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9
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10
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11
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12
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13
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ej cÖhy³ bv n‡j mg‡e‡M mij †iLvq hvIqv e¯‧ MwZi cÖ_g wbqg Abyhvqx
me©`v GKB †e‡M Pj‡Z _v‡K; wKš‧ eµ †iLvq Pjv e¯‧i †ÿ‡Î GKB †e‡M
Pj&‡jI w`K cwieZ©b RwbZ Z¡i‡Y e‡ji e¨vcviwU †h G‡m c‡o Zv Avgiv
†`‡LwQ| †hgb aiv hvK †Kvb e¯‧ e„ËvKvi c‡_ cvK Lv‡‪Q GKB †e‡M| G
†ÿ‡Î H e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K e¯‧wUi Dci GKwU e‡ji cÖ‡qvRb n‡e, bB‡j
Ggb fv‡e e¯‧wU Nyi‡Z cvi‡ebv| `woi AvMvq †eu‡a GKwU fvwi e¯‧‡K nv‡Z
Nyiv‡Z _vK‡j Avgiv Abyfe Kiv‡ev †h nvZ w`‡q e¯‧wU‡K Avgv‡K †U‡b
ivL‡Z n‡‪Q| GwUB †mB ej| G‡K ejv nq †K›`ªgywL ej| Gi cwigvY:
fi× †eM 2,
†K›`ªgywL ej =
e¨vmvש
†hLv‡b e¨vmvשwU n‡jv H e„ËwUi e¨vmvש| Ggb GKwU ej _vKvi gv‡b n‡jv
†K‡›`ªi w`‡K e¯‧wUi GKwU Z¡iYI i‡q‡Q hv G‡ÿ‡Î N~Y©‡b cwiYZ n‡‪Q|
MwZi Z…Zxq wbqg Abyhvqx †K›`ªgywL e‡ji cÖwZwµqv wnmv‡e †K›`ª †_‡K
evB‡i w`‡K GKwU mgvb †K›`ªwegywL ej _vK‡e †K›`ªwegywL GKwU Z¡iY|
Avgv‡`i H `woi AvMvq †eu‡a Nyiv‡bv e¯‧i D`vni‡Y hw` KL‡bv `wowU †K‡U
†`qv nq ev †Q‡o †`qv nq Zv n‡j GB †K›`ªwegywL e‡ji Kvi‡YB GwU †mvRv
mvg‡bi w`‡K Qz‡U hv‡ev| N~Y©‡b †K›`ªgywL ej Avi †K›`ªwegywL ej ci¯úi
KvUvKzwU n‡q hv‡e bv †Zv? bv Zv n‡ebv| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h †Kvb wµqv hvi
Dci KvR K‡i, cÖwZwµqv wKš‧ KvR K‡i Ab¨ wKQzi Dci| †hgb †b․Kvq
e‡m Ab¨ †b․Kv †Vjv †`qvi D`vni‡Y wµqvwU n‡q‡Q Ab¨ †b․Kvi Dci,
cÖwZwµqv n‡q‡Q Avgvi †b․Kvi Dci| `wo‡Z †eu‡a nv‡Z e¯‧ Nyiv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î
†K›`ªgywL ejwU (wµqv) KvR K‡i e¯‧wUi Dci nv‡Zi Uv‡b, Avi †K›`ªwegywL
ejwU (cÖwZwµqv) KvR K‡i nv‡Zi Dci e¯‧wUi Uv‡b| nvZ †_‡K Aegy³
n‡j H e‡jB †mwU wQU‡K Qz‡U hvq| †K›`ªwegywL K_vwUi BsivRx cÖwZkã

14
 †mw›UªdzM¨vj| GwU g‡b ivLv
fvj KviY wVK GB wRwbmwUB
†mw›UªwdDR h‡š¿ e¨envi Kiv
nq| GLv‡b †Uó wUD‡e wewfbœ
Nb‡Z¡i Zi‡ji wgkªY wb‡q
†UówUD‡ei ZjvwU‡K evB‡ii
w`‡K †i‡L Lye †Rv‡i
e„ËvKv‡i Nyiv‡bv nq|
†K›`ªwegywL e‡j wQU‡K
evB‡ii w`‡K hvIqvi †Póv
Kivi mgq wewfbœ Nb‡Z¡i
(f‡ii) Zij¸‡jv c„_K n‡q
fvwi †MvjK‡K m~Zvq †eu‡a nv‡Z Nyiv‡bv mgq nvZ
†K›`ªgywL e‡j G‡K †U‡b iv‡L, Avi †MvjKwU †K›`ª-wegyywL wM‡q †UówUD‡ei wewfbœ As‡k
e‡j evB‡ii w`‡K †h‡Z Pvq| Rgv n‡Z cv‡i - Gfv‡e
GKwU wgkªY‡K Zvi bvbv
Dcv`v‡b wef³ Kiv hvq, †hgb i³‡Kvl‡K i‡³i Rjxq Ask †_‡K|

15
 wbZ¨Zvi wbqg I cÖwZmvg¨
fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv
wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi †h D`vniYwU Avgiv MZ Aa¨v‡q w`‡qwQ †mwU Avevi ¯§iY
Kwi| †mLv‡b †`‡LwQ †b․Kvq e‡m Avwg Ab¨ †h †b․Kv‡K †V‡j w`‡qwQ
hvÎxmn Zvi fi hw` Avgv‡K wb‡q Avgvi †b․Kvi f‡ii wظY nq Zv n‡j H
†b․Kvi †eM Avgvi †b․Kvi A‡a©K n‡e| GB djvdjwU Avgiv mn‡R †c‡Z
cvwi fi‡e‡Mi aviYvwU G‡b Ges me iKg AvšÍ-wµqvq GB fi‡eM GKB
mgvb †_‡K hvqÑ GB wbqgwU hw` jÿ¨ Kwi| GwUB fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv|
fi‡eM (†gv‡g›Uvg) n‡jv fi Ges †e‡Mi ¸Ydj| fi hZB †nvK †eM k~b¨
n‡j ¸Ydj k~b¨ e‡j fi‡eM I k~b¨ n‡e| Ab¨ †b․Kvq †Vjv †`qvi Av‡Mi
gyn~‡Z© w¯
i `ywU †b․Kvi †ÿ‡ÎB fi‡eM k~b¨| fi‡eM `ywU †hvM K‡i `yB †b․Kv
wg‡j cy‡iv wm‡ó‡gi fi‡eM hw` wn‡me Kwi Zvn‡j `ywU k~b¨ fi‡e‡Mi
†hvMdjI n‡e k~b¨| Gevi †Vjv †`evi ci Avevi hw` `yB †b․Kvi †gvU
fi‡eM wn‡me Kwi GL‡bv fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv Abyhvqx Zv k~b¨ n‡Z n‡e| †Vjv
†`qvi ci †b․Kv `ywUi GKwUi fi‡eM hw` Ab¨wUi mgvb I wecixZ nq hv‡Z
Df‡q KvUvKzwU n‡q hv‡e, ïay †m‡ÿ‡ÎB †hvMdj GiKg k~b¨ n‡Z cvi‡e|
wØZxqwUi fi hLb cÖ_gwUi wظY, f‡ii m‡½ †e‡Mi ¸Ydj Dfq †ÿ‡Î
mgvb n‡Z n‡j wØZxqwUi †eM‡K n‡Z n‡e A‡a©K; ev¯Í‡e hv Avgiv cvB|
Gfv‡eB mwVK dj †c‡Z fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv‡K Avgiv e¨envi KiwQ| G‡ÿ‡Î
e‡j ivLv fvj †h e¯‧i fi‡KI wPivqZ weÁv‡b GKwU wbZ¨ wRwbm g‡b Kiv
nqÑ †Kvb wewµqv‡Z †gvU f‡ii †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|
Gfv‡e me iKg wm‡ó‡gi g‡a¨ me iKg wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨ZvwU
Aek¨B gvb¨ n‡Z n‡e| GiKg K‡qK iK‡gi wbZ¨Zvi wbqg i‡q‡Q hvi
weÁv‡bi GK GKwU Acwinvh© wbqgÑ KL‡bvB G¸‡jvi e¨wZµg n‡Z
cv‡ibv| GB wbZ¨Zvi wbqg¸‡jv A‡bK wKQzi †cQ‡bB G‡Kev‡i †g․wjK
GKiKg Awbevh©Zv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡iÑ ZvB Lye ¸i‪Z¡c~Y©|
16
MwZi djvd‡ji cÖKvk NUvi †ÿ‡Î †e‡Mi f~wgKv ¸i‪Z¡c~Y© n‡jI †Kvb †Kvb
†ÿ‡Î wKš‧ fi‡e‡Mi ¸i‪Z¡ Zvi †P‡qI †ewk| †hgb GKwU †QvU †gvUi Mvwo
gnvmo‡K wecixZ w`K †_‡K Zvi mgvb f‡ii Avi GKwU Mvwoi gy‡LvgywL
GwM‡q †M‡j msN‡l© cÖ_gwUi †h ÿwZi Avk¼v, †m Avk¼v A‡bK †e‡o hvq
hw` wØZxq MvwowUi fi Zvi †P‡q 10 ¸Y †ewk nq, Av‡MiwUi gZ GKB
†e‡M Pjv m‡Ë¡I| wØZxq †ÿ‡Î MvwowUi fi‡eM 10 ¸Y †ewk nIqvUvB
msN‡l©i djvdj‡K fqven K‡i †Zv‡j, †e‡Mi Kvi‡Y bq|

†KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv

mij‣iwLK MwZi †ÿ‡Î †hgb fi‡eM ¸i‪Z¡c~Y©, †Zgwb N~Y©b MwZi †ÿ‡ÎI
GKwU ¸i‪Z¡c~Y© cwigvc n‡jv †K․wYK fi‡eM| †mB N~Y©b wb‡Ri A‡ÿi Dci
jvwU‡gi gZ eb eb& K‡i †NvivI n‡Z cv‡i| †K․wYK fi‡e‡Mi gvb cvIqv
hv‡e wb‡Pi msÁv †_‡K:
†K․wYK fi‡eM = fi × †eM × e¨vmvש
GLv‡b e¨vmvשwU n‡jv N~Y©b
e„‡Ëi e¨vmvש| Aek¨ mij
†iLvi MwZi †ÿ‡Î †hgb †e‡Mi
ev fi‡e‡Mi gv‡bi m‡½ m‡½
GKwU w`KI _v‡K, †K․wYK
fi‡e‡MiI †Zgwb GKwU w`K
i‡q‡Q| G †ÿ‡Î w`KwU wbwY©Z
nq N~Y©‡bi A‡ÿi eivei GwU
WvbnvwZ fv‡e Nyi‡Q bv euvnvwZ
fv‡e Nyi‡Q †m Abyhvqx A‡ÿi NyišÍ Uz‡j e‡m `ynv‡Z IRb IRb mn nvZ ¸wU‡q
w`‡K GB Awfgy‡L A_ev Zvi cÖmvwiZ| wb‡j N~Y©b MwZ †e‡o
wecixZ Awfgy‡L| hv‡‪Q|

17
GKwU N~Y©b MwZi †ÿ‡Î ev GiKg bvbv N~Y©b MwZi AvšÍwµqvi †ÿ‡Î Av‡M ev
c‡ii †K․wYK fi‡eM me mgq GKB _vK‡Z eva¨| GwU †K․wYK fi‡e‡Mi
wbZ¨Zv| GB wbZ¨Zv †_‡KI Avgiv A‡bK NUbvi e¨vL¨v cvB|
aiv hvK Avcwb Aev‡a Nl©Ynxb fv‡e NyišÍ Ggb GKwU †Pqv‡i e‡m Av‡Qb,
cÖmvwiZ `yB nv‡Z `ywU fvix e¯‧| nVvr Avcbvi cÖmvwiZ `yB nvZ fvimn
¸wU‡q wb‡q Avcbvi ey‡Ki KvQvKvwQ wb‡q Avm‡jb| Kx NU‡e? Avcbvi
†Nvivi MwZ Gi d‡j †e‡o hv‡e| †K․wYK fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv w`‡q e¨vcviwU
e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| nvZ hLb ¸wU‡q wb‡jb ZLb fi, †eM, I e¨vmv‡×©i g‡a¨
cwieZ©b NU‡jv GKgvÎ †hwUi Zv n‡jv N~Y©‡bi e¨vmvשwU| G‡K Avcwb †QvU
K‡i †dj&‡jb| Zv‡Z fi × †eM × e¨vmvש A_©vr †K․wYK fi‡eM K‡g
hvIqvi K_v; A_P Gi wbZ¨Zvi wbq‡g Zv m¤¢e bq| ZvB H ¸Ydj‡K mgvb
ivLvi Rb¨ Ab¨ `ywU Dcv`v‡bi †KvbwU‡K ev `ywU‡KB evo‡Z n‡e| fi GKwU
wbZ¨ wRwbm e‡j Zv evovi my‡hvM †bB| ZvB GKgvÎ evo‡Z cv‡i †eM, Ges
ZvB †eM ev‡o|
Av‡iv RwUj †ÿ‡Î e¨vcviwU †`L‡Z cv‡ib| g‡b K‡ib Av‡Mi H †PqviwU
GLb w¯
i Av‡Q Avcwb H †PqviwU‡Z e‡m Av‡Qb evBmvB‡K‡ji GKwU
PvKv‡K Zvi N~Y©b AÿwU a‡i gv_vi Dci QvZvi gZ a‡i †i‡L‡Qb| ïi‪‡Z
Avcbvi †PqviwU Nyi‡Qbv, mvB‡K‡ji H PvKvwUI Nyi‡Qbv| Gevi Avcwb nvZ
w`‡q PvKvwU‡K Nywi‡q w`‡jb| GLb Avcbvi †Pqv‡ii Kx n‡e? GwU PvKvi
D‡ëv w`‡K Nyi‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡e| †K․wYK five‡Mi wbZ¨Zvi wbqg w`‡q
e¨vcviwU e¨vL¨v Kiv hvK| ïi‪‡Z †Pqvi, PvKv me wb‡q cy‡iv wm‡ógwUi †gvU
†K․wYK fi‡eM wQj k~b¨, KviY me wKQzi †eM wQj k~b¨| †mB PvKvwU Nyi‡Z
Avi¤¢ Ki‡jv, †K․wYK fi‡eM Avi k~b¨ iB‡jvbv, A_P wbZ¨Zvi wbq‡g Zv‡K
ZvB _vK‡Z n‡e| †m †ÿ‡Î GKgvÎ Dcvq n‡jv †PqviwU D‡ëv w`‡K Ny‡i
D‡ëv w`‡K Avi GKwU †K․wYK fi‡eM m„wó Kiv| GB `yUv KvUvKzwU n‡q wM‡q
wm‡ó‡gi †K․wYK fi‡eM GL‡bv k~b¨B _vK‡e, Av‡Mi gZB| †K․wYK
fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zvi wbqg Gfv‡e gvb¨ n‡jv|

