Bar chart:

The charts below show the average percentages in typical meals of

three types of nutrients, all of which may be unhealthy if eaten too
much. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main
features, and make comparisons where relevant. (Cam 14 – Writing
Task 1 – Test 1)

The bar charts depict the percentage of sodium, saturated fat, and
added sugar absorbed by each of people in the USA in three main meals
and small meals. However, these nutrients can be unhealthy if they are
absorbed more than usual.
In general, Sodium and Saturated Fat are the highest consumption
nutrients in dinner, meanwhile, added sugar is the top supplement in
snacks.
Looking at the charts more closely, we can see that the overwhelming
majority of sodium is consumed in dinner of the American with 43 per
cent. Meanwhile, saturated fat and added sugar are absorbed the most
by the USA citizen, which is 37 and 23 per cent. In addition, the
consumption of saturated fat is nearly equal to sodium in lunch, with 26
and 29 per cent.
The consumption of sodium in breakfast and snacks is just 14 per cent.
The proportion of consuming saturated fat and sugar in breakfast is the
same, which is 16 per cent. Moreover, snacks have 21 per cent of fat.
Meanwhile, sugar is the dominant nutrient, accounting for 42 per cent
of small meals.
Line
Modified:
The graph depicts the consumption of oil in four nations in 40 years,
from 1966 to 2006.
In general, oil consumption in Turkey was increased. Meanwhile,
Sweden and Iceland had the proportion of using oil which decreased
substantially. In addition, the oil usage in Italy was not changed too
much.
Looking at the graph more closely, we can see that Turkey surged
dramatically from 1966 to 2006. the usage of oil in Turkey in 1966 was
60 per cent, meanwhile in Italy was 90 per cent. At the end of the
period in question, oil usage in Turkey was 90 per cent by 2006. Italy’s
proportion of consuming oil remained almost stable when the oil usage
was between 80 to 90 per cent throughout the period.
 In contrast, the proportion of using oil in Iceland was 70 per cent, but
the oil usage went down sharply to 35 per cent in 2006. Iceland’s oil
consumption plummeted remarkably although oil consumption went

up moderately in 10 years from 1986 to 1996, this nation had the

lowest proportion of oil consumption among 4 countries by 2006.
1998 2005
- Golf cao nhất với hơn 20% - Golf là cao nhất với hơn 20%
- Ice hockey thứ 2: khoảng 17% - ice hockey thứ 2 với tầm 16% >
- Baseball thứ 3: xấp xỉ tỉ lệ với ice swimming với hơn 10%.
hockey Các môn còn lại thì tỉ lệ tham gia ít khi
- còn lại là các môn từ 10% đổ xuống chỉ từ 10% đổ xuống.

The bar charts depict the proportion of Canadians participating in the

top ten sports activities in 7 years.
In general, golf is the most well-known sport among Canadians. It is
very plain that golf and ice hockey are very renowned in 1998 and
2005.
Firstly in 1998, golf had the highest participation proportion in Canada
with 23 per cent. The second popular sports activity was ice hockey,
which had 17 per cent of players. Baseball’s participation rates closed
behind ice hockey, which was around 16 per cent. Other sports such as
soccer, basketball, swimming, skiing, cycling, and tennis made up
almost 10 per cent or less.
In 2005, golf and ice hockey were still the most and the second
renowned sports, which had 20.5 and 16 per cent respectively.
Meanwhile, swimming in 2005 was the sport which had a participation
proportion lower than golf and ice hockey, which had 10.5 per cent.
Others such as soccer, basketball, skiing, cycling, and tennis had the
same rate in 1998, which had 10 per cent or lower.

Cách viết WRTING TASK 1 – LINE GRAPH

OPENING (1 CÂU)
- Paraphrase lại câu đề bài.
OVERVIEW (2 CÂU)
1. Trend. (Xu hướng)
- có những đường nào tăng.
- có những đường nào giảm
2. Order
- Cái nào lớn nhất ( vào năm cuối)
Note: Không đề cập số liệu
BODY 1:
- Sentence 1: miêu tả năm đầu tiên
- Sentence 2: miêu tả sự thay đổi
- Sentence 3: so sánh vs 1 đường tương tự.
Note:
- luôn đi từ điểm đầu tiên ( năm đầu tiên)
- gộp đoạn nếu có thể
 gộp những đoạn cùng tăng
 gộp những đoạn cùng giảm

