mortar to know how to calculate quantity of cement and sand in
mortar.

Once the quantity of cement and sand is calculated, the labor cost required for mixing of mortar
is calculated. The coefficients of labor for plastering work are taken from the Rate Analysis by
CPWD.

The cost of mixing of calculated quantity of mortar remains constant, but the cost of application
of mortar varies with number of layers in which the mortar is applied. Thus, the cost of mason
depends on area to be plastered and number of layers of plaster to be applied. The cost of other
labors varies with the quantity of cement mortar to be mixed and number of layers of plasters to
be applied.
The coefficients of mason and labors are as follows per m2 area per layer of plaster to be
applied:

Mason – 0.07435 days

Labors – 0.0929 days

Bhishti – 0.0929 days (the one who carries materials and water for mixing)

These coefficients are multiplied with the given quantity of cement mortar required for plaster in
m3 and number of layers or plasters.

The number of days of mason required = 0.07435 x No. of layers x surface area

= 0.07435 x 2 x (2 x1.5) = 0.44610 days

For Labors and Bhishti = 0.0929 x 2 x (2 x 1.5) = 0.5574 days for each.

The labor and bhishti days required for mixing of cement mortar is also calculated as given in
rate analysis of cement mortar.

For example, labor required = 0.21 x 0.06 = 0.0126 days

Bhishti required = 0.0929 x 0.06 = 0.005574 days.

Thus total number of days for plastering in two-layers of plaster for 1.5mx2mx20mm plaster:

Mason = 0.44610 days

Labor = 0.5574 + 0.0126 = 0.57 days

Bhishti = 0.5574 + 0.005574 = 0.562974 days.

The daily wages of masons and labors are multiplied with number of days required by them to
get the cost.

The excel calculation for rate analysis of plastering is shown below:

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RATE ANALYSIS FOR CEMENT
MORTAR
Rate analysis for cement mortar requires estimation of materials for cement mortar, i.e. quantity
of cement and sand required for 1m3 for various proportions, i.e., CM 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 etc. So,
let us first calculate quantity of cement and sand required for 1m3 of cement mortar.

For 1m3 of wet cement mortar, 1.3m3 of cement and sand is required, due to presence of voids in
sand in dry state. So, cement and sand quantity is calculated for 1.3m 3 of cement mortar.

Estimation of Materials for Cement Mortar:

Steps for calculation of quantity of cement and sand for cement mortar:

Consider, we want to calculate quantity of cement and sand for CM 1:X, where, 1 is proportion
of cement and X is proportion of sand. Then, quantity of cement shall be calculated as:

Quantity of cement =

Above formula gives quantity in volume. To calculate the quantity of cement in number of bags,
we have to divide it by volume of cement of one bags. The volume of one bag of cement is
0.0347 m3.

Therefore, number of bags of cement =

Quantity of sand =
For example, for a proportion of CM 1:4,

Quantity of cement in bags = =7.492 bags

Quantity of sand = = 1.04 m3 of sand.

Estimation of Labour and Tools for cement mortar:

For 1m3 of cement mortar, semi-skilled labour is required for 0.27 days for mixing, unskilled
labour for 0.26 for carrying of cement, sand and water. Hire charges for mechanical mixer is
taken in lumpsum of can be taken as 0.27 days for mixing 1cum of mortar.

Rate Analysis of cement mortar:

Rate analysis of cement mortar requires the rate of cement and sand multiplied with their
respective quantity. Cost of labour and tools and tackles for the cement mortar is also calculated.
Cost of cement, sand, labour and tools depend on local availability and local rates.

When, quantity of cement, sand, labour and tools are multiplied by its rates, and a contractors
profit of 10-20% is assumed, the total sum of the amount is taken as the cost of 1m 3 of cement
mortar, which is shown in the file below.

RATE ANALYSIS FOR BRICK MASONRY

Rate analysis of brickwork requires the determination of quantities of materials (bricks and
mortar) and labours. Mortar can be of any proportions 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 etc. Quantity estimation
for mortar is discussed here. The quantity estimation of bricks is required for the rate analysis.

Quantity Estimation for Brick Masonry:

For the rate analysis of brick masonry, we will consider 1m3 of brick masonry.

1. Number of bricks for 1 cubic meter of brick masonry:

For 1m3 of brick masonry, the number of standard size of bricks required is 494.

2. Quantity of mortar for 1m3 of brick masonry:

For 1m3 of brickwork, the quantity of the mortar required is 25 – 30%, i.e. 0.25m3 – 0.3m3 of
cement masonry. For this example, we will consider 0.3m3 of cement mortar.
We have already discussed how to calculate the quantity of materials, i.e. cement and sand for
mortar here.

Labour Estimation for Brick Masonry:

Labours that are required for brick masonry are mason for brick work, labours for carriage of
materials (sand, cement, bricks, and water), mixing and transporting mortar.

The quantity of labour is expressed as requirement of labour in days for 1m 3 of brick masonry.

1. Mason: The quantity of mason required for 1m3 of brickwork is taken as 0.94 days.

2. Labour: The quantity of labour for various works like carriage of materials, mixing of mortar,
transporting of mortar etc. are clubbed. The labour required for 1m3 of brick masonry is for 1.57
days.

The cost of various tools, transportation of materials etc. shall be suitably taken as lumpsum for
the given location.

Rate Analysis of Brick Masonry:

Rate Analysis of brickwork now requires rates of various materials like cement, sand, bricks, and
rates for labour i.e. mason and other labours. The rates of these varies with location and time.
These may be obtained from the schedule of rates of particular location or can be taken from
local market and shall be multiplied with the quantities of materials and labours we have
estimated to get the rate analysis.
QUANTITY & RATE ANALYSIS FOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Today we will see how to prepare rate analysis for Reinforced Concrete (RCC) work. First step
to rate analysis is the estimation of labour, materials, equipments and miscellaneous items for
particular quantity of reinforced concrete.