18
kw³i wbZ¨Zv
Avi GKwU Lye ¸i‪Z¡c~Y© cwigvc i‡q‡Q hvi wbZ¨Zvi wbqg c`v_©we`¨vq LyeB
gyL¨ f~wgKv iv‡LÑ †mwU n‡jv kw³| kw³i aviYvwU Rwo‡q Av‡Q Kv‡Ri
aviYvi m‡½| aiv hvK †Kvb e¯‧i Dci GKwU ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡jv| Gi
d‡j ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi w`‡K GwU hw` wKQz cwigvY `~iZ¡ m‡i hvq Zv n‡j †h
KvRUzKz Kiv n‡jv Zvi cwigvY n‡e
KvR = ej × `~iZ¡
Kv‡Ri GKK †bqv nq Ryj wn‡m‡e hv ¯úóZ e‡ji GKK I `~i‡Z¡i GK‡Ki
¸Ydj A_©vr wbDUb wgUvi|
Kx nv‡i KvRwU Kiv n‡‪Q Zv‡K ejv nq ÿgZv (cvIqvi)| Kv‡RB
ÿgZv = KvR/mgq
ÿgZvi GKK n‡jv IqvU hv ¯úóZ Ryj/†m‡KÛ|
eyS‡ZB cvi‡Qb ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i †Kvb wKQz‡K hw` Avcwb bv bvov‡Z cv‡ib,
†hgb GKwU †`qvj‡K, Zv n‡j wKš‧ †Kvb KvR n‡jvbv| KviY `~iZ¡ GLv‡b
k~b¨|
KvR Kivi mvg_©¨‡KB ejv nq kw³ (GbvwR©)| ZvB kw³i GKKI Kv‡Ri
GK‡Ki gZB Ryj| hw`I kw³i meUzKz nq‡Zv e¨envic‡hvMx Kv‡R cwiYZ
nqbv, Nl©Y BZ¨vw`‡Z bó nq, ZeyI mewKQz GKÎ Ki‡j kw³i †Kvb ÿq
†bB, G‡K GK ai‡bi †_‡K Ab¨ ai‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq e‡U, wKš‧ †gvU
kw³ me mgq GKB _v‡K| GwUB kw³i wbZ¨Zv|
MwZ •Zwii w`K †_‡K kw³‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq: MwZkw³ (KvB‡bwUK
GbvwR©) Ges •¯
wZKkw³ (†cv‡Ubwkqvj GbvwR©)| †Kvb e¯‧ hw` MwZkxj nq
Zv n‡j Zvi MwZkw³ n‡e:
1
MwZkw³ = × fi × (†eM)2
2

19
Ab¨w`‡K •¯
wZKkw³ wbf©i K‡i e¯‧wUi Ae¯
vi Dci, †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Zvi
Ae¯
v‡bi Dci| †hgb e¯‧wU hw` c„w_exi Dci _v‡K Zvn‡j GwU c„w_exi
gva¨vKl©‡Yi AvIZvq i‡q‡Q| c„w_exc„ô †_‡K KZ Dc‡i Av‡Q †mwUB Gi
•¯
wZKkw³ wba©viY Ki‡e| hw` GB e¯‧wU GKwU w¯cÖs nq, Zv n‡j Avgiv
G‡K gyPwo‡q ev msKzwPZ K‡i `g †`Iqv Ae¯
vq ivL‡Z cvwi| H Ae¯
vq
Zvi •¯
wZKkw³ i‡q‡Q g‡b Kiv hvq| •¯
wZKkw³ wn‡me Kivi mgq Gi me©
wbgœ Ae¯
v‡K k~b¨ kw³i Ae¯
v wn‡m‡e wbw`©ó K‡i wb‡Z nq| †hgb c„w_exi
Z‡ji Dc‡i _vKvi mgq •¯
wZK kw³‡K k~b¨ aiv hv‡‪Q A_ev w¯cÖs Gi
†ÿ‡Î †hwU ¯^vfvweK `g bv †`qv Ae¯
vq _vKv‡K| •¯
wZK kw³ _vKv
cÖ‡Z¨KwU †ÿ‡Î MwZi gva¨‡g kw³i cÖKvk AvcvZ NU‡Qbv e‡U, wKš‧ †h
†Kvb mgq Zv NU‡Z cv‡i †hgb gvwUi †_‡K wKQz Dc‡i _vKv e¯‧wU‡K
gvwU‡Z co‡Z w`‡j A_ev `g †`qv w¯cÖs‡K Avevi Av‡Mi Ae¯
vq wd‡i
†h‡Z w`‡j| †m †ÿ‡Î G‡`i •¯
wZKkw³ MwZkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e| Avm‡j
me ai‡bi wm‡ó‡gi †Póv n‡jv me©wbgœ •¯
wZK Ae¯
vq wd‡i hvIqv Ges †mB
Ae¯
v‡ZB _vKv| GwUI c`v_©we`¨vi GKwU Awbevh© wbqg| Avevi hw`
e¯‧wU‡K Dc‡i Zz‡j Avwb, ev w¯cÖs G `g w`B ZLb GKwU MwZi gva¨‡g Giv
•¯
wZKkw³ cvq, A_©vr MwZkw³ •¯
wZKkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡jv| †Kvb
wm‡ó‡gi †gvU kw³ n‡e:
†gvU kw³ = MwZkw³ + •¯
wZKkw³
GLv‡b †gvU kw³i wbZ¨Zvi wbqgB Avgiv †`LwQ| kw³i GB wbZ¨Zv‡K
eRvq †i‡L GK ai‡bi kw³‡K Ab¨ ai‡bi kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq|
†hgb Avgiv †cwk kw³ w`‡q †Kvb wKQz †V‡j wb‡q hvB ZLbI Avm‡j
Avgv‡`i kix‡ii wKQz ivmvqwbK kw³‡K MwZ kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kwi| H
ivmvqwbK kw³ Avevi G‡m‡Q Avgv‡`i Lv‡`¨i g‡a¨ Rgv _vKv Ab¨
ivmvqwbK kw³ †_‡K| we`y¨r kw³ Drcv`‡bi GKwU D`vniY †bqv hvK| aiv
hvK Avgiv GKwU Rjwe`y¨r cÖK‡íi K_v ejwQ| GLv‡b m~‡h©i Zvc kw³
Rjxq ev®ú m„wó K‡i e„wó NwU‡q A_ev ce©‡Zi eid Mwj‡q b`xi †mªv‡Zi
MwZkw³ m„wó K‡i‡Q| GwU Avevi euv‡ai Kvi‡Y DuPz n‡q R‡g •¯
wZKkw³‡Z
20
iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| Gevi †mB DuPz cvwb‡K †b‡g Avm‡Z w`‡j •¯
wZKkw³
MwZkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges †mB cvwbi †mªvZ UvievBb I †Rbv‡iUi
Nwi‡q we`y¨r Drcv`b Ki‡j Zv we`y¨r kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| H we`y¨r Avevi
Av‡jv R¡vjv‡j Av‡jvK kw³‡Z, †gvUi Nyiv‡j MwZkw³‡Z, e¨vUvwi PvR© Ki‡j
ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z BZ¨vw`- Ggwb iƒcvšÍi Pj‡ZB _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨Kevi
iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgq Aek¨ wKQz kw³ AcPq nq - H UzKy iƒcvšÍi e¨env‡i Av‡mbv
Ab¨ wKQz‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| †mUzKzI hw` wn‡m‡e aiv nq Zv n‡j Avw`‡Z †h
†gvU kw³ wQj mewKQzi ciI †mB kw³B _v‡K kw³i wbZ¨Zvi Kvi‡Y|

cÖwZmv‡g¨i Kvi‡YB wbZ¨Zv

cÖwZmvg¨ (wm‡gwUª) n‡jv `yB wfbœ cwiw¯
wZ‡Z †Kvb wKQzi mgZv| †hgb
evwn¨K fv‡e Avgv‡`i kix‡ii evg I Wvb A‡a©‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖwZmvg¨ Av‡QÑ
Gw`‡K †hgb GKwU K‡i †PvL, Kvb, A‡a©K bvg, GKwU nvZ, GKwU cv;

wKQz Qwei wewfbœ cÖwZmvg¨:

Wv-evg cÖwZmvg¨, Dci-wbP cÖwZmvg¨
Ab¨w`‡KI ûeû ZvB| wk‡íi bv›`wbKZvi †ÿ‡Î †hgb Gi GKwU g~j¨ Av‡Q,
weÁv‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI i‡q‡Q| c`v_©we`¨vq wKš‧ cÖwZmv‡g¨i GKwU we¯Í…Z A_©
i‡q‡Q, GKwU MvwYwZK †m․›`h© I Acwinvh©Zv i‡q‡Q hv Gi M‡elYvq Lye
mnvqK nq| MwZwe`¨vi †ÿ‡Î †h K‡qKwU wbZ¨Zv Avgiv †`Ljvg Zvi
cÖ‡Z¨KwU GiKg †Kvb bv †Kvb GKwU cÖwZmv‡g¨i m‡½ RwoZ i‡q‡Q|
21
fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv i‡q‡Q KviY c`v_©we`¨vi wbqg¸‡jv‡Z GKwU ¯
vwbK
cÖwZmvg¨ i‡q‡Q, A_©vr Gme wbqg †h †Kvb ¯
v‡b mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|
†K․wYK fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv i‡q‡Q KviY Avgiv †hB w`‡KB ev †hB Awfgy‡LB
wbqg¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM Kwi me w`‡K mgvb fv‡e G¸‡jv cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| Avi kw³i
wbZ¨Zv G‡m‡Q mg‡qi cÖwZmvg¨ †_‡K| †hB mg‡qB Avgiv cixÿv Kwibv
†Kb c`v_©we`¨vi wbqg mgvb fv‡eB cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| wmwi‡Ri c‡ii eB‡q
Avgiv †`L‡ev c`v_©we`¨vq Av‡iv bvbv iKg PgKcÖ` cÖwZmvg¨ i‡q‡Q,
†m¸‡jvi m‡½ RwoZ wbZ¨Zvi wbqgI i‡q‡Q|

22
 gnvK‡l©i wbqg
wbDU‡bi wek¦Rbxb gnvKl©
KcviwbKv‡mi m~h©‡Kw›`ªK MÖn cwiµg‡Yi ZË¡‡K †Kcjv‡ii nv‡Z wKQzUv
ms‡kvwaZ n‡q †h iƒc †c‡qwQj Zvi e¨vL¨v MvwYwZKfv‡e w`‡Z wM‡q wbDUb
m~h© I MÖ‡ni g‡a¨ GKwU AvKl©Y Awbevh©fv‡e jÿ¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvQvov wZwb
†`wL‡q‡Qb †h AvKl©Y ejwU m~h© †_‡K `~i‡Z¡i e‡M©i m‡½ e¨¯Í AbycvZx n‡e|
Gi gv‡b `~iZ¡ wظY n‡j AvKl©Y 2 Gi eM© A_©vr 4 ¸Y n«vm cv‡e| Gfv‡e
m~h© I MÖn¸‡jvi g‡a¨Kvi AvKl©Y wb‡qB wbDUb gnvKl© Z‡Ë¡i aviYvwU cÖ_g
†c‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‧ Zuvi e¨wZµgx cÖwZfvwU Av‡iv †ewk aiv c‡o‡Q hLb wZwb
†`Lv‡jb e¨vcviwU †bnvr m~‡h©i AvKl©‡Y ev gnvRvMwZK †Kvb wel‡q mxgve×
bq| eis c„w_ex‡Z Avgiv †h †Kvb e¯‧‡K Dci †_‡K co‡Z w`‡j ev Dc‡i
Qz‡o w`‡j hLb wb‡P c„w_exi w`‡K Zv‡K †b‡g Avm‡Z †`wL GLv‡bI H GKB
ej KvR Ki‡Q| H e¯‧ I c„w_ex ci¯úi‡K GKB fv‡e AvKl©Y Ki‡Q| ïay
ZvB bq, me©Î †h †Kvb `ywU e¯‧i g‡a¨B KvR Ki‡Q GB AvKl©Y ej|
gnvK‡l©i GB †h wek¦RbxbZvÑ GwUB wbDU‡bi weivU GKwU Avwe®‥vi| wZwb
cÖgvY Ki‡jb gnvK‡l©i wbqg:
cÖ_g e¯—yifi  wØZxq e¯—yifi
gnvK‡l©i ej = G 
(`~iZ¡)2
G GLv‡b GKw&U wek¦Rbxb aª‪eK hvi mywbw`©ó GKwU gvb i‡q‡Q| †m gvb n‡‪Q
-11 2 2 -11
G = 6.67×10 wbDUb (wgUvi) /(wK‡jvMÖvg) GB gv‡bi g‡a¨ 10
Drcv`KwU _vKvq eySv hv‡‪Q †h GwU AZ¨šÍ †QvU msL¨v (KviY 10-11 gv‡b 1
Gi m‡½ GMviwU k~b¨ w`‡q ZZ fv‡Mi GK fvM), Kv‡RB gnvKl© ejwUI
mvaviYfv‡e Lye `ye©j| wKš‧ m~‡h©i A_ev c„w_exi fi GZ wekvj †h GB
Df‡qi g‡a¨, ev c„w_exi m‡½ Ab¨ †Kvb e¯‧i AvKl©Y †ek eo n‡q `uvovq,
†hwU Avgiv me©ÿY Abyfe KiwQ| gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv GKwU Av‡cj †hgb

