International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 6 Issue 5, July-August 2022 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Comparative Analysis of Box Culvert with

Cushion and without Cushion Using Staad Pro
Puneet Kumar Pandey1, Dr. A. K. Jha2, Dr. R. S. Parihar2
1
M. Tech Scholar, 2Professor,
1,2
Department of Civil Engineering, LNCT University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Puneet Kumar

Bridges are essential for the efficient movement of trains and Pandey | Dr. A. K. Jha | Dr. R. S. Parihar
locomotives, as well as for crossing water courses such as streams "Comparative Analysis of Box Culvert
across embankments as roads are not allowed to obstruct the natural with Cushion and without Cushion
flow of water. Culverts provide balance to the water flow on both Using Staad Pro" Published in
International Journal
sides of the road, as well as protecting and balancing the
of Trend in
embankment in order to reduce flooding. Different types of bridges Scientific Research
exist, such as arch, slab, and box. Masonry (brick, stone, etc.) or and Development
reinforced cement concrete can be used to build them. The bridges (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
pass through the embankment and are therefore subject to the same 6470, Volume-6 |
traffic loads that the road carries, so they must be designed Issue-5, August IJTSRD51784
accordingly. Depending on where the bridge is located, the cushion 2022, pp.1946-
will vary. Structures must be designed to take into account the loads 1951, URL:
(empty, full, surcharge, etc.) along with factors such as live loads, www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51784.pdf
width, force of braking, load dispersion within the fill, impact factor,
and earth pressure. Referrals are required for relevant IRCs. It is Copyright © 2022 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
necessary to design structural elements that can withstand maximum Scientific Research and Development
bending moment and shear force. The culvert crosses over the Journal. This is an
earthen embankment, so it is subject to the same traffic load as the Open Access article
roads; as a result, it has to be designed for such loads acting on the distributed under the
culvert surface. The present study focuses on reinforced concrete box terms of the Creative Commons
culverts with different aspect ratios. The box culverts are analysed for Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
varying cushion and no cushion loading. A large emphasis is placed (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
on determining how well a structure will behave under various types
of loading as recommended by IRC codes, and the combinations that KEYWORDS: Bridges, Staad-Pro.,
will cause the most harmful effects on the structure. Comparative Box Culvert, cushion or without
analysis and conclusions are based on maximum bending moments cushion, design moments, Axial force
for different loading conditions. and deflection

Part 1 The study deals with the planning and analysis of Box Culvert
using Staad-Pro software. In this study Box Culvert clear span is 5m
and clear height is 3m and the slab is fixed supported. The drafting
and detailing work was completed using AutoCAD software and
thereafter the entire analysis work was completed using “Staad-Pro
v8i ss6.
Part 2 Comparison of Box Culvert with cushion or without cushion
also the analysis results in term of shear, bending moment, axial force
and deflection were checked by STAAD-Pro which is passes through
many different load combinations. The maximum design moments
resulting from the combinations of various loading cases.

I. INTRODUCTION
Culverts are structures built below roads and railroads culvert opening should be determined according to
for the purpose of allowing natural drainage to cross the maximum amount of water it will have to handle
underneath. Sometimes they are built to provide during the design flood, and the culvert section
access to the animals across the road as well. The should be thick the structures must be capable of