Opening
The line graph illustrates the number of students coming from Iran,
Greek and Turkey who joined Sheffield University from 2005 to 2009.
Give information  Illustrates
Between 2005 and 2009  from…to
Overview
Trend
Looking at the graph, it is clear that the number of Iranian and Turkish
students enrolling in this university experienced an upward trend (v -
chứng kiến một xu hướng tăng) while the number of Greek students
saw a downward trend.
Order.
By the end of the period, Iranian students got admitted to Sheffield
University registered (v - ghi nhận) the highest of the 3 groups
examined.
BODY 1 -TURKEY AND IRAN
1. Sentence 1
In 2005, Turkish students who went to this university was 20 students.
2. Sentence 2 (miêu tả sự thay đổi)
Tips: chia line thành 2-3 phần.
This number considerably (a-đáng kể) increased from 20 to about 90
students in the next 2 years before witnessing (n- chứng kiến) a steady
growth (1 sự phát triển ổn định) to around 120 students by the year of
2009.
In 2009 -> chỉ duy nhất 1 thơi điểm năm 2009
By 2009 -> chỉ quá trình ( cho đến năm 2009)
3. Sentence 3
A similar pattern was seen ( một cái hình thái tương tự được nhìn thấy)
in the enrolment number of Iranian students, where the number of
students doubled from (gấp đôi từ) about 40 students to more than 80
students in the first 4 years before rocketing to ( tăng nhanh lên …)160
students in 2009.
BODY 2 – GREECE
1. Sentence 1
The enrolment of Greek students was 180 in 2005.
2. Sentence 2
In 2007, the number of Greek freshmen (n-SV năm nhất) was about
one-third of that (= the number of Greek freshmen) in the first year of
the period.
3. Sentence 3
This figure (con số này) remained unchanged (k thay đổi) in the next
year before dropping significantly (giảm mạnh) by the year of 2009,
namely ( cụ thể là) more than 40 students.

Homework: The line graph shows information about

the number of marriages in the UK from 1951 to 2001.

The line graph illustrates data about the number of married couples in the UK
between 1951 and 2001.
In general, it is very clear that the number of all marriages and first marriages saw
a downward trend, meanwhile, the number of remarriages experienced an
upward trend. Moreover, the number of all marriages registered was the highest
of the three groups examined.
In 1951, the number of people being in all marriages was 400,000. This figure
increased to about 450,000 people in 1971 before dropping significantly to about
350,000 by 2001. A similar pattern saw in the number of first marriages. The
number of first marriages increased slightly from 350,000 to about 360,000 in
1971 but plummeted in the next 30 years.

Increase >< decrease

Rise
 không chia dạng bị động
- plummet (v): giảm rất mạnh (đột ngột)

The number of people being in remarriages was 150,000 in 1951. This number
remained unchanged by 1981. However, the number of remarriages rose
considerably (adv- đáng kể) to 200,000 by the end of the period.

- The amount of N (k đếm đc)

- The number of +N (đếm đc, số ít)
- Reduction: sự suy giảm (k có reducing)
- Before/After + Ving/N
- Increase, decrease vs Rise: k chia dạng bị động
- Plummet: giảm mạnh, đột ngột

13/3/2022
Số liệu nào cao nhất:
 UK luôn cao
Cái nào thay đổi rõ rệt nhất?
Coffe: UK
 Banana: UK + Thuỵ Sỹ + Đan Mạch
Coffe Chuối
- Tăng: UK, Thuỵ sĩ, đan mạch, bỉ, - tăng: UK, Thuỵ sĩ, đan mạch
thuỷ điển - giảm: bỉ, thuỵ điển
- giảm: k có ai

CẤU TRÚC LÀM BÀI WRITING TASK 1 – TABLE (CHANGED)

TABLE (CHANGED)  CÓ SỐ NĂM THAY ĐỔI
TABLE UNCHANGED  K CÓ SỐ NĂM
OPENING (1 sentence)
- Paraphrase lại đề bài
OVERVIEW (2 sentences)
1. Trend
- Tăng giảm thế nào? Cái nào tăng và cái nào giảm>
2. Order
- Cái nào cao nhất.
BODY 1
1. Sentence 1- miêu tả năm đầu tiên của một thông số
2. Sentence 2- miêu tả sự thay đổi
3. Sentence 3 – Tiếp tục miêu tả những cái khác
Tips: cố gắng so sánh (gấp đôi, gấp 3, bằng một nửa)
BODY 2
1. Sentence 1- miêu tả năm đầu tiên của một thông số
2. Sentence 2- miêu tả sự thay đổi
3. Sentence 3 – Tiếp tục miêu tả những cái khác
Tips: cố gắng so sánh (gấp đôi, gấp 3, bằng một nửa)