23
c„w_exi Øviv AvKwl©Z nq gnvK‡l©i wbqg Abyhvqx Av‡cjI c„w_ex‡K AvKl©Y
K‡i, wKš‧ Df‡qi †ÿ‡Î MwZ jv‡fi djvdj wfbœ nq Zv‡`i wbR wbR f‡ii
Kvi‡Y| hZ `ye©jB †nvK mvaviYZ `ywU e¯‧i g‡a¨I †h gnvKl© i‡q‡Q Zv
K¨v‡fwÛk eû Kvj Av‡M mivmwi cixÿvi gva¨‡g †`wL‡q‡Qb| G‡Z `yB
wKbvivq `ywU †jvnvi †MvjK _vKv GKwU `Ð Zvi w`‡q Szjv‡bv wQj †hB Zvi
wb‡Ri m‡½ wb‡R cu¨vP Lvqbv| GLb G‡`i †h †Kvb GKwU †Mvj‡Ki Kv‡Q
Z…Zxq Avi GKwU †jvnvi †MvjK Avb‡j Df‡qi AvKl©‡Y Szjv‡bv `ÐwU †h
mvgvb¨ Ny‡i hvq ZvB Lye m~² fv‡e †g‡c AvKl©YwU †`Lv †M‡Q| ïay ZvB bq
GB AvKl©Y ej †g‡c gnvK‡l©i wbqg †_‡K Gfv‡e G Gi gvbI †ei Kiv
m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|

gva¨vKl©Y RwbZ Z¡iY

gnvK‡l©i wbqg Abyhvqx †h †Kvb e¯‧ AvKwl©Z nq c„w_exi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K| G
Rb¨B me wRwbm GLv‡b wb‡Pi w`‡K c‡o| Avgiv †`‡LwQ M¨vwjwjI Avwe®‥vi
K‡iwQ‡jb covi mgq †h †Kvb f‡ii †h †Kvb wRwbm g cwigvY GB GKB
Z¡iY jvf K‡i Ges †m AbyhvqxB mg fv‡e Zvi †eM µ‡g evo‡Z _v‡K|
GRb¨B fvix I nvjKv `ywU e¯‧ GKB RvqMv †_‡K GK m‡½ co‡Z w`‡j
GKB m‡½ gvwU‡Z c‡o (evZv‡mi evavi †ÿ‡Î `yBwUi cv_©K¨ `~i Ki‡Z
cvi‡j)| GKwU e¯‧i IRb gv‡b n‡jv c„w_exi AvKl©‡Y Zvi Dci cÖhy³ ej|
wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq wbqg Abyhvqx ZvB IRb gv‡b:
IRb = e¯‧i fi × c„w_exi AvKl©Y RwbZ Z¡iY = e¯‧i fi ×g
fvwi I nvjKv e¯‧i GK m‡½ Dci †_‡K †dj‡j fvwi e¯‧i Dci AwaK ej
KvR Ki‡e e‡U wKš‧ Avevi H MwZi wØZxq wbq‡gi Kvi‡YB e‡ji d‡j fvwi
e¯‧i Z¡iY Kg nq| Kv‡RB GB `ywU dj GK m‡½ wgjv‡j fvwi I nvjKv
e¯‧i Z¡iY GKB _v‡K|
g Gi gvb Aek¨ c„w_ex Zj †_‡K e¯‧i D‪PZv Abyhvqx wKQzUv Kg †ewk n‡e,
KviY AvKl©Y ejwU c„w_exi †K›`ª †_‡K e¯‧wUi †K‡›`ªi `~i‡Z¡i Dci wbf©i

24
K‡i| Zv Qvov H RvqMvq c„w_exi Af¨šÍ‡ii e¯‧¸‡jvi Nb‡Z¡i DciI g
wKQzUv wbf©i K‡i| GB Kvi‡YB g Gi ZviZg¨ jÿ¨ K‡i A_©vr gnvKl©
RwbZ Z¡iY †g‡c A‡bK mgq avZz BZ¨vw`i Lwbi mÜvb cvIqv m¤¢e A_ev
wkjv¯Í‡ii web¨vmI Rvbv hvq| G‡K MÖ¨vwf‡gwUªK mv‡f© ejv nq|
†Kvb e¯‧‡K Puv‡` wb‡q wM‡q †mLv‡b Zvi IRb wb‡j KZ IRb cvIqv hv‡e?
¯^vfvweK fv‡e Puv‡`i fi c„w_exi †P‡q Kg e‡j e¯‧wUi Dci Zvi AvKl©Y ej
Kg n‡e| d‡j GLv‡b g Gi gvbI Kg n‡e; ZvB IRb Kg n‡e| Avm‡j
c„w_ex‡Z IR‡bi Zzjbvq Ab¨ †Kvb MÖn-DcMÖ‡n wM‡q †bqv IR‡bi Zzjbv
Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zvi †_‡KB H MÖn ev DcMÖ‡ni IRb Rvbv m¤¢e| Avgiv fi I
fvi (IRb) GB `ywU kã‡K A‡bK mgq Mywj‡q †dwj| Giv wfbœ wRwbm|
GKwU e¯‧i fi gnvwe‡k¦i †h †Kvb ¯
v‡b wb‡q †M‡j †mLv‡bI GKB _vK‡eÑ
GwU wRwbmwUi g‡a¨ KZ e¯‧ i‡q‡Q Zvi cwigvY| wPivqZ weÁv‡b fi GKwU
AcwieZ©bxq, wbZ¨, ev aª‪e welq| fvi ev IRb wKš‧ wbf©i K‡i e¯‧wU
†Kv_vq Av‡Q Zvi Dci|

DcMÖn MÖ‡ni Pvwiw`‡K †Nv‡i †Kb?

Av‡MB †`‡LwQ e„ËvKvi K‡ÿ wKQz hw` Nyi‡Z nq Zv n‡j H K‡ÿi †K‡›`ªi
w`‡K GKwU †K›`ªgywL ej _vK‡Z nq| GKwU wegvbI hw` AvKv‡k e„ËvKv‡i
P°i †L‡Z _v‡K Zv n‡j wegv‡b e‡m _vKv gvbyl G ej Abyfe Ki‡eb, Ges
wegv‡bi ewWI e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K GKwU cxo‡bi AvIZvq Avm‡e, BwÄb‡K
evowZ KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| c„w_ex hLb m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K Ny‡i A_ev Puv` ev †Kvb
K…wÎg DcMÖn c„w_exi Pvwiw`‡K Ny‡i, †m †ÿ‡Î †K‡›`ª _vKv m~h© ev c„w_exi
AvKl©YB †K›`ªgywL e‡ji KvR Ki‡Q| GB ejB MÖn ev DcMÖn‡K cwiµg‡Y
†i‡L‡Q| e¨vcviwU Av‡iv GKUz fvj fv‡e †`Lv hvK|
Avm‡j MwZi cÖ_g wbqg Abyhvqx ej cÖhy³ bv n‡j †h †Kvb e¯‧ mij †iLvq
mgMwZ‡Z wPiKvj _vKvi K_v (A_ev w¯
i)| wKš‧ c„w_exi gva¨vKl©Y e‡ji
Kvi‡Y DcMÖnwU Ifv‡e mij †iLvq mg‡e‡M P‡j †h‡Z cvi‡Qbv, eis

25
c„w_ex‡Z c‡o hvIqvq Ae¯
vi P‡j Avm‡Q| wKš‧ Zvi †eM GgbwU hw` nq †h
†m Ifv‡e cyivcywi c‡oI †h‡Z cvi‡Qbv, Avevi c„w_exi Uvb‡K G‡Kev‡i
AMÖvn¨ K‡i gnvk~‡b¨ P‡jI †h‡Z cvi‡Qbv, ZLb Zv †eM Abyhvqx c„w_exi
A‡cÿvK…Z Kv‡Q A_ev `~‡i GKwU Kÿ c_ wb‡q c„w_ex‡K cwiµgY Ki‡Z
_v‡K| AvKl©Y ejwUB GB cwiµg‡Yi wbqvgK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| cÖwZ
gyn~‡Z© GwU wKš‧ Avm‡j c„w_ex‡Z c‡o hvevi Dcµg Ki‡Q, wKš‧ c‡o †h‡Z
bv †c‡i Ny‡i Pj‡Q| GB AvKl©‡Yi gvqv KvwU‡q, cwiµgYI Avi bv K‡i,
gnvk~‡b¨ my`~‡ii c‡_ Qz‡U †h‡Z n‡j H DcMÖn ev gnvk~b¨hvb‡K wb‡Ri
i‡KU e¨envi K‡i Zvi kw³‡Z Av‡iv †ewk Z¡iY jvf Ki‡Z n‡e, Ges
wb®…gY †eM bv‡g cwiwPZ GKwU mywbw`©ó me©wbgœ †eM AšÍZ jvf Ki‡Z n‡e|
†h me K…wÎg DcMÖn ev gnvk~b¨ †÷kb Gfv‡e c„w_exi Pvwiw`‡K Nyi‡Q Zvi
H cÖwZgyn~‡Z© c‡o hvIqvi Dcµ‡gi d‡j GKwU A™¢yZ welq †`Lv hvq|

†¯úm †ók‡b gnvk~b¨Pvixi IRbnxb Ae¯
v

cošÍ Ae¯
vq †Kvb wKQzi †Kvb IRb _v‡Kbv, cošÍ †Kvb gvbylI wb‡Ri
†Kvb IRb Abyfe K‡ibv| Avwg hw` †Kvb wjd‡Ui †fZ‡i _vwK, Ges hvwš¿K
`yN©Ubvi Kvi‡Y wjd&wU hw` wX‡ji gZ wb‡P co‡Z _v‡K Zv n‡j gvwU‡Z c‡o
AvnZ nevi Av‡Mi mgqwU‡Z Avwg wKš‧ wjd‡Ui †fZ‡i IRbnxb Ae¯
vq

26
_vK‡ev Ges Dc‡ii w`‡K GKUz av°v w`‡jB †f‡m wM‡q wjd&‡Ui Qv‡` Avgvi
gv_v wM‡q †VK‡e| A‡bK mgq AvenvIqvi `y‡h©v‡M wegvb mvgwqK fv‡e nVvr
D‪PZv nvwi‡q wb‡Pi w`‡K †b‡g Avm‡j wegvb hvÎxivI GiKg fvmvi AbyfywZ
cvb Ges mxU‡eë euvav bv _vK‡j wegv‡bi †fZi †mfv‡e †f‡m hv‡eb| H
†h DcMÖn ev †¯úm †÷kb me mgq covi Ae¯
vq _v‡K †m Kvi‡Y †¯úm
†ók‡b _vKv gnvk~b¨Pvixiv me mgq IRbnxb Ae¯
vq _v‡Kb; av°v †L‡jB
Gw`K Iw`K †f‡m hvb, weQvbvi m‡½ †eu‡a bv Nygv‡j †mLv‡bI w¯
i _vK‡Z
cv‡ib bv| †¯úm †ók‡bi †fZ‡i me wKQzB IRbnxb fvm‡Z _v‡K hw` bv Zv
AvUKv‡bv _v‡K| †¯úm †ókb †_‡K Avmv Qwe‡Z G¸‡jv Avgiv †`‡L _vwK|
Kv‡RB ILvbKvi IRbnxbZv c„w_ex †_‡K `~‡i Av‡Q e‡j bq, eis me©ÿY
c„w_exi w`‡K c‡o hv‡‪Q e‡j| Avi DcMÖn †h c‡o bv wM‡q ev wb‡R †Kvb
kw³ e¨q bv K‡i µgvMZ c„w_exi Pvwiw`‡K Nyi‡Q Zvi KviY DcMÖnwUi g~j
mij •iwLK MwZ (hv Dש ¯
v‡b cÖvq evqyi Nl©Ynxb)| gva¨vKl©Y ejwU
DcMÖn‡K †h MwZ w`‡‪Q cÖ‡qvR‡b ¸jwZi gZ DcMÖn‡K Qz‡o A‡bK †e‡M
`~‡i cvwV‡q w`‡Z Zv‡K e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e| Avi GgbwUB Kiv n‡qwQj `yNU© bv
KewjZ Gc‡jv-13 Gi gnvk~b¨Pvix‡`i‡K wbivc‡` c„w_ex‡Z wdwi‡q
Avb‡Z| †m‡ÿ‡Î Aek¨ Puv‡`i gnvKl© ej‡K e¨envi Kiv n‡qwQj|
1970 mv‡j Puv‡` AeZiYKvix gvbyl¨evnx Z…Zxq gnvk~b¨hvb wn‡m‡e Gc‡jv-
13 hvÎv c‡_ Aw·‡Rb U¨vs‡K we‡ùvi‡Y gvivZ¥K fv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯
 nq| Puv‡`
bvgvi cwiKíbv cwiZ¨³ n‡q wZb Rb gnvk~b¨Pvix‡K wbivc‡` wdwi‡q Avbvi
†PóvwU‡K g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i wPivqZ MwZwe`¨vi GK Abe`¨ mvdj¨|
we‡ùvi‡Yi d‡j g~j hv‡bi DËvc, evZvm, BZ¨vw`i Ae¯
v Rxe‡bi cÖwZK‚j
n‡q cov‡Z Zuviv Avkªq wb‡qwQ‡jb gnvk~b¨hv‡bi Puv‡` AeZiYKvix As‡k|
MwZi wbiwew‪QbœZvq AZ¨šÍ wec`msKzj Ae¯
vq cy‡iv gnvk~b¨hvbwU Puv‡`i
Kv‡Q wM‡q g~j cwiKíbvq †hfv‡e Kg¨vÐ gWy¨‡ji Puv‡`i Kÿ c‡_ cvK
LvIqvi K_v †mfv‡eB cvK LvIqv ïi‪ K‡i| wKš‧ G †ÿ‡Î D‡Ïk¨wU wQj
Puv‡`i AvKl©Y ejwU‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q MwZ cÖvß n‡q †mB MwZ‡ZB c„w_ex‡Z
wd‡i Avmv| gnvk~b¨ hvbwU hLb c„w_exi wecixZ w`‡K Puv‡`i D‡ëv wcV Ny‡i
27
mvg‡b Avm‡Q wVK ZLb Puv‡` bvgvi jybvi gWy¨jwUi i‡KU Aí Lvwbÿ‡Yi
Rb¨ Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Kev‡i Pzj‡Piv wn‡m‡e K‡i gnvk~b¨Pvixiv i‡KUwU
wVK ZZ LvwbB Pvwj‡q‡Qb hv‡Z cvK †L‡q Avevi Puv‡`i c„w_exgywL w`‡K
Avmvi mgq gnvk~b¨hvbwU Kÿ c_ †_‡K wQU‡K †ewi‡q hvq evowZ MwZi
Kvi‡Y; Ges Puv‡`i AvKl©Y e‡j †h MwZ‡Z NyiwQj Zv wb‡qB c„w_exi w`‡K
wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i|
c„w_ex
Puv`