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD51784 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2022 Page 1946
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
carrying those loads. The purpose of culverts and manually and analyse parameters such as earth
bridges is often the same, although the size of each pressure effect, the depth of cushions above the
differs. The type of material, how they carry weight, culvert, braking force, load impact, live load, load
and how closely a culvert is bound to the soil dispersal from tracked and wheeled vehicles, and
surrounding them determine whether culverts are effective width. Study of culverts with and without
flexible, semi-rigid, or rigid. When it comes to cushions was carried out for different IRC loading
carrying imposed loads, culverts depend on many classes and conclusions drawn based on bending
factors, including the type of material they are made moments and shear forces under different cushioning
of, the age of the material, and the surrounding situations. As part of the discussion of Indian
materials. In a box culvert, more than one cell can be Standards, their justifications and considerations are
present and the top slab may be situated so that it taken into account for design purposes.
almost touches the road and there is no cushion. After Bangari et al. (2019) researched the parametric
repetitive loading of heavy trucks, material aging and behaviour of rcc box culverts under dynamic
degradation has a tendency to decrease capacity loading. As a main source of human life, bridges
gradually.The report discusses reinforced concrete allow human beings to travel from place to place.
box culverts with varying aspect ratios. In addition to This research examines the analysis and design of
culverts placed within embankments, slab-top bridges. Bridges are modelled and analysed with the
culverts can also be installed along roadway help of the software Staad-pro. A box culvert bridge
embankments. This type of box is a cushion. The box is the design we came up with. According to IRC 6,
culverts are analysed for different cushion loadings design loads are taken into account. Staad-pro is used
and no cushion loadings. According to IRC codes, to design the box culvert and the results are compared
this paper explores how variations of loads can manually.
negatively impact structures and what combinations
can trigger significant impacts. Structures must be Hussien (2020) He studied the effect of the haunch
loaded safely. on the stresses in box culverts. The paper analyses the
effects of the haunch on the stresses in box culverts
There are some types of culverts generally used in by studying the thickness of the haunch, the
construction: coefficient of earth pressure, the thickness of the box
a. Pipe culvert culvert, and the fill depth on the top slab. Comparing
different widths of culverts in terms of stress and cost
b. Pipe Arch
was examined by the researchers. The cost of culverts
c. Box culvert is reduced by a specific percentage when a haunch is
present.
Bhujade and Gaikwad (2020) worked on Design of
RCC box culvert with cushion and without
cushion.Box culverts are structures that are built
beneath highways and railways to allow natural
drainage to pass through, with the opening
determined based on the waterway needed to pass a
design flood. Box culvert is suitable CD
structurewhere hydraulic head is limited. This paper
deals with study of box culvert constructed in
reinforced concrete without cushion and withcushion
as per limit state method. According to IRC, the
thickness of the culvert section should be calculated
Fig-1.1 Pipe Culvert based on the vehicular loading in order to create the
strongest load for a safe structure. Using STAAD Pro,
II LITRATURE REVIEW:
structural engineers must analyze bending moments
Raza and Khedikar (2019) Researched and designed and shear forces to determine how the steel should be
a variety of slab culverts for different mix designs and designed to withstand maximum bending moments
spans. This paper compares culvert designs that are and shear forces.
designed with different mix designs and spans.
Chaithra et al. (2021) worked on Parametric Study
Patel and Jamle (2019) developed a manual on Single Cell Box Culvert Design Considerations-A
approach for the analysis and design of box culverts. Review. The use of box culverts in transportation
In this paper, we study complete box culvert design networks is vital since they are a cost-effective

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD51784 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2022 Page 1947
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
alternative to bridges that require substantial amounts
of funding. Basically, a culvert is a structure that
provides a way for vehicles and pedestrians to cross
over a waterway while allowing water to pass through.
The natural stream passes through channels since they
are normally cheaper than bridges. A culvert can be
constructed from a pipe, reinforced concrete or
another material. It is common to use culverts both for
drainage under roads and to pass water under channels
at natural drainage and river crossings. A stiffness
matrix method is used to analyze box culverts.
Suppose that the boundary conditions of a box culvert a. Examine historic and contemporary documents
are discrete and externally determined. A single cell related box culvert bridge structures.
box consists of a top slab, a bottom slab, and two b. Modeling and analysis of culvert by STAAD pro.
vertical walls, forming a rigid frame enclosed in a c. It is important to choose the geometrical box and
rigid box. It is assumed that the structure is externally the size of the elements so as to
determined. A review of various authors, including ensure the highest degree of accuracy.
their views on the design and analysis of box culverts d. Specifying the thickness (top slab, side walls,
with software approach, has been done in this study, bottom slab) and material properties.
and a comparison between manual and software e. Now installed spring support under the bottom sla
approaches has been made. IS standards are used in b.
the structural designs of concrete box culverts (IRC-6-
f. Various load cases for the structural design of RC
2000, IS 21-2000) in design manuals for roads and
C culverts, such as effective live loads, effective
bridges. A full discussion is provided of the provisions
width, and coefficient of earth
in the Codes, as well as the considerations and
pressure should be considered
justifications for all the things listed above.
g. Axial forces on the Deck slab, Axial forces on
III EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM: the Side Walls, Shear forces on the Deck
Box structures typically have clear spans of 5m and slab, Shear forces on the Side Walls, Deck slab
slab thicknesses of 0.5m, and the slab is fixed bending moments are all considered as part of the
supported. Various loads are simulated by STAAD- Ultimate Bearing Capacity.
Pro. Furthermore, the results were analysed by IV METHODOLOGY:
STAAD-Pro which passes through different loads a. Examine historic and contemporary documents
conditions in terms of shear, bending moments, axial related box culvert bridge structures.
forces, and deflection. This resulted in the maximum b. Modeling and analysis of culvert by STAAD pro.
design moment.
c. It is important to choose the geometrical box and
S.no Type of Member Dimensions or nos. the size of the elements so as to
1. Top Slab 6000 mm x 16000 mm x 500 mm ensure the highest degree of accuracy.
2. Bottom Slab 6000 mm x 16000 mm x 500 mm d. Specifying the thickness (top slab, side walls,
3. Outer Wall 450 mm x 16000 mm x 3000 mm bottom slab) and material properties.
Table 3.1 Dimensions of structure e. Now installed spring support under the bottom sla
b.
f. Various load cases for the structural design of RC
C culverts, such as effective live loads, effective
width, and coefficient of earth
pressure should be considered
g. Calculations are output for the Maximum bending
moment, Maximum shear force, and Maximum
axial force.
Modulus Posion
Material Grade Density
E ratio (v)
(kg/m^3) kN/mm^2
Conrete M-25 2500 30 0.20
Steel Fe-500 7850 200 0.30
Table 4.1 Material properties