OPENING
The table illustrates the revenue earned from 2 commodities in two
separate years in the UK, Switzerland, Belgium, Denmark and Sweden.
Overview
1. Trend
Looking at the table, it is immediately obvious that sales of both
bananas and coffee experienced an upward trend with the exception of
that (the sales of) of bananas in Belgium and Sweden.
2. Order
Tips: Nhìn vào thằng cao nhất ở năm cuối cùng
K cài số liệu vào overview
In 2004, the UK registered the highest trade figures out of all 5
countries examined (trong năm nước đc nghiên cứu).
BODY 1
1. Sentence 1
In 1999, coffee sales in the UK registered (v-chiếm) 1.5 million euros
2. Sentence 2
This figure increased exponentially (adv-theo cấp số nhân) to 20 million
euros in 2004.
3. Sentence 3
A similar trend was seen in Switzerland’s sales of this commodity, which
doubled from 3 to 6 million euros.
4. Sentence 4
The revenue earned from Denmark, Belgium and Sweden also showed
an upward tendency, although to a lesser extent (một số lượng ít hơn)
5. Sentence 5
To be specific (cụ thể là), the figures for these countries rose from 1.8,
1 and 0.8 to 2, 1.7 and 1 million euros, respectively (lần lượt).
BODY 2:
1. Sentence 1
The sales of bananas in the UK started at 15 million euros in 1999.
2. Sentence 2
This figure more than tripled from 15 to 47 million euros in the year of
2004.
3. Sentence 3
A similar pattern was witnessed in Switzerland and Denmark, where
banana sales jumped from (nhảy từ) 1 and 0.6 to 5.5 and 4 million
euros.
4. Sentence 4
Conversely (ngược lại), the figures for Belgium and Denmark almost
halved (giảm 1 nửa), from 1.8 and 2 in 1999 to 1 and 0.9 in 2004.
HW:

Cao nhất: Nigeria

Thấp nhất: Chad
Tính tương đồng: Nigeria vs Somalia (cùng giảm cùng tăng)
Chad: 0 tăng
Công: giảm từ từ

The table depicts information about oil production in Nigeria, Chad,

Congo and Somalia between 2000 and 2004.
Looking at the table, it is very clear that the oil production of Chad
experienced an upward trend, meanwhile, the amount of oil produced
in Somalia saw a downward trend. Moreover, Nigeria registered the
highest oil production out of all 4 nations examined.
In 2000, oil produced in Nigeria was 2 000 000. After falling slightly
from 2.100.000 to 1.900.000 in 2002, Nigeria’s oil production increased
steadily to 2.300.000 by 2004. A similar trend was seen in Somalia,
which decreased from 8000 to 7000 in 2001, then this figure ascended
continually in the next 3 years, namely 55.000 in 2004.
In the first three years from 2000 to 2002, the amount of oil produced
in Chad was 0. However, this figure jumped from 0 to 15000 and 50000
in 2003 and 2004. Conversely, the production of this resource was
witnessed a downward tendency in Congo. To be specific, the oil
production fell steadily from 270000 in 2000 to 250000, 230000,
210000 and 20000 in the next four years, respectively.
20/3/2022

CẤU TRÚC LÀM BÀI BAR CHART (FIXED – SỐ LIỆU KHÔNG THAY ĐỔI)
OPENING (1 SENTENCE)
- Paraphrase lại câu đề bài
OVERVIEW (2 SENTENCES)
1. Trend (xu hướng)
2. Order (trật tự)
note: có thể đảo trật tự được 2 câu này
BODY 1 – (nhóm các cột với nhau) – trái sang phải
1. Describe the biggest and compare
2. Describe the second biggest and compare
3. Describe the third biggest and compare
BODY 2 –(nhóm các cột với nhau)
1. Describe the biggest and compare
2. Describe the second biggest and compare
3. Describe the third biggest and compare