Dr‡¶cb ¯^í¶Y
i‡ó Pvjy
c~N©Ubv KewjZ Gc‡jv-13 †h c‡_ Puv‡`i K¶c‡_ wM‡qwQj Ges Puv‡`i AvKl©Y ej‡K Kv‡R
jvwM‡q c„w_ex‡Z wd‡i G‡mwQj|

Gc‡jv-13 wVK †mfv‡eB wd‡i G‡m‡Q| i‡KUwU hw` mvgvb¨ GZUzKzI †ewk
Pvjv‡bv n‡Zv Zv n‡j Zuviv c„w_ex‡Z bv †cu․‡Q Ab¨ †Kvb w`‡K wM‡q gnvk~‡b¨
nvwi‡q †h‡Zb| Avi hw` h‡_ó cwigvY bv Pvjv‡bv n‡Zv Zv n‡j Zuviv Puv‡`i
Kÿc‡_B AveZ©b Ki‡Z _vK‡Zb| e¨vcviwU A‡bKUv G_‡jwU·
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi n¨vgvi †_ªvi g‡ZvÑ †hLv‡b cÖwZ‡hvMx GKwU `woi gv_vq fvix
†MvjK‡K gv_vi Dc‡i µgvMZ †Nviv‡Z †Nviv‡Z GK mgq †Q‡o †`b Ges
†MvjKwU Gevi †mvRv `~‡i †Kv_vI wM‡q c‡o| H Nyivevi kw³wUB GLv‡b
`~‡i cvVvevi Kv‡R e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Gc‡jv-13 Gi †ÿ‡Î Puv‡`i gnvKl©
ej‡K Gfv‡e e¨envi bv Ki‡j Zvi wb‡Ri †h R¡vjvwb wQj Zvi kw³‡Z
c„w_ex‡Z wd‡i Avmv A¤¢e wQjbv|
wPivqZ MwZwe`¨vi wbqg¸‡jv †h KZ mwVK, fqven `yN©Ubv KewjZ Gc‡jv-
13 Gi wbivc` cÖZ¨veZ©b ZviB GKwU bvUKxq cÖKvk|

28
 Zvc I MwZ
Zv‡ci MwZ ZË¡ (KvB‡bwUK w_Iwi)
Zvc wRwbmwU Kx? G cÖ‡kœi DËi LuyR‡Z wM‡q weÁvbxiv †kl ch©šÍ †h wm×v‡šÍ
G‡m‡Qb Zv n‡j Zvc AvYweK MwZiB cÖKvk| Avi DËvc (†U¤úv‡iPvi) n‡‪Q
GB Zv‡ci ewn:cÖKvk| G‡Z g‡b Kiv nq †h c`v‡_© AYy¸‡jv me mgq GKwU
bovPovi Ae¯
vq i‡q‡Q| M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î GwU we‡kl fv‡e jÿ¨Yxq| M¨v‡mi
AYy¸‡jv me mgq BZ¯ÍZ bvPvbvwP Ki‡Q| M¨vmwUi DËvc hZ †ewk n‡e
eyS‡Z n‡e GB BZ¯ÍZ MwZi MocoZv †eM ZZ †ewk| GK GKwU AYyi
†ÿ‡Î we‡ePbv Ki‡j Aek¨ †Kvb AYyi MwZ A‡bK †ewk DËv‡cI Kg n‡Z
cv‡i, A_ev A‡bK Kg DËv‡cI †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| GB bvPvbvwP‡Z AYy¸‡jv
hLb M¨v‡mi Avav‡ii †`qv‡j (†hgb †ejy‡bi †fZ‡i) G‡m AvNvZ K‡i
ZLb †mLv‡b Pv‡ci m„wó nq| ZvB †ewk DËv‡c AYy¸‡jvi MocoZv †eM
†e‡o wM‡q Av‡iv m‡Rv‡i †`qv‡ji Dci c‡o e‡j M¨v‡mi Pvc mgvbycvwZK
fv‡e ev‡o (Pvj©‡mi wbqg)| Ab¨ w`‡K †QvU AvqZ‡bi g‡a¨ M¨vm ivL‡j
AvqZb hZ eo Kiv n‡e M¨v‡mi Pvc AvqZ‡bi m‡½ e¨¯Í mgvbycv‡Z K‡g
hvq (eq‡ji wbqg)| G me wbqg weÁvbxiv ev¯Í‡e cixÿvq †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Qb
Ges Zv Zv‡ci MwZZË¡ †_‡K PgrKvi e¨vL¨vI Kiv †M‡Q|
MwZi m‡½ Zv‡ci †h m¤úK© i‡q‡Q Zv Avgiv evwn¨K fv‡eI †`L‡Z cvB|
`yB nvZ `ª‪Z Nl©‡Y nvZ Mig n‡q c‡o, hš¿cvwZI µgvMZ PjvPj Ki‡Z
wM‡q Nl©‡Y Mig n‡q c‡o| j¨v‡ev‡iUwi‡Z mh‡Zœ cwigvc K‡i NyUwbi
mvnv‡h¨ cvwb‡K `ª‪Z NuyU‡Z †_‡K GKw`‡K NyUwbi MwZ kw³ †g‡c Ab¨ w`‡K
cvwbi Zvc †g‡c Zv‡ci MwZ-iƒ‡ci GKwU cwigvcI †ei Kiv hvq (Zv‡ci
†gKvwbK¨v‡j BKz¨Bf¨v‡j›U)| Zvc gvcviI my›`i cÖwµqv i‡q‡Q| †Kvb
e¯‧‡Z Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi Av‡Mi DËvc I c‡ii DËvc hw` Rvbv _v‡K Zv n‡j
KZ Zvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡jv Zv eySv hv‡e wb‡Pi mgxKiY †_‡K:
Zvc = e¯‧wUi fi × C × DËv‡ci e„w×
29
C GB aª‪eKwU n‡‪Q e¯‧wUi GKwU wbR¯^ ¸YÑ Zvi AvcwÿK Zvc ev Zvc
aviY ÿgZv| †h e¯‧i C †ewk Zv †ewk Zvc aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i| cvwbi C
h‡_ó †ewk †h Kvi‡Y Avgiv eqjvi ev nU IqvUvi †evZ‡j Zvc Rwg‡q
ivL‡Z cvwb e¨envi Kwi| cvwbi C-†K GK a‡i Zvi Zzjbvq Ab¨ e¯‧i C
cvwbi Av‡cwÿ‡K wVK Kiv nq e‡jB Zv Av‡cwÿK Zvc|
†Kvb e¯‧‡Z Zvc †`qv ïi‪ Ki‡j cÖ_g w`‡K e¯‧i Ae¯
vi cwieZ©b bv n‡q
ïay DËvc evo‡Z _v‡K| wKš‧ †hB gyn~‡Z© Ae¯
vi cwieZ©b n‡Z _v‡K KwVb
e¯‧ Zij n‡Z _v‡K ev Zij e¯‧ M¨vm n‡Z _v‡KÑ Av‡iv Zvc w`‡jI Zv Avi
DËvc e„w× NUvq bv| ZvB hZÿY eid Mj‡Z _v‡K 00 †mjwmqv‡m _v‡K,
Avi cvwb dz‡U ev®ú n‡Z _v‡K ZZÿY DËvc 1000 †m: †Z w¯
i _v‡K| H
cy‡iv ZvcwU‡K ejv nq myß Zvc| GLv‡b evowZ ZvcUzKz DËvc e„wׇZ
cÖKvwkZ bv n‡q eis Ae¯
v cwieZ©‡bi Kv‡R e¨wqZ n‡q hv‡‪Q| ZvB GwU
AcÖKvwkZ ev myß Zvc| me e¯‧i wbR¯^ Mjvi ev ev®úxf~Z nIqvi GKwU
wbw`©ó myß Zvc Av‡Q|

ZvcMwZwe`¨v
kw³i wbZ¨Zvi †h wbqgwU Avgiv †`‡LwQ Zv‡K ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g wbqgI
ejv nq| GwU ej‡Q: hZ iKg wµqv-wewµqvB NUzK bv †Kb wm‡ó‡gi †gvU
kw³ me mgq AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| GB ZvcMwZwe`¨v n‡‪Q weÁv‡bi †mB
kvLv hv Zvc‡K kw³ Avi Kv‡Ri m‡½ m¤úwK©Z K‡i| Kv‡Ri wn‡me wb‡Z
wM‡q G‡Z evwn¨K wKQz ¸YvMy‡Yi we‡ePbvB h‡_ó †hgb Pvc, AvqZb
BZ¨vw`| Gi Rb¨ AvYweK cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© †Kvb aviYvi cÖ‡qvRb nqbv| GB
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi wbqg¸‡jv †_‡K Bwćbi KvRKg©, ivmvqwbK wewµqvi wKQz
MwZcÖK…wZ, c`v‡_©i GK Ae¯
v †_‡K Ab¨ Ae¯
vq iƒcvšÍi (†hgb KwVb
Ae¯
v †_‡K Zij Ae¯
v) BZ¨vw` bvbv NUbvi e¨vL¨v cvIqv m¤¢e|
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi wØZxq wbqgwUi e³e¨ n‡jv Zv‡ci me©vsk‡K hvwš¿K Kv‡R
iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvqbv, †Zgwb hvwš¿K KvR‡KI me©vs‡k Zv‡c iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv

30
hvqbv| A_©vr G ai‡bi iƒcvšÍ‡i kZKiv GKkÔ fvM `ÿZv AR©b Am¤¢e|
Gi A_© n‡‪Q DwjøwLZ ai‡bi me cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ wKQz kw³ me mgq
e¨env‡ii evB‡i P‡j hv‡‪Q; GKwU mvwe©K AcPq Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q| G‡K
Av‡iK fv‡e ej‡j cÖK…wZ wek¦Rbxb fv‡e me wµqv-cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g k„‫‫‬Ljvi
Ae¯
vi †_‡K wek„‫‫‬Ljvi Ae¯
vi w`‡K hv‡‪Q| ZvcMwZwe`¨vi `„wófw½‡Z
GKwU wRwbm i‡q‡Q hvi bvg n‡‪Q Gb&Uªwc hv wKbv wek„‫‫‬Ljvi GKwU cwigvc|
†h †Kvb wµqvi gva¨‡gB G wek¦-GbUªwc ïayB ev‡o, KLbB K‡gbv| †hgb
†evZj Lyj‡j Zv‡Z _vKv DØvqx M¨vm ev †m›U ILvb †_‡K †ei n‡q evZv‡m
Qwo‡q c‡o| wKš‧ Qwo‡q cov DØvqx e¯‧ KL‡bv wd‡i G‡m †evZ‡j Xy‡K c‡o
bv|
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi wØZxq wbqgwU‡K Av‡iv GKfv‡e †`Lv hvq hv `ÿZv 100%
bv nIqv, ev GbUªwc ïayB evovi mgv_©K| Zv n‡jv Zvc ïay Mig wRwbm
†_‡K VvÛv wRwb‡mi w`‡KB †h‡Z cv‡i, VvÛv wRwbm †_‡K Mig wRwb‡mi
w`‡K †h‡Z cv‡ibv| Zv n‡j †KD cÖkœ Zzj‡Z cv‡i †iwd«Rv‡iU‡i †fZ‡i
VvÛv evB‡i Mig, A_P Av‡iv Zvc Gi VvÐv †fZi †_‡K Mig evwn‡i †h‡Z

Zvc MwZwe`¨vi wØZxq wbqg Abyhvqx GbUªwc me mgq ev‡o, KL‡bv K‡gbv| (K) Ae¯
v
†_‡K cwiw¯
wZ (L) Ae¯
vi w`‡K †h‡Z cv‡i, evB‡ii mvnvh¨ Qvov KL‡bv (L) †_‡K
(K) G bq|