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
resulting from the combinations of various loading
cases.
Live Load
As specified in IRC: 6-2016, the load analysis has
been carried out using class A, class 70R tracked cars,
70R wheeled cars, Special vehicle and 70R bogie
cars. The various combinations of the RCC box type
structure that are capable of producing worst shear
force and bending moment. A maximum bending
moment is identified at different sections for each of
the various combinations.
Impact of Live Load
Fig-4.1 Setup in STAAD Pro Whenever loads move off the top slab, they create an
Selection of Model impact. This impact is dependent upon the type and
It has been considered to analyse the position of class of the weight. According to IRC: 6-2017 Code,
vehicles under the basic load according to the Indian an impact factor formula is provided to calculate
Road Congress and analyse it with Staad professional impact factor for different kinds of loads. For each
programming for the investigation of a 7m clear span load, the live load should be increased to account for
RCC Bridge. The proposed steps are as follows: the impact. If the top slab is subject to heavy impact,
the box, without a cushion, must be designed to
Step 1: Choose the type of structure you would like to
withstand those types of loads including impacts. The
make in staad before you map it
impact percentage for bridge structures whose filling
2. Modeling is not less than 0.6 m plus the road crust shall be a half
Geometry of the structure can be selected by using of what is specified in Clauses 208.2 and 208.03. The
the coordinate system in Staad Pro or by Plotting over impact on the vertical walls of the box is considered.
the AUTO CAD, which can be imported into Staad-
Pro according to the box Dimensions, such as the Partial safety factor for verification of
span, height, wall thickness, and number of boxes. structural strength(Basic combination)
Below you will find a sketch of the box structure. LC-23 to 52
Step 2: Whenever you start a project, the first step is
to set up model data, such as name, storage, place,
units, etc 250 229.52
Step 3: Once the units are set, we can create a model
using the node/beam courser, or we canprovide co- 200 178.73
ordinates to allow for generation of the model. 156.5
MOMENT

150 131.71

100

50

0
Moment in Mid-span Moment at end support

Fig-4.2 Provide coordinates in STAAD Pro TOP SLAB

V RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this study Box bridge analyzes by STAAD-Pro without cushion
under different loading conditions. And also the with cushion
analysis results in term of shear, bending moment,
axial force and deflection were checked by STAAD- Graph 5.1: Variation of Max. Bending Moment
Pro which is passes through many different load for Basic combination
combinations. The maximum design moments

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
7. Bending moment reaches its highest value at the
Partial safety factor for verification of center, and shear force reaches its highest value at
structural strength(Accidental the support.
combination) LC-53 to 84
VII SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY
160
148.49 Using the STAAD Pro software or the MIDAS civil
software, you can conduct further research on the
140 Skew Box culvert, such as:
1. It is possible to have a longer span.
MOMENT

120 109.07
2. The STAAD Pro software can be used to analyze
97.16 shear behavior of box structures.
100
3. STAAD Pro software can be used to analyze box
80 74.91 structures using seismic loading.
4. Bending behavior of box structure can be done.
60
Here, 4 lanes are considered, but in the future 6 lanes
40 could be considered.

REFERENCES:
20
[1] A. D. Patil, A. A. Galatage, “Analysis of Box
TOP SLAB
Culvert under Cushion Loading”, International
0
Advanced Research Journal in Science,
Moment in Mid- Moment at end
span support
Engineering and Technology, June-2016, Vol.
without cushion 3, ISSN 2394-1588.
with cushion [2] Amita H. Bhujade1, Sandeep Gaikwad, “Design
of RCC box culvert with cushion and without
cushion”, Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle
Graph 5.2: Variation of Max. Bending Moment Research Volume XII, Issue V, May/2020, ISSN
for Accidental combination NO: 0022-1945.
VI CONCLUSION: [3] Chaithra U, Chandrakant Jadekar,
After analyzing the results obtained for various Channaveeresha Havana, Charankumar Kamble,
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conclusions can be drawn: Design Considerations-A Review” International
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