OPENING
The bar chart gives information/ illustrates about how American
adolescents (n - người trường thành) and those who are over 75 spent
time on a daily basis in the year of 2015.
OVERVIEW
1. Order
Overall, watching TV occupied (v – chiếm) most of quality time for both
ages
2. Trend
- Người già thích gì?
- Người trẻ thích gì?
It is clear that while the senior spent more time on sedentary and
passive activities such as watching TV, reading and relaxing, physical
and social ones were more ubiquitous (a – phổ biến) among the
younger group.
BODY 1
1. Sentence 1 (watching TV)
People aged 75 and above dedicated/spend (dành -v) the largest
amount of time per day watching TV, almost doubled the figure for
teenagers aged 15-19, at 2.4 hours.
2. Sentence 2 (reading)
Reading was the second most popular hobby among the elderly, which
accounted for (v – chiếm) 1 hour per day, as opposed to (đối lập, khác)
0.2 hours for the young.
3. Sentence 3 (relaxing and thinking)
Relaxing and thinking are preferable among people aged 75 and over,
namely 0.6 hours per day, compared to only 0.1 hours for teenagers
aged 15-19.
BODY 2
1. Sentence 1
The group 15–19-year-old spent 1.1 hours playing games and
computer, more than twice the figure for the senior group
2. Sentence 2
Socialization and communication had the smallest gap, with around 0.7-
0.8 hours dedicated by both groups.
3. Sentence 3
While 0.6 hours was spent on sports, exercise and recreation by
teenagers, 0.2 hours was taken by the senior for the same hobbies

TABLE:
Opening:
The table illustrates the proportion of domestic consumption of
commodities in the year of 2002 in Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden and
Turkey.
Tips:
1. In 2002  In the year of 2002
2. đề bài: ghi 5 đất nước  bài làm: liệt kê hết 5 quốc gia
Đề liệt kê 5 đất nc  làm bài ghi 5 countries
OVERVIEW
Looking at the table, it is immediately obvious that food/drinks/tobacco
registered the highest rate of national consumer expenditure. By
contrast, the leisure/education category (n-loại) had the lowest
percentage in the table.
Body 1: Out of the five countries, the proportion of consumers
spending on food/ drinks/ tobacco in Turkey was also the highest out of
all 5 countries topped the table, namely 32.14% and followed by
Ireland and Spain, 28.91% and 18.80% respectively. The percentage of
spending on leisure/education in Turkey was also the highest out of all
5 countries examined, namely 4.35%. In addition, the expenditure on
clothing and footwear in Italy made up the most enormous proportion,
stood at 9.0 %.
It can be seen that Sweden had the lowest percentage of national
expenditure for food/ drinks/ tobacco and clothing/ footwear, 15.77%
and 5.40% respectively. The lowest figure for leisure/ education was
recorded in Spain, at only 1.98%.
22/3/2022

PROCESS
OPENING (only 1 sentence)
Paraphrase đề
OVERVIEW (2 câu)
1. Câu 1(process này có bao nhiêu bước)
2. Câu 2(bắt đầu từ bước nào và kết thúc ở bước nào)
BODY 1 (3-5 câu)
Note:
1. cố gắng ghép các bước với nhau
2. tận dụng triệt để các từ đề bài đang gắn vào.

Opening (only 1 sentence)

The process below depicts (chỉ dung trong process và map) the
production of smoked fish.
Overview
1. Câu 1(process này có bao nhiêu bước)
Overall, it can be seen that there are 13 steps in the process.
2. Câu 2(bắt đầu từ bước nào và kết thúc ở bước nào)
It begins with catching fish and concludes with the distribution of the
final product to fish stores.
Body 1
1. First / At the beginning of the process, fishes are caught and then
transported by boats to the port.
2. The fishes are then frozen and ready to be smoked.
3. After being frozen, they undergo a process of thawing in freshwater.
Body 2
1. The/ Next/ Afterwards, their heads are removed and the fishes are
soaked in salty water with yellow colouring before being smoked.
2. Once the fishes have been smoked, they are then packed into boxes
and frozen at 00C
3. The products are kept in cold store before being shipped to fish
stores by trucks.
Process Ngô
The diagram depicts the process of producing ethanol fuel from corn.
In general, there are 8 steps in the process. It begins with harvesting/
collecting corn from the field and concludes with the final product,
which is ready to be transported and sold to the gas station
At the beginning of the process, corn is harvested and stored at the end
at the warehouse. The corn is then milled and cooked with water for
around 4 hours. After being cooked, it undergoes a process of
fermentation which takes 48 hours to complete.
Afterwards, the fermented product is then put through (v-trai qua) a
process that separates the liquid from the solids. Next, the liquid needs
to be purified in about 5 hours while the solid material ends up being
dumped (v-vứt bỏ). After the purification process, it can be stored
before it is shipped to the consumers.
 End up + Ving : kết thúc, cuối cùng