cvi‡Q| Zv n‡j GwU wK ZvcMwZwe`¨vi wØZxq wbqg gvb‡Qbv? bv e¨vcviwU Zv

bq| †iwd«Rv‡iUi‡K G fv‡e Dj‡Uv KvR Kivevi Rb¨ evB‡i †_‡K we`y¨r
31
kw³ w`‡q Gi †gvUi-K‡¤cÖmvi Pvjvevi cÖ‡qvRb n‡‪Q| †iwd«R‡iUi‡K
GKwU wbR¯^ wm‡÷g g‡b Ki‡j wm‡ó‡gi g‡a¨ wKš‧ e¨vcviwU m¤¢e bqÑ
evB‡ii n¯Í‡ÿc Qvov| †Zgwb wPwbi Zij wmiv †_‡K hLb wgQwii my›`i
ùwUK M‡o D‡V, ZLb wek„‫‫‬Ljv †_‡K k„‫‫‬Ljvi w`‡K hvq, GbUªwc bv †e‡o
eis K‡g| wKš‧ †m †ÿ‡ÎI evB‡i †_‡K kw³ wb‡q Z‡e Zv m¤¢e nq| †fZi
evwni me wKQz we‡ePbvq Avb‡j G †ÿ‡ÎI we‡k¦i †gvU GbUªwc wKš‧ ev‡o|
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi wØZxq wbqg PgrKvi fv‡e Kv‡ji cÖev‡ni w`KwU wbw`©ó K‡i
†`q| A‡bK mgq †Kvb NUbv Ggb n‡Z cv‡i †h AZx‡Zi w`‡Ki NUbv cÖevn
I fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K NUbv cÖevn GKB iKg g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb µgvMZ
Pvjy ivLv GKwU †cÐyjv‡gi Pjw‪P‡Î hw` Avgiv †`wL †mB Pjw‪PÎ ¯^vfvweK
w`‡K Pvjv‡j hv †`L‡ev, D‡ëv w`‡K Pvjv‡jI GKB †`L‡evÑ †`‡L eyS‡Z
cvi‡evbv †Kvb w`‡K Pvjv‡bv n‡‪Q| wKš‧ mvwe©K ev¯Íe we‡k¦ GgbwU nevi †Rv
†bB, KviY GbUªwc evo‡Z †`‡LB Avgiv eyS‡ev GwUB fwel¨‡Zi w`KÑ
†hw`‡K gvby‡li †`‡n Riv Av‡m, †hw`‡K †MvQv‡jv wRwbm Av‡MvQv‡jv nq,
†hw`‡K Zvckw³ µ‡gB wewÿß n‡q wM‡q KvR Kivi †ÿÎ †_‡K nvwi‡q hvq|
ev®úxq Bwćbi D™¢‡ei Kvj †_‡KB ZvcMwZwe`¨vi GB wbqg¸‡jv Bwćbi
`ÿZv, Gi mxgve×Zv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© aviYv wb‡q Bwćbi Dbœq‡b LyeB
mnvqK n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Gi ¸i‪Z¡ ïay cÖ‡K․kjMZ Áv‡bi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq|
we‡kl K‡i wØZxq wbq‡gi g‡a¨ `vk©wbK, ZvwË¡K Ges e¨envwiK Abyave‡bi
GZ ¸i‪Z¡c~Y© me welq i‡q‡Q †h weÁvbx I †jLK wm wc †mœv lv‡Ui `k‡K
Zuvi weL¨vZ ÔUz KvjPviÕ e³…Zvq Zuvi cÖwZcv‡`¨i D`vniY wn‡m‡e G‡KB
†e‡Q wb‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb †`Lv‡Z Pvw‪Q‡jb †h cÖavbZ mvwnZ¨-Kjvi ms¯‥…wZ‡Z
wkwÿZ gnj weÁvb m¤ú‡K© RvbvUv‡K †h Av‡`․ Myi‪Z¡ w`‡‪Qb bv Zv‡Z mgvR
`yÔiKg ms¯‥…wZ‡Z wef³ n‡q co‡Q, hv ÿwZKi| GRb¨ wZwb cÖkœ
†i‡LwQ‡jb weÁvb wkwÿZ‡`i KvQ †_‡KI †hgb †k·cxq‡ii iPbv m¤ú‡K©
Rvbv Avek¨K g‡b Kiv nq, †Zgwb c~‡ev©³‡`i KvQ †_‡KI ZvcMwZwe`¨vi
wØZxq wbq‡gi Zvrch© eySvwU Avkv Kiv DwPZ!

32
ZvcMwZ we`¨vi Z…Zxq wbqg n‡jv, cig k~b¨ DËvc m¤¢e bq| DËv‡ci GKwU
cig †¯‥j wVK Ki‡Z wM‡q (hv we‡kl †Kvb e¯‧i ¸‡Yi Dci wbf©i Ki‡ebv)
cig k~b¨ (Gemjy¨U wR‡iv) DËv‡ci aviYvwU G‡m c‡o, †h DËv‡c me iKg

cvwbi ùzUbv¼ wWwMÖ

cvwbi Mbvbv¼ wWwMÖ

gnvk~‡b¨i DËvc wWwMÖ

cig k~b¨ DËvc wWwMÖ

DËv‡ci cig †¯‥j ev †Kbwfb †¯‥‡j †Kvb DËvcwU KZ wWwMÖ †Kjwfb

AvYweK MwZ w¯
i n‡q co‡e| GwUB m¤¢ve¨ me©wbgœ DËvc, hv 00
†mjwmqv‡miI 273 wWwMÖ wb‡P A_©vr-2730 †m:| DËv‡ci
†h †¯‥‡j GB cig k~b¨ DËvc‡K 00 aiv nq †m †¯‥jwU‡K ejv nq cig †¯‥j
(Gemjy¨U †¯‥j) A_ev †Kjwfb †¯‥j| Gi wPý wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq K ev
0
†K:| MjšÍ ei‡di DËvc hv †mjwmqvm †¯‥‡j 0 †m: †mwU †Kjwfb †¯‥‡j
n‡e 2730 †K:| †h‡nZz Dfq †¯‥‡j GK wWwMÖi cwigvY mgvb, †mjwmqvm
†¯‥‡j 273 †hvM Ki‡jB †Kjwfb †¯‥‡j ZvcgvÎv cvIqv hvq| aviYvq 00
†K: ev cig k~b¨ DËvc _vK‡jI ZvcMwZwe`¨vi Z…Zxq wbqg Abyhvqx
ev¯Z‡e GwU Am¤¢e, hw`I GLb GB DËv‡ci AwZ Kv‡Qi DËvc AR©b m¤¢e
n‡q‡QÑ GK wWwMÖi AwZ AwZ ÿz`ª fMœvsk cwigvY Kv‡Q, wKš‧ G‡Kev‡i ûeû
IwU Kÿ‡Yv AR©b m¤¢e bq|

33
 Av‡jvK Zi½, we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi½
Zi½
cyKz‡i wXj Qzo‡j cvwb‡Z wXj covi RvqMvwU‡K †K›`ª K‡i Zi½ Qwo‡q
c‡o| Zv‡Z Kx nq ? wewfbœ RvqMvq cvwb ¯
vbxqfv‡e DVvbvgv K‡i, gv‡b
¯úw›`Z nq| GB ¯ú›`bwU GwM‡q hvq e‡U wKš‧ †mLvbKvi cvwb GwM‡q

cvwbi Zi½| GLv‡b cvwb ¯úw›`Z n‡‪Q Zi‡½i MwZ w`‡Ki m‡½ j¤^ fv‡e| ZvB GwU
AvovAvwo (UªvÝfvm©) Zi½|

hvqbv| Zi½ gvÎB GiKg ¯ú›`‡bi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z| G‡ÿ‡Î ¯ú›`bwU NU‡Q
Zi‡½i MwZi w`‡Ki m‡½ j¤^ fv‡e; wKš‧ me Zi‡½i †ÿ‡Î Zv nqbv| †h
Zi‡½ j¤^fv‡e ¯ú›`b nq †m¸‡jv‡K AvovAvwo (UªvÝfvm©) Zi½ ejv nq|
GKwU `xN© w¯cÖs Gi cÖvšÍ‡K msKzwPZ K‡i †Q‡o w`‡j †mLv‡b evi evi
msKzwPZ I cÖmvwiZ n‡q †mwUI ¯úw›`Z n‡Z _v‡K| GB ¯ú›`bI w¯cÖs
eivei GwM‡q hvq; GwUI GKwU Zi½| wKš‧ G‡ÿ‡Î ¯ú›`bwU Zi‡½i MwZi
w`‡KB N‡U| GiKg MwZi w`‡Ki ¯ú›`bhy³ Zi½‡K ejv nq mgw`K

34
(jswMPz¨wWb¨vj) Zi½| G iKg Zi‡½i m‡½I Avgiv h‡_ó cwiwPZ| kã
Ggwb GKwU Zi½| evZvm ev k‡ãi Ab¨ †Kvb gva¨‡g ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Yi
¯ú›`bB kã Zi½ iƒ‡c ¯ú›`‡bi GKB w`‡K GwM‡q hvq| Zi‡½i †h me
D`vniY †`Ljvg Zv‡Z me †ÿ‡Î †Kvb bv †Kvb gva¨g Avgiv †`LwQ| wKš‧
gva¨g QvovI Zi½ n‡Z cv‡i, †mwU c‡i †`L‡ev|
me Zi‡½iB KZ¸‡jv cwigvc _v‡K| Zi½ gv‡ÎB ¯ú›`b evi evi cybive„Ë
n‡Z _v‡K| GKwU cy‡iv ¯ú›`‡bi †h •`N© †mwU‡K ejv nq Zi½-1`nvi|
GKwU we‡kl we›`y w`‡q †m‡K‡Ð KZwU mvB‡Kj ev cy‡iv ¯ú›`b P‡j hvq
ms‡KvPb cÖmviY

kã Zi½|GLv‡b gva¨gwU (†hgb evZvm) ¯úw›`Z n‡‪Q Zi‡½i MwZ w`‡Ki

GKB w`‡K| ZvB GwU mgw`K (jswMPz¨wWb¨vj) Zi½| Zi½wU eySv‡bvi MÖv‡d
Aek¨ ¯ú›`bwU MwZw`‡Ki m‡½ j¤^fv‡eB †`Lv‡bv nq (wb‡Pi wPÎ)|
†mwUB wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ| †m‡K‡Ð mvB‡Kj ev nvrm©Ñ GB GK‡K wd«‡Kv‡qw݇K
cÖKvk Kiv nq| cÖ‡Z¨K Zi‡½i GKwU we¯Ívi (Gg&wcøøwPDW) i‡q‡Q hv
Avm‡j ¯ú›`‡biB kxl© we›`ywU f~wg ev ¯^vfvweK Ae¯
vb †_‡K KZ`~‡i ZviB
cwigvc| k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î AvIqvRwU KZ eo Zv wVK nq GB we¯Ívi KZ †ewk ev
Kg Zvi Dci| wKš‧ kãwU KZ Zxÿè Lv‡`i ev †gvUv Lv‡`i Zv wbf©i K‡i
k‡ãi wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi Dci| Zi‡½i GKwU MwZ Av‡Q hv gvcv hvq| †hgb `~‡i
†Kvb kªwgK‡K nvZzwo †cUv‡Z †`L‡j Ges `~iZ¡wU Rvbv _vK‡j Zuvi nvZzwo
jÿ¨e¯‧‡K ¯úk© Ki‡Z †`Lvi KZÿY ci Gi kãwU ïb‡Z †cjvg †mB
mgqUzKz †g‡c kã Zi‡½i MwZ gvcv hvq|

35
 Zi½-‣`N© P~ov

we¯Ívi

Zjv
Zi‡½i MwZ w`K

Zi‡½i bvbv cwigvc

Av‡jvi Zi½ iƒc

Av‡jv wb‡q K‡qK kZ eQ‡ii bvbv cixÿvq weÁvbxiv eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb †h
Zi‡½i me ai‡bi AvPiY Av‡jvi g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq| †mfv‡e eySv hvq †h
Av‡jv GKwU Zi½| Zi‡½i GB AvPiY¸‡jv Kx Zv †`Lv hvK| Zi‡½i
†e‡Mi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Av‡jvi †ÿ‡Î GB †eM GZ †ewk †h GK mgq g‡b
Kiv n‡Zv Av‡jv †hb ZvrÿwYKfv‡e †h †Kvb RvqMvq †cu․‡Q †h‡Z cv‡i|
wKš‧ 1676 mv‡ji mgq †_‡K weÁvbxiv eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb Av‡jvI †Kv_vI
†cu․Q‡Z wKQz mgq †bq| Zuviv GwU ïay eyS‡ZB cv‡ibwb m~² bvbv †K․k‡j
Zuviv GB GB AwZ ÿz`ª mgq I Av‡jvi MwZ‡eM cwigvc K‡i‡Qb| †gvUvgywU
mwVK djI †c‡q‡Qb| GLb Avgiv wbLuyZ fv‡e GB †eM Rvwb 2.99793
×108 wgUvi/†m:, cÖvq †m‡K‡Û 3 jÿ wK‡jvwgUvi| GB wecyj †e‡M mvaviY
`~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z Av‡jvi AZ¨šÍ Kg mgq jv‡M e‡jB cwigvcwU KwVb
wQj| wKš‧ GLb mnRjf¨ Iwm‡jv‡¯‥v‡cB Ggb ÿz`ª mgq gvcv hvq; ZvB
Av‡jvi †eM wbY©q GLb †h †KD mn‡R Ki‡Z cv‡i|
me Zi‡½i cÖwZdwjZ I cÖwZmwiZ (wfbœ gva¨‡g hvevi mgq †eu‡K hvIqvi)
nevi ¸Y Av‡Q, Av‡jviI GB `yB ¸Y ¯úóZB Av‡Q| me Zi½ GKwU †QvU
wQ`ª, dvUj ev wKbviv †Nu‡l hvevi mgq †eu‡K hvq, Ii †_‡K b~Zb K‡i Qwo‡q

36
c‡o, hv‡K ejv nq wWªd«¨vKkb| GRb¨B `iRv ev †`qv‡ji Avov‡j evB‡i
†_‡K N‡ii K_v ïbv hvqÑ †`qv‡ji wKbvivq kã Zi½ wWªdª¨vKk‡b †eu‡K
hvq e‡j| Avevi cvkvcvwk Drm †_‡K `ywU Zi½ GKB RvqMv w`‡q wb‡q
†M‡j Zi½¸‡jv ci¯úi DcwicvwZZ n‡q H RvqMvq ïay Zvi †hvM-we‡qv‡Mi
djvdj Zi½wUB cÖKvk cvqÑ G‡K ejv nq B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ| D`vniY ¯^iƒc
GKwU Zi‡½i kxl© eivei Av‡iKwU Zi‡½i kxl© hw` DcwicvwZZ nq, Zv
n‡j †mLv‡b †h djvdj Zi½ n‡e Zv AwaK ¯úw›`Z n‡e, Zvi we¯Ívi n‡e
Df‡qi we¯Ív‡ii †hvMdj| Ab¨w`‡K GKwU Zi‡½i kx‡l©i m‡½ Ab¨ Zi½wUi
wecixZ kxl© hw` DcwicvwZZ nq Zv n‡j Df‡q KvUvKzwU n‡q we¯Ívi †mLv‡b
K‡g hv‡e, k~b¨I n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| cvwbi Zi½ mn me iK‡gi Zi‡½ GwU
jÿ¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j DcwicvwZZ RvqMvq B›Uvidv‡i‡Ýi GKwU
c¨vUvb© m„wó nq| Zv‡Z ci ci †Kv_vI Zi‡½i ZxeªZvi Dcw¯
wZ Ges
†Kv_vI ZxeªZvi Abycw¯
wZ †`Lv †`q, †hgb Av‡jvi †ÿ‡Î Av‡jvwKZ I
AÜKvi As‡ki Svj‡ii!