The second step is to determine the component of structure for which the RCC rate analysis is
required, as the quantity of reinforcement steel varies with slabs, beams, columns, foundation,
RCC Roads etc., though the quantity of other materials like sand, coarse aggregate and cement
remain the same with the same mix design (mix proportion) of concrete. Labour rates for
reinforcement work changes with type of structural component as the quantity of reinforcement
steel changes. The Quantity of materials like sand, cement and coarse aggregates vary with mix
design such as M15 (1:2:4), M20 (1:1.5:3), M25, M30 etc..

Here we will see the rate analysis for 1m3 of reinforced concrete.

Data required for RCC Rate Analysis:

1. Estimation of materials:

Material estimation include sand, cement, coarse aggregate and steel for a particular mix design.
Let us consider a mix design of 1:1.5:3 for our estimation practice. The dry volume of total
materials required is considered as 1.54 times the wet volume of concrete, due to voids present in
sand and aggregates in dry stage. Therefore, for our calculation, we will consider the total
volume of materials required as 1.54 m3 for 1 m3 of wet concrete.

a) Bags of cement required:

Volume of cement required for 1m3 of Concrete =

=0.28 m3

Then number of bags of cement (volume of one bag of cement = 0.0347 m 3)

= = 8.07 bags of cement.

b) Volume of Sand required:

Volume of sand required = = 0.42 m3 of sand.

c) Volume of Coarse Aggregate Required

Volume of Coarse Aggregate = = 0.84 m3 of coarse aggregates.

d) Estimation of Reinforced Steel:

Quantity of steel required depends on components of structure, i.e. slabs, beams, columns,
foundations, roads etc. To estimate the steel required, there are two methods.

First method is, when we have the drawing available, we can calculate the total weight of steel
required divided by total volume of concrete for different components. This will give us the
weight of reinforcement steel per cubic meter of concrete.

Second method is assuming the percentage of reinforcement for different components. Following
are the percentage of reinforcement steel generally required per different components. Its values
can vary from structure to structure, and can be assumed from past experiences of similar
structure.

 For slabs = 1.0 % of concrete volume.

 For Beam = 2 % concrete volume.
 For column = 2.5 % of concrete volume.
 For RCC Roads, 0.6% concrete volume.

Lets take example of RCC Column, where reinforcement required is 2.5% of concrete volume,
weight of steel required will be:

=196.25 kg.
2. Labour Requirement for 1m3 of RCC:

Labours required are presented in terms of days required by particular labour to complete its
work for the given quantity of concrete. Following are the various labours required:

a) Mason: As per Standard Schedule of Rates and Analysis of Rates, One mason is required for
0.37 days.

b) Labours: One Unskilled labours required for 3.5 days.

c) Water carrier: One water carrier required for 1.39 days.

d) Bar Bender: Bar bender requirement depends on weight of reinforcement. Lets consider one
bar bender required for 100 kg of steel as for 1 day.

e) Mixer Operator: One mixer operator required for 0.0714 days.

f) Vibrator Operator: One vibrator operator required for 0.0714 days.

3. Equipments and sundries:

Equipment and other charges, such as water charges, miscellaneous items, tools and tackles etc
can be assumed as some percentage of total cost of materials and labours. Lets say it as 7.5%.

4. Contractor’s Profit:

Contractor’s profit depends on place to place, organization to organization and work to work. It
varies from 10 – 20%. For our case lets assume it as 15% of total cost of materials, labours and
equipments.

We have calculated the quantity of every item in above 1 – 3 steps. For rate analysis of RCC, we
need to multiply each quantity with their rates to get the amount for every item of work. Rates
vary from place to place and time to time. It is advisable to assume local rates or standard rates
of the place.

The sum total of all the four items above will give the rate or cost for 1m 3 of concrete.

SOIL CLASSIFICATION FOR PURPOSE

OF MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Soil Classification for Purpose of Measurement and Payment
All materials to be excavated is classified into one of the following classes and is paid for at the
rate for that particular class of material. No distinction is made whether the material is dry, moist
or wet.

Any earthwork is classified under any of the following categories; in accordance with IS-1200 –
part-I.

a) Ordinary soils

These includes all kinds of soils containing kankar, sand, silt, hard and soft murrum and/or
shingle, gravel, clay, loam, peat, ash, shale, etc., which can generally be excavated by spade,
pick axes and shovel, and which is not classified under "soft and decomposed" and "hard rock"
defined below.

This also includes embedded rock, rubble not longer than 500 mm in one direction and not more
than 300 mm in the other two directions.

Removal of such ordinary soils by mechanical excavators, shovels, draglines etc. is payable at
the rate for ‘Ordinary soils’.

b) Soft and Decomposed Rock Soils:

This includes rock, boulders, slag, chalk, slate, hard mica schist, laterite and all other materials
which is rock, but does not need blasting and could be removed with picks, hammer, crow bars,
wedges and pneumatic breaking equipment. The mere fact that Contractor resorts to blasting for
reasons of his own, does not qualify for classification under ‘hard rock’. This also includes
excavation in macadam and tarred roads and pavements. This also includes rock boulders longer
than 500 mm in one direction and not more than 500 mm in any one of the other two directions.

c) Hard Rock Soils:

This includes all rock occurring in large continuous masses, which cannot be removed except by
blasting for loosening it. Hardened varieties of rock with or without veins and secondary
minerals, which require blasting is considered as hard rock. Boulders of rock occurring in such
sizes and not classified under (a) and (b) above is also classified as hard rock. This will also
include reinforced cement concrete (reinforcement to be cut through, but not separated from
concrete).