MAP
Opening (sentences)
- Paraphrase lại đề bài
Overview (2 sentences)
1. Bản đồ có nhiều sự thay đổi
2. Có những thay đổi chính gì?
Body 1
1. sentence 1 – miêu tả năm đầu tiên của 1 vị trí
2. sentence 2 – Miêu tả sự thay đổi của vịt trí đó
3. Sentence 3 – Miêu tả khu vực khác
Body 2
1. sentence 1 – Miêu tả năm đầu tiên của 1 vị trí
2. sentence 2 – Miêu tả sự thay đổi của vịt trí đó
3. Sentence 3 – Miêu tả khu vực khác
Opening
The map illustrates shifts (sự that đổi) in the layout of
(bố cục của…) Felixstone in the UK from 1967 to 2001.
Overview
1. Overall, this area underwent some significant changes
2. The main changes included the addition of new
tourism facilities and the demolition the farmland and
the pier and maria.
BODY 1
1. sentence 1
In 1967, there was a farmland located to the East side of
the High Street
2. Sentence 2
Cho đến năm 2001, khu vực này đã bị phá bỏ hoàn toàn
để nhường chỗ cho …
By 2001, this area was completely removed to make way
for a new hotel with a swimming pool and two tennis
courts.
3. Sentence 3
There were shops located on the East side of the High
Street in 1967 and these stores were replaced by
appartments in the next 34 years.
Body 2
1. Sentence 1 ( ben cang)
A large marina and pier which once stood on the
seafront of this town in 1967 was removed to give space
to a public beach by the year of 2001
2. Sentence 2(fish market)
The land in front of the new hotel, which was previously
a fish market, was used as a private beach in 2001
3. Sentence 3 (wind turbines + car park)
Other changes to area included wind turbines located to
the South of the dunes and the construction of a new
carpark in the hotel located ….
(1) along the beachfront
(2) in front of the sea
PROCESS
Opening
The diagram describes the various steps involved in
chocolate making in South America, Africa and Indonesia
Overview
1. Looking at the diagram, it is immediately obvious that
the process comprises = includes 10 steps, which will be
described in this essay
2. It begins with handpicking/collecting of ripe red pods
(hạt) and concludes with the production of liquid
chocolate.
BODY 1
1. Bước đầu tiên
At the beginning of the process, when cacao pods are
ripe(chin), they turn red and are harvested/ collected
from cacao trees on a farm.
2. Next steps
Next, the white cocoa beans are fermented over a
period of time before being spread out/ exposed to (v-
phơi) the sun to dry out.
3. Next steps
Subsequently/ Then, dried cocoa beans are put in large
sacks before being transported to factory by trains or
lorries/trucks.
BODY 2
1. In the factory, beans are roasted (nuong) at the
maximum temparature of 350 degrees Celsius.
2. The beans are then crushed in machines in order to
get rid of their outer shells.
3. Finally, the inner part of cocoa beans are pressed
under heavy weights of two rollers to produce liquid
chocolate.
CẤU TRÚC LÀM DẠNG BÀI PROCESS – WRITING TASK 1
OPENING
- Paraphrase lại câu hỏi của đề bài
OVERVIEW (2 Sentences)
- Nó có bao nhiêu bước?
- Bắt đầu với bước nào? Kết thúc với bước gì
BODY 1 (Chia bài ra 1 nửa)
- Đi lần lượt theo các bước
- Có thể gộp các bước lại vào trong 1 câu ghép
BODY 2 (Chia bài ra 1 nửa)
- Đi lần lượt theo các bước
- Có thể gộp các bước lại vào trong 1 câu ghép
Note:
- Số lượng từ vựng khá đa dạng  Khai thác toàn bộ
những từ vựng có trong biểu đồ
- Nên hạn chế số lần paraphrase các từ mà đề bài cho
- Để ý đến các chi tiết trong bài