Av‡jvi Zi½ ag©

Zi‡½i GB me ¸YB Av‡jvi g‡a¨ my›`i †`Lv hvq| GKwU Lye mi‪ dvU‡ji
ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jv‡K wb‡q †M‡j wWd«¨vKk‡bi d‡j G‡K euvK‡Z †`Lv hvq, Gi
†fZi w`‡q cwZZ Av‡jv wVK dvUjwUi AvK…wZ‡Z GwU mxgve× _v‡K bv|

37
duv‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q hvIqvi mgq Av‡jvi wWd«vKkb
GKB Av‡jvK Drm †_‡K Avmv Av‡jv‡K KvQvKvwQ `ywU Lye mi‪ KvUv RvqMvi
(w¯øU) ga¨ w`‡q wb‡q †M‡j †mB KvUv RvqMv `ywU Av‡jvi `ywU b~Zb Drm
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| ZLb I¸‡jvi mvg‡b myweavRbK `~iZ¡ GKwU c`©v ivL‡j
Zv‡Z ci ci Av‡jvwKZ I Abv‡jvwKZ As‡ki Svji †`Lv hvq B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ
c¨vUvb© wn‡m‡e| `yB Drm †_‡K Avmv `yB Av‡jvK Zi½ivwRi ci¯úi
DcwicvZ‡b †h B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ NU‡Q Zvi d‡jB GB Svji c¨vUvb©| Drm †_‡K
`~iZ¡, ci ci Av‡jvwKZ Ask¸‡jvi e¨eavb, `yB KvUv RvqMvi g‡a¨ e¨eavb
BZ¨vw`i gvc †_‡K Zi‡½i wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ BZ¨vw`i m~² cwigvc m¤¢e nq
Zi‡½i MvwYwZK cÖKv‡ki AsK K‡l| G m‡ei d‡j ¯úó eySv †M‡Q †h
Av‡jv GK cÖKvi Zi½|
†cvjviqW bv‡gi we‡kl ai‡bi myk„‫‫‬Lj AvYweK web¨v‡m Mov cv‡Zi ga¨
w`‡q Av‡jv‡K †h‡Z w`‡j Lvov web¨v‡mi m‡½ AvovAvwo ivLv Av‡iKwU
†cvjvi‡qW w`‡q †mwU Avi †h‡Z cv‡ibv| wKš‧ wØZxq †cvjvi‡qWwU hw`
Av‡MiwUi gZ Lvov ¯
vcb Kiv nq Zv n‡j w`we¨ P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z eySv
hv‡‪Q †h Av‡jvK Zi‡½i †h ¯ú›`b Zv Zi½ MwZi w`‡Ki m‡½ j¤^ fv‡e N‡U
Ges Gi m‡½ j¤^fv‡e †_‡K bvbv w`‡K N‡U, wKš‧ †cvjvi‡q‡Wi ga¨ w`‡q
c`©vq
B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ c¨vUvb©
`ywU miæ
miæ D¾¡j
duvK
Av‡jvi GKwU AÜKvi
Drm duvK
D¾¡j
AÜKvi
D¾¡j
AÜKvi
D¾¡j
AÜKvi
D¾¡j
38
Av‡jvi B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ| S1 Ges S2 †_‡K hvIqv Av‡jv ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ K‡i
c`©vq ci ci D¾¡j I AÜKvi c¨vUv‡b©i m„wó K‡i| Av‡jv Zi½ e‡jB GwU m¤¢e n‡‪Q|
hvevi mgq ïay †cvjvi‡q‡Wi web¨v‡mi m‡½ mgvšÍivj †h me ¯ú›`b ïay
†m¸‡jvB †h‡Z cv‡i| Zi‡½i GB ¸Y‡K ejv nq †cvjvivB‡Rkb, hv ïay
UªvÝfvm© ev AvovAvwo Zi‡½i †ÿ‡Î N‡U hv‡Z ¯ú›`b MwZi w`‡Ki m‡½ j¤^
nq| Gi †_‡K eySv hvq Av‡jv kã Zi‡½i gZ mgw`K Zi½ bq, eis cvwbi
Zi‡½i gZ AvovAvwo Zi½|
wewfbœ cÖwµqvq Av‡jv iwk¥i euvKvi cwigvYwU Zvi Zi½-•`‡N©i Dci wbf©i
K‡i| mvaviY mv`v Av‡jv‡Z wewfbœ iKg Zi½-•`N© GK m‡½ †gkv‡bv _v‡K|
wKš‧ wÎ-wkiv KvP wcÖRg, Kv‡Pi Dci Lye KvQvKvwQ A‡bK¸‡jv KvUv RvqMv
ev AvuPo (hv‡K wWd«¨vKkb †MÖwUs ejv nq), ev KvQvKvwQ A‡bK ÿz`ª Rj

Av‡jvK iwk¥‡Z Lvov †cvjvi‡qW †cvjvivwqZ

me w`‡K ¯ú›`b Av‡jvK iwk¥

ïay Lvov ¯ú›`b †h‡Z cv‡i

Av‡jvK Drm

†cvjvi‡qW cv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q wb‡q wM‡q ïay GKB mgZ‡j ¯úw›`Z nIqv Av‡jvK Zi½ cvIqv
m¤¢e| GB Av‡jv †cvjvivwqZ Av‡jv| Av‡jv AvovAvwo Zi½ e‡jB GwU m¤¢e|

we›`yi mgš^q (†g‡N †hgb nq) BZ¨vw`i gZ cwiw¯
wZ‡Z Av‡jv †eu‡K †M‡j
ZLb wewfbœ Zi½-•`‡N©i Av‡jv wewfbœ cwigv‡Y †eu‡K cvkvcvwk wewfbœ
RvqMvq P‡j wM‡q eY©vjx m„wó K‡i| Av‡jvi iO Zi½-•`‡N©i Dci wbf©i K‡i
e‡j Gi GK cÖv‡šÍ me †P‡q Kg Zi½-•`‡N©i `„k¨gvb Av‡jv †e¸wb †_‡K
Ab¨cÖv‡šÍ me‡P‡q eo Zi½-•`‡N©i `„k¨gvb Av‡jv jvj ch©šÍ †ewbAvmnKjv
bvgK µg Abyhvqx eY©vjx †`Lv †`q|

39
we`y¨r-†PŠ¤^K ej
K‡qK kÕ eQi Av‡MB weÁvbxiv jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb †ikwg Kvco w`‡q Kv‡Pi `Ð
Nl‡j Ges Av‡iv GKwU KvP `ЇK GKB fv‡e Nl‡j Dfq `Ð GKwU
Ab¨wU‡K weKl©Y K‡i| Avevi ckg w`‡q GKwU k³ ivevi `Ð Nl‡j †mB
`ÐwU Av‡Mi Kv‡Pi `ÐwU‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| G Nl©‡Yi cixÿvi gva¨‡g Zuviv
wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Qb †h Nlvi d‡j Kv‡Pi `ÛwU FYvZ¥K we`y¨r PvR© cv‡‪Q, Avi
ivev‡ii `ÐwU abvZ¥K we`y¨r PvR© cv‡‪Q| GKB iKg we`y¨r PvR© ci¯úi‡K
weKl©Y K‡i Ges wfbœ ai‡bi we`y¨r PvR© ci¯úi‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| c‡i Zuvi
cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb me cigvYy‡ZB FYvZ¥K KwYKv B‡jKUªb _v‡K Ges mgvb
abvZ¥K AskI _v‡K| †Kvb †Kvb e¯‧i B‡jKUªb¸‡jv mn‡R Lwm‡q †d‡j
Ab¨ e¯‧‡Z ¯
vbvšÍi Kiv hvq hv Dc‡ii Nl©Y cixÿvq eySv †M‡Q|
iev‡ii `Ð N‡l Zvi wKQz B‡jKUªb Lvmv‡bvi d‡j IwU abvZ¡K we`y¨r PvR©
hy³ n‡q c‡owQj| Ab¨ w`‡K Kv‡Pi `Ð Nlvi mgq †ikg †_‡K wKQz evowZ
B‡jKUªb Kv‡Pi `‡Ð P‡j Avmv‡Z Zv FYvZ¡K we`y¨r PvR©hy³ n‡q c‡owQj|
we`y¨r Pv‡R©i g‡a¨ AvKl©Y-weKl©‡Yi †h ej Zvi GKwU wbqgI weÁvbxiv
ZLbB Avwe®‥vi K‡iwQ‡jb:
cÖ_g e¯‧i PvR© × wØZxq e¯‧i PvR©
we`y¨r ej = K×
(`yB e¯‧i g‡a¨ `~iZ¡)2
×
†¶Î †iLv

GKwU abvZ¥K Pv‡R©i GKwU FYvZ¥K Pv‡R©i

Pvwiw`‡K •e`y¨wZK †¶Î Pvwiw`‡K •e`y¨wZK †¶Î
40
PvR© gv‡ÎiB i‡q‡Q Pvwiw`‡K •e`y¨wZK †¶Î
K GKwU aª‪eK| G‡K Kzj¤^ wbqg ejv nq Ges ¯úóZ wbqgwUi m‡½ gnvKl©
wbq‡gi †ek wgj Av‡Q|
eû Kvj a‡i weÁvbxiv Pz¤^‡Ki g‡a¨I GiKg AvKl©Y-weKl©‡Yi ej jÿ¨ K‡i
G‡m‡Qb| GLv‡bI †P․¤^K e‡ji wbqgwU Kzj¤^ wbq‡gi ev gnvKl© wbq‡gi
cÖvq Abyiƒc| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î AvKl©Y N‡U Pz¤^‡K DËi †gi‪ I `wÿY †gi‪ GB
`yB wfbœ †gi‪i †ÿ‡Î Ges weKl©Y N‡U GKB †gi‪i †ÿ‡Î| Avi GKwU
cv_©K¨ n‡jv Avjv`v abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K •e`y¨wZK PvR© _vK‡Z cvi‡jI
Avjv`v †Kvb DËi †gi‪ ev Avjv`v `wÿY †gi‪ _vK‡Z cv‡ibvÑ me mgq
DËi I `wÿY †gi‪ †Rvovq †Rvovq _vK‡Z n‡e|
c‡i †`Lv †Mj •e`ywZK PvR© hLb †Kvb cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq
(†hgb avZzi Zv‡ii) ZLb †h cÖevn ev Kv‡i›U •Zwi nq ZvI GKwU Pz¤^‡Ki
gZ KvR K‡i| Avm‡j †P․¤^K I •e`y¨wZK ej ci¯úi GKB NUbv RvZ Ges
GKwU mn‡RB Ab¨wU w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Avjv`v Avjv`v fv‡e we`y¨r ej ev
†P․¤^K e‡ji K_v bv e‡j Avgiv we`y¨r-‡P․¤^K e‡ji K_v ej‡Z cvwi|
ci¯úi ¯úk© bv K‡iI `ywU e¯‧i g‡a¨ we`y¨r-†P․¤^K ej A_ev gnvKl© ej `~i
†_‡KB Kx fv‡e KvR K‡i Zv jÿ¨ K‡i weÁvbxiv ej-†ÿ‡Îi K_v Kíbv
K‡i‡Qb| Gi gv‡b n‡jv GiKg e¯‧ Zvi Pvwiw`‡K GKwU we‡kl †ÿÎ •Zwi
K‡iÑ •e`y¨wZK †ÿÎ, gnvKl© †ÿÎ BZ¨vw`| •e`y¨wZK †ÿ‡Îi g‡a¨ _vK‡j
†Kvb PvR© gvÎB Zvi cÖfve Abyfe Ki‡e Ges †ÿ‡Îi w`K Abymi‡Y
cwiPvwjZ n‡eÑ †ÿ‡Îi ZxeªZv I wb‡Ri Pv‡R©i ZxeªZv, Ges †ÿ‡Îi g‡a¨
wb‡Ri Ae¯
vb Abyhvqx| †ÿÎ †hb we¯Í…Z n‡q Av‡Q wKQz †iLvi AvKv‡i ev
m~Zvi AvKv‡i, †h m~Zvi Uv‡b Gme N‡U| Avm‡j c‡i †`Lv †M‡Q Gme †iLv
ev m~Zvi K_v ev` w`‡qB MvwYwZKfv‡e we`y¨r †ÿÎ, †P․¤^K †ÿÎ, gva¨vKl©Y
†ÿÎ BZ¨vw`‡K †`Lv hvq|

41
 cvkvcvwk _vKv abvZ¡K I FYvZ¡K •e`y¨wZK Pv‡R©i
(w؇cvj) mw¤§wjZ •e`y¨wZK †¶Î|

GKwU fihy³ e¯‧ Ab¨ GKwU e¯‧i gva¨vKl©Y †ÿ‡Îi †Kvb Ae¯
v‡b Av‡Q
Zvi ØvivB wbwY©Z nq Zvi •¯
wZKkw³ (†cv‡Ujwkqvj GbvwR©)|

GKwU Py¤^‡Ki `yB †giæi mw¤§wjZ †P․¤^K †¶Î| †jvnvi ¸‡ov e¨envi Kivq †P․¤^K †¶ÎwU Pv¶zl dz‡U
D‡V‡Q| †¶ÎwU •e`y¨wZK w؇cv‡ji •e`y¨wZK †¶‡Îi Abyiƒc|

42
Avgiv †`‡LwQ c„w_exi Z‡ji hZ Dc‡i †Kvb e¯‧‡K ivwL Zvi •¯
wZK kw³
ZZ †ewk H c„w_exi gva¨vKl©Y †ÿ‡Îi H we‡kl RvqMvq Av‡Q e‡j| †Q‡o
w`‡j GwU MwZkw³‡Z cwiYZ nq| GKB fv‡e GKwU we`y¨r PvR© Ab¨ Pv‡R©i
we`y¨r †ÿ‡Îi †Kvb RvqMvq Av‡Q †mB Abyhvqx Zvi g‡a¨ •¯
wZK kw³ _v‡K
hv MwZ kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Z cv‡i|

we`y¨r-†PŠ¤^K ej wb‡q g¨v·I‡q‡ji mgxKiY

Kzj‡¤^i wbqg Avgiv †`‡LwQ| Gi ci Avw¤úqvi, d¨viv‡W cÖgyL weÁvbxiv
we`y¨r I Pz¤^KZ¡ wb‡q †ek wKQz wbqg Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv me¸‡jv‡K
GKÎ K‡i K¬vK© g¨v·I‡qj MvwYwZK fv‡e PviwU mgxKiY w`‡q‡Qb hv
•e`y¨wZK I †P․¤^K †ÿ‡Îi g‡a¨ m¤úK©¸‡jv‡K LyeB my›`i, mswÿß I
w`K`wk©Kv K‡i †Zv‡j| g¨v·I‡q‡ji cÖ_g mgxKi‡Y †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Kxfv‡e
†P․¤^K †ÿÎ Ges we`y¨r Kv‡i›U mg‡qi m‡½ •e`y¨wZK †ÿ‡Îi cwieZ©b nv‡ii
Dci wbf©i K‡i| wØZxq mgxKi‡Y †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Kxfv‡e •e`y¨wZK †ÿÎ
mg‡qi m‡½ †P․¤^K †ÿ‡Îi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| Z…Zxq mgxKiY
†`wL‡q‡Q Kx fv‡e •e`y¨wZK †ÿÎ Pv‡R©i e›U‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡iÑ †h fv‡e
gnvK‡l©i wbq‡g f‡ii e›U‡bi m‡½ (`~i‡Z¡i e‡M©i e¨¯Í Abycv‡Z) gnvKl©
†ÿÎ m¤úwK©Z| PZz_© mgxKiY G iKg m¤úK© †P․¤^K †ÿ‡Îi wel‡q
†`wL‡q‡Q; Z‡e G‡Z eySv hv‡‪Q †h ïay DËi ev ïay `wÿY †gi‪ GKv _vK‡Z
cv‡ibv|
g¨v·I‡q‡ji PviwU mgxKi‡Yi GKwU djkÖ‪wZ n‡jv k~b¨¯
v‡bi ga¨ w`‡qI
•e`y¨wZK †ÿÎ I †P․¤^K †ÿÎ ci¯úi‡K †Vjv‡Vwj Ki‡Z _vK‡e| Zvi gv‡b
¯ú›`bkxj GKwU †P․¤^K †ÿÎ ¯ú›`bkxj GKwU •e`y¨wZK †ÿ‡Îi Rb¥ †`‡e;
Avi GKB fv‡e ¯ú›`bkxj GKwU •e`y¨wZK †ÿÎ ¯ú›`bkxj GKwU †P․¤^K
†ÿ‡Îi Rb¥ †`‡eÑ Gfv‡e evi evi Pj‡ZB _vK‡e| ¯ú›`b †_‡K Zi½ m„wói
Kvq`vq GB Df‡q wg‡j GKwU Zi½ m„wó Ki‡e hv wKbv we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi½|
g¨v·I‡qj Zuvi mgxKiY¸‡jv †_‡K G Zi‡½i MwZ‡eMwUI †ei Ki‡jb,

43
Ges AevK n‡q †`L‡jb †h k~b¨ ¯
v‡bi g‡a¨ GB Zi‡½i MwZ‡eM ûeû
Av‡jvi †e‡Mi mgvb|
g¨v·I‡q‡ji mgxKiY Abyhvqx (Avm‡j Zuvi c~e©m~ix d¨viv‡Wi Avwe®‥…Z wbqg
Abyhvqx) ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î B‡jKwUªK †Rbv‡iUi D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q| G‡Z cwievwn
e¯‧i (avZe Zv‡ii) GK ev GKvwaK evi cvK LvIqv‡bv jyc ev wis †P․¤^K
†ÿ‡Î g‡a¨ Nyiv‡Z _vK‡j Zvi g‡a¨ •e`y¨wZK Kv‡i›U •Zwi nq| †h‡nZz
cÖ‡Z¨Kevi Nyivi mgq jycwU GKevi Dj&‡U hvq ZvB GB Kv‡i›U cÖwZevi
Pz¤^‡Ki †gi


Nyiš— Zv‡ii jyc

Nyiš—
jy‡ci m‡½ eZ©bxi
Nlv ms‡hvM

Kv‡i›U wgUvi
†P․¤^K †ÿ‡Î NyišÍ jy‡c we`y¨r Kv‡i›U m„wó: †Rbv‡iU‡ii bxwZ
Nyivi mgq cÖ_‡g ev‡o, Zvici K‡g, w`K cwieZ©b K‡i, †mw`‡K ev‡o,
†mw`‡KI Avevi K‡g| Gfv‡e evi evi Nyivi m‡½ m‡½ Kv‡i›UI evi evi
DVv, bvgv, I w`K cwieZ©b K‡i| G‡K Aj&Uvi‡bwUs Kv‡i›U ev Gwm e‡j|
cy‡iv e¨vcviwU D‡ëv fv‡e N‡U hLb Gwm Kv‡i‡›Ui cÖevn i‡q‡Q Ggb
jyc‡K †P․¤^K †ÿ‡Î ivLv nq| ZLb GwU wb‡R wb‡RB Nyi‡Z _v‡KÑ hv
•e`y¨wZK †gvU‡ii g‡a¨ N‡U| we‡kl e¨e¯
vq Aek¨ GK- gywL Kv‡i‡›Ui
Rb¨I (wWwm) †Rbv‡iUi Ges †gvU‡ii e¨e¯
v Kiv hvq| Gwm Kv‡i›U
¯ú›`bkxj •e`y¨wZK †ÿ‡Îi Drm n‡Z cv‡i|

44
 Kv‡i‡›Ui ¯ú›`‡bi ùzwj½ we`y¨r
†P․¤^K Zi½ m„wó

we`y¨r-‡P․¤^K Zi½ GLv‡b ¯ú›`b I

D‪P †fv‡ëR ùzwj½ m„wó Ki‡Q
Drm

cÖ_g †h fv‡e we`y¨r †P․¤^K Zi‡½i D˜NvUb m¤¢e n‡qwQj

we`y¨r-†PŠ¤^K Zi½
Avgiv †`‡LwQ g¨v·I‡q‡ji mgxKi‡Yi GKwU djkÖ‪wZ wn‡m‡e we`y¨r-†P․¤^K
Zi‡½i Dcw¯
wZ ZvwË¡K fv‡e ¯úó n‡q‡Q, hvi †eM Av‡jvi †e‡Mi mgvb|
wkM&wMi ev¯Íe cixÿvqI GwU cÖgvwYZ n‡jv| Gi †eM Av‡jvi †e‡Mi m‡½
GKB nIqvUvI †bnvr KvKZvjxq n‡Z cv‡ibv; eis †`Lv †Mj Av‡jv wb‡RI
GKwU we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi½| `„k¨gvb GB Av‡jv QvovI Zvi †_‡K †ewk ev Kg
Zi½-‣`‡N©i Av‡iv bvbv iKg we`y¨r-‡P․¤^K Zi½ i‡q‡Q| we‡kl Zi½-‣`N©
mxgvi g‡a¨ we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi½¸‡jv Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L mvov †`q e‡j G¸‡jv‡K
Avgiv `„k¨gvb we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi½ (Av‡jv) iƒ‡c †`wL| Gi †_‡K Kg Zi½-
•`‡N©i we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi‡½i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q h_vµ‡g AvjUªvfv‡qv‡jU, G·‡i,
Mvgv iwk¥ BZ¨vw`, Avevi Gi †P‡q AwaK Zi½-•`‡N©i we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi‡½i
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Bbd«v‡iW, gvB‡µvI‡qf, †iwWI Zi½ BZ¨vw`| Zi½-‣`‡N©i
Kvi‡Y G‡`i cÖfve Avgv‡`i Dci wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡iÑ †hgb Avëªvfv‡qv‡jU
Avgv‡`i P‡g© iÄK e¯‧ •Zwi K‡i, †Kvl bó K‡i, Ggb wK P‡g©i K¨vbmvi
NUvq; Bbd«v‡iW Zvc-Zi½ wn‡m‡e Abyf~Z nq; gvB‡µvI‡qf Lvev‡ii g‡a¨
cvwbi AYy‡K D‡ËwRZ K‡i ivbœv Kivi myweav K‡i †`q; BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv
45
meB we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi½ hv‡Z MwZi m‡½ j¤^ fv‡e _vKv •e`y¨wZK ¯ú›`b
µgvMZ GKB fv‡e MwZi m‡½ j¤^ fv‡e _vKv †P․¤^K ¯ú›`‡bi Rb¥ w`‡‪Q,
Ges †P․¤^K ¯ú›`b Avevi •e`y¨wZK ¯ú›`‡bi Rb¥ w`‡‪Q, Df‡qi Mov Zi½
Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z GwM‡q hv‡‪Q| G¸‡jvi Rb¨ †Kvb gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nqbv,
KviY hv GLv‡b ¯úw›`Z n‡‪QÑ †mB •e`y¨wZK ev †P․¤^K †ÿÎÑ Zvi Rb¨
†Kvb gva¨g cÖ‡qvRb nqbv|
we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi‡½i Drm wn‡m‡e KvR Kivi Rb¨ GKwU •e`y¨wZK ¯ú›`‡bi
cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| GwU n‡Z cv‡i GKwU B‡jKUª‡bi evisevi Gw`K Iw`K Avmv-
hvIqv A_©vr wKbv B‡jKUª‡bi wbqwgZ cwieZ©bkxj Z¡iY cÖvß nIqv, hv
µgvMZ cwieZ©bkxj we`y¨r †ÿ‡Îi m„wó K‡i| Ggb Z¡i‡Yi g‡a¨ _vKv
B‡jKUªb GKwU Gwm Kv‡i‡›Ui gZI e‡U, Kv‡RB Gi †_‡K µgvMZ

Zi½-‣`N© •e`y¨wZK †¶Î

†P․¤^K †¶Î MwZi w`K

we`y¨r-‡P․¤^K Zi½
¯ú›`bkxj GKwU †P․¤^K †ÿÎI m„wó n‡e| Df‡q wg‡j we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi½
m„wó nq| GiKg evisevi Avmv hvIqv B‡jKUªb Avgiv cigvYyi g‡a¨ †c‡Z
cvwi; †h we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi½ †mwU m„wó K‡i Zv n‡jv G·‡i BZ¨vw` ¯^í Zi½-
•`‡N©i| A_ev GiKg Avmv hvIqv Kiv B‡jKUªb Avgiv mvaviY D‪P
wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ •e`y¨wZK Kv‡i›U GwmÕi g‡a¨ wKsev †iwWI eªWKv‡ó e¨eüZ
Iwm‡jUi ev ¯ú›`K bvgK B‡jKUªwbK e¨e¯
vi g‡a¨ †c‡Z cvwi; G¸‡jv †h

46
we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi½ •Zwi K‡i Zv n‡jv wewfbœ †iwWI Zi‡½i gZ A‡cÿvK…Z
eo Zi½-•`‡N©i|
Zi½ gvÎB kw³ enb K‡i _v‡K, †hgb LyeB D‪P gvÎvi AvIqv‡R Rvbvjvi
KvP fv½‡Z †`‡LB Avgiv †mwU eywS| we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi½I kw³ enb K‡iÑ
†mRb¨ †iwWI Zi‡½i AvKv‡i †mwU Avm‡j Zv Avgv‡`i †eZvi MÖvnK h‡š¿i
G‡›Ubvq `ye©j we`y¨r-¯ú›`b m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i, wKsev Av‡jv wn‡m‡e Avm‡j Zv
†m․i †Kv‡l we`y¨r m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i, GgbwK nvjKv IR‡bi dzidzwii gZ
PvKvi Dci G‡m co‡j Av‡jv †mB PvKv‡K Nyiv‡ZI cv‡i| fihy³ †Kvb e¯‧
bv n‡qI Zi½ Ggb kw³ enb Ki‡Z cv‡i †Kvb gva¨g QvovB|

wPivqZ weÁv‡b wKQz m¼U

wbDU‡bi mgq †_‡K wesk kZvãxi ïi‪ ch©šÍ weÁv‡bi GKwU wPivwqZ wfwË
LyeB mdj I k³ fv‡e cÖwZwôZ †_‡K wM‡qwQj| cig ¯
vb Avi cig Kv‡ji
aviYvwU G‡ÿ‡Î we‡kl fv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G‡Z a‡i †bqv n‡q‡Q †h ¯
vb
Avi Kvj wb‡Ri ¸‡YB ¯^vaxbfv‡e cÖK…wZi `ywU A‡gvN Aw¯
Z¡ wn‡m‡e weivR
Ki‡Q, Giv cig I AcwieZ©bxq| ¯
v‡b ev Kv‡j Kx NU‡jv bv NU‡jv, Zv‡K
†K †Kvb Ae¯
vq cÖZ¨ÿ Ki‡jv wK Ki‡jvbv Gm‡ei Dci ¯
vb I Kvj
†gv‡UB wbf©i Ki‡Qbv| ¯
vb I Kvj eis bvbv NUbvi GKwU wbwj©ß cUf~wg
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| ZvB we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi½‡KI hv‡Z GB cig cUf~wg‡Z
Dc¯
vcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ Gi g‡a¨ k~b¨¯
vb mn mKj ¯
vb GK ai‡bi
A™¢~Z Zi‡j fwZ© GiKg g‡b Kiv n‡Zv, hvi bvg †`qv n‡qwQj C_vi| wKš‧
GwU Zijiƒ‡c Kw¤úZ n‡jI Av‡jvi gZ AwaK wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi Zi½ enb
Ki‡Z n‡j Gi `„pZv _vKv `iKvi wQj B¯úv‡Zi gZ, A_P Gi fi _vK‡Z
cvi‡ebv, Gi †Kvb PUP‡U fveI _vK‡Z cvi‡ebv (wfm‡KvwmwU)Ñ bB‡j MÖn-
DcMÖ‡ni PjvP‡j C_v‡ii cÖfve †`Lv †h‡Zv| Avevi ¯úóZ G‡K c~Y© ¯^‪QI
n‡Z n‡Zv bB‡j Gi †fZi w`‡q AvKv‡ki wKQz Avgiv †`L‡Z †cZvgbv|
GiKg A™¢~Z me ci¯úi-we‡ivax MyY m¤úbœ e¯‧i Kíbv Qvov cig ¯
vb I

47
cig Kv‡ji aviYv¸‡jv‡K †h․w³K Kiv hvw‪Qjbv| GwU Dbwesk kZvãxi
†k‡li w`‡K G‡m A‡bK weÁvbxi h‡_ó `ywðšÍvi KviY n‡q `uvwo‡qwQj|
Ab¨w`‡K ZvcMwZwe`¨vi wØZxq wbqgwU wPivqZ weÁv‡b GKwU Awbevh© wbqg|
GB wbqg Abyhvqx me wµqvi g‡a¨ GbUªwc (wek„‫‫‬Ljvi cwigvc) m‡e©v‪P
ch©v‡q †h‡Z Pvq| GB wbq‡gi GKwU djkÖ‪wZ n‡jv DËß GKwU wm‡ó‡g kw³
cÖKv‡ki hZ¸‡jv Kvq`v _vK‡Z cv‡i, wm‡ó‡gi DËv‡ci Dci wbf©ikxj
GKwU mywbw`©ó cwigvY mgvb kw³ Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z _vK‡Z n‡e| GB
bxwZwU‡K ejv nq kw³i mge›Ub bxwZ| wKš‧ c‡i DËß M‡Z©i †fZi †_‡K
†h wewKiY Zi½ wbM©Z nq Zvi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv †M‡Q mge›Ub bxwZi d‡j Ggb
Am¤¢e djvdj cvIqv hvq hv wPivqZ c`v_©we`¨v‡K cÖ‡kœi m¤§~Lxb K‡i| GB
me m¼U †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi Rb¨ Ggb b~Zb wKQz aviYv Avb‡Z n‡q‡Q hv
cÖKvivšÍ‡i c`v_©we`¨vq eo ai‡bi •ecøweK cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv K‡i‡Q wesk
kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K|

48
 AvBbóvB‡bi Av‡cwÿK ZË¡
Av‡jvi MwZ GKwU aª”eK
Dbwesk kZvãxi wKQz cixÿv †_‡K GKwU A™¢~Z e¨vcvi †`Lv hvw‪Qj †h
Av‡jvi MwZ Zvi Dr‡mi ev MÖvn‡Ki MwZi Dci †gv‡UB wbf©i bv K‡i me
mgq mgvb _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i 1887 mv‡j gvB‡Kjmb I gwj©i G·‡cwi‡g›U
bv‡g weL¨vZ cixÿvq Zuviv m~²fv‡e †`Lvi †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb †h m~h©-cwiµg‡Y
c„w_exi MwZi w`‡K cvVv‡bv I GKB c‡_ †dir Avbv Av‡jv, Avi G MwZi
m‡½ j¤^fv‡e cvVv‡bv Avi †mB c‡_ †dir Avbv Av‡jvi, GB Df‡qi †e‡M
†Kvb cv_©K¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq wKbv| me©Î we¯Í…Z KvíwbK C_vi mgy`ª cvwo w`‡q
hw` c„w_ex G¸‡Z _v‡K Zv n‡j †mB C_vi cvwo †`qv Av‡jvi †ÿ‡ÎI
c„w_exi MwZi Kvi‡Y GB `yB c‡_ hvIqv †e‡Mi g‡a¨ GKwU cv_©K¨ Avm‡e|
c„w_exi MwZi m‡½ j¤^fv‡e cvVv‡bv I †dir Avbv Av‡jvi GKB `~iZ¡
AwZµg Ki‡Z MwZi w`‡K Avmv hvIqv Av‡jvi †P‡q wKQzUv Kg mgq jvMvi
K_v| wKš‧ LyDe m~² cwigv‡cI †m iKg †Kvb cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvqwb|
GB djvd‡ji e¨vL¨v AvBbóvBb w`‡jb Zuvi 1905 mv‡j †`qv •ecøweK
Av‡cwÿK Z‡Ë¡i g‡a¨| cÖavbZ `ywU aviYvi Dci wZwb GB ZË¡‡K Lvov
Ki‡jb| Gi GKwU n‡jv: mij †iLvq mgMwZ‡Z Pj‡Q Ggb †h †Kvb
KvVv‡gvi cwi‡cÖwÿZ †_‡K k~b¨ ¯
v‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvi †eM me †ÿ‡Î
GKB| GiKg GKwU KvVv‡gv‡K cwi‡cÖwÿZ KvVv‡gv (†idv‡iÝ †d«g) ejv
nq gvB‡Kjmb-gwj© cixÿvq †hgb c„w_ex wb‡R GKwU cwi†cÖwÿZ KvVv‡gv|
AvBbóvB‡bi wØZxq aviYvwU n‡jv mij †iLvq mg‡e‡M Pj‡Q GiKg mKj
cwi†cÖwÿZ KvVv‡gv‡Z c`v_©we`¨vi wbqg¸‡jv me mgq GKB †`Lv hv‡e|
GB `ywU aviYv‡K hw` mwZ¨ n‡Z nq, Zv n‡j KZ¸‡jv •ecøweK wm×všÍ †bevi
welq Awbevh© fv‡e G‡m c‡o| †m¸‡jv wPivqZ weÁv‡bi wKQz wKQz ¯^xK…Z
welq‡K IjUcvjU K‡i w`‡Z Pvq| †hgb Gi GKwU n‡jv Dr‡mi hvB MwZ

49
†nvK bv †Kb, ev MšÍe¨ ¯
‡ji hv MwZ †nvK bv †Kb, Av‡jvi †eM Zvi
†KvbwUi Dci wbf©i bv K‡i GKB _vK‡e| Avi Av‡jvi MwZi †_‡K `ª‪Z
P‡j Ggb †Kvb wKQzB _vKv m¤¢e bqÑ bv †Kvb e¯‧, bv †Kvb Zi½, bv Ab¨
†Kvb iK‡gi wmM&b¨vj|
GKwU wRwbm jÿ¨bxqÑ †h mewKQz Dc‡i ejv n‡‪Q Zvi meB mij †iLvq
mgMwZ‡Z Pjv cwi‡cÖwÿZ KvVv‡gvi †ÿ‡Î| GwU MwZi GKwU we‡kl Ae¯
v,
ZvB AvBbóvB‡bi GB ZË¡‡K ejv nq Av‡cwÿKZvi we‡kl ZË¡| AvBbóvBb
c‡i Av‡iv mvaviY MwZi †ÿ‡ÎI Av‡cwÿK ZË¡ w`‡q‡Qb †hLv‡b Z¡wiZ n‡‪Q
Ggb cwi‡cÖwÿZ KvVv‡gvi welqI we‡ePbv Kiv hv‡e| Av‡cwÿKZvi mvaviY
ZË¡ bv‡gi H ZË¡ Avgiv GKUz ci †`L‡ev|
Av‡cwÿKZvi we‡kl ZË¡ Zvi Awbevh© wm×všÍ wn‡m‡e †hgb Av‡jvi †e‡Mi
aª‪eKZv I Zvi Aj‫‫‬NbxqZv‡K G‡b w`‡q‡Q, †Zgwb Av‡iv wKQz A™¢~Z welq
G‡b w`‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jv GLb Avgiv †`L‡ev|

mg‡qi cÖmviY, ¯’v‡bi ms‡KvPb, f‡ii e„w×

Av‡jvi MwZ Ifv‡e Dr†mi ev MÖvn‡Ki MwZi Dci wbf©i bv Kivi GKwU
KviY wbwnZ i‡q‡Q mgq wRwbmwUB MwZi Dci wbf©i K‡i e‡j|
AvBbóvB‡bi Z‡Ë¡ †`Lv †Mj GKwU Nwoi †eM hZ ev‡o Zvi mgq ZZ †¯øv
n‡q hvq| Nwoi †eM Av‡jvi †e‡Mi h‡_ó KvQvKvwQ hLb hvq GB †¯øv
nIqvi welqwUI ZLb Lye cÖKU nq| NwowU †h cwi‡cÖwÿZ KvVv‡gv‡Z Av‡Q
†mLvbKvi †Kvb ch©‡eÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q Aek¨ GwU †¯øv n‡ebv, KviY Zvi Kv‡Q
NwowU w¯
i| wKš‧ Gi m‡½ Av‡cwÿK MwZ‡Z Av‡Q Ggb KvVv‡gvi
ch©‡eÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q GwU †¯øv n‡e| Gfv‡e mg‡qi cÖmviY NUvwU Av‡cwÿK
Z‡Z¡i GKwU Awbevh© djvdj|
†h me mvaviY MwZi m‡½ Avgiv cwiwPZ †m¸‡jvi †eM Av‡jvi Zzjbvq GZ
Kg †h Zv‡Z mg‡qi cÖmviYwU aZ©‡e¨ Av‡mbv| wKš‧ gnvk~b¨ †_‡K Avmv
KmwgK iwk¥i g‡a¨ _vKv `ª‪Z MwZ m¤úbœ wgDqb KwYKvi †ÿ‡Î GB mg‡qi

50
cÖmviY ev¯Íe cixÿvq cÖgvwYZ n‡jv| Lye ÿY¯
vqx GB KwYKv¸‡jv G‡m hLb
D‪P ce©Z k„‡½ nvwRi nq ZL‡bv Zvi MwZ _v‡K AZ¨šÍ D‪PÑ Av‡jvi MwZi
95% Gi gZ| wKš‧ j¨v‡ev‡iUwi‡Z cixÿ‡Y cÖvq w¯
i Ae¯
vq _vKv GB
KwYKv cvIqv hvq| †`Lv hvq ce©Z k„‡½ GwU hZÿY wU‡K, j¨v‡ev‡iUwi‡Z
wU‡K Zvi †P‡q A‡bK Kg| D‪P †e‡Mi Kvi‡Y mg‡qi cÖmvi‡Yi wbqggZ
hZ †ewk †UKvi K_v wVK wVK ZZ LvwbB Gi Avqy®‥vj †ewk †`Lv †M‡Q ce©Z
k„‡½ †eMevb wgDqb KwYKv¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î|
Ab¨ w`‡K Av‡cwÿK mgMwZ‡Z Av‡Q Ggb KvVv‡gvi ch©‡eÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q †Kvb
wRwb‡mi •`N© Zvi †e‡Mi m‡½ m‡½ Kg‡Z _v‡KÑ wRwbmwUi MwZi w`‡Ki
•`N©| G‡K ejv hvq MwZi m‡½ ¯
v‡bi m‡¼vPb| †eM hZ †ewk n‡e m‡¼vPb
ZZ †ewk n‡e, Aek¨ Av‡jvi MwZi KvQvKvwQ Avm‡jB Ggb m‡¼vPb
aZ©‡e¨i g‡a¨ Av‡m| Avi GKB KvVv‡gv‡Z _vKv ch©‡eÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q †Kvb
m‡¼vPbB n‡ebv, KviY Zvi Kv‡Q wRwbmwU w¯
i|
Av‡cwÿK Z‡Ë¡ Av‡iv †`Lv †Mj MwZi m‡½ m‡½ †Kvb wRwb‡mi fi e„w×
cvq| Av‡jvi MwZi KvQvKvwQ wM‡q †cu․Q‡j fi LyeB †ewk e„w× cvq, Avi
Av‡jvi Av‡iv MwZi mgvb MwZ‡Z †cu․Q‡j †mwU Amxg f‡i cwiYZ nq| hZ
†ewk ejB Kíbv Kiv †nvK bv †Kb Amxg f‡ii †Kvb wRwbm‡K Z¡iY †`qv
A_©vr Zvi MwZ evov‡bv m¤¢e bq| GB Kvi‡YB Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z †cu․Qv‡bv
Kv‡iv c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| GB †h f‡ii e„w× G‡K †`Lv hvq MwZkw³i evowZ
f‡i cwiYZ nIqv wn‡m‡e| Zvi gv‡b kw³ Avi fi GKB wRwbm, Zvi GKwU
Ab¨wU‡Z cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| Av‡cwÿKZvi we‡kl Z‡Ë¡ kw³ I f‡ii
mgZvi mgxKiYwU me †P‡q †ewk L¨vwZ †c‡q‡Q:
E = mc2
A_©vr, kw³ = fi × (Av‡jvi †eM)2
c‡i wbDwK¬qvi kw³i e¨envi Ges eû iKg cig KwYKvi cixÿ‡Y kw³ I
f‡ii GB mgZv I ci¯úi A`j e`‡ji ev¯Íe cÖgvY wbqwgZ wg‡j‡Q| Aek¨
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h MwZi d‡j GB †h evowZ fi †mwU GKwU we‡kl iK‡gi

51
kw³-m`„k fi, hv‡K Av‡cwÿK ZË¡xq fiI ejv hvq| w¯
i _vKv Kvjxb †h
g~j fi, hv‡K w¯
i-fiI ejv nq, †mwU wKš‧ †Kvb e¯‧ ev KwYKvi AšÍwb©wnZ
fi hv AcwieZ©bxq|

GKB m‡½ NUv K_vwUi gv‡b Kx?

`ywU NUbv GKB m‡½ NUvi gv‡b Avgiv wVKB eywSÑ †hgb GKB m‡½ `ywU
wRwbm‡K gvwU‡Z co‡Z †`Ljvg| wKš‧ Av‡cwÿK ZË¡ Abyhvqx GB GK m‡½
NUvi aviYvwU GKwU Av‡cwÿK e¨vcvi| GKB cwi‡cªwÿZ KvVv‡gvi bvbv
ch©‡eÿ‡Ki mevi Kv‡Q `ywU NUbv GKB m‡½ NU‡Q g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‧
ci¯úi Av‡cwÿK mgMwZ‡Z i‡q‡Q Ggb bvbv ch©‡eÿ‡Ki Kv‡iv Kv‡Q ÔKÕ
I ÔLÕ `ywU NUbv GK m‡½ NU‡Q g‡b n‡j Ab¨ Kv‡iv Kv‡Q ÔKÕ Av‡M N‡U‡Q
g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Ab¨ †Kvb KvVv‡gv‡Z Ab¨ ch©‡eÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q ÔLÕ
Av‡M N‡U‡Q g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| meB wbf©i Ki‡e Df‡qi Av‡cwÿK MwZ Ges
NUbv `yUvi g‡a¨ `~i‡Z¡i Dci| GB e¨vcviwUi Zvrch© wKš‧ A‡bK| KviY
`ywU NUbvi GKwU‡K hw` KviY I Ab¨wU‡K hw` Zvi Kvh© wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv
Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j KviY‡K Aek¨B Kv‡h©i Av‡M NU‡Z n‡e, †Kvb Ae¯
v‡ZB
Kv‡h©i c‡i KviY NU‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‧ †KvbwU Av‡M †KvbwU c‡i NU‡Q †m
e¨vcv‡i hw` me KvVv‡gvi mevi gZ‣K¨ bv _v‡K Zv n‡j Kvh©KviY m¤ú‡K©

GK m‡½ NUvi e¨vcviwU ch©‡e¶‡Ki Av‡cw¶K| I Ae¯
v‡b _vKv ch©‡e¶‡Ki

Kv‡Q A I B `ywU we`y¨r-PgK GK m‡½ N‡U‡Q| wKš‧ II Ae¯
v‡b _vKv
ch©‡e¶‡Ki Kv‡Q A Av‡M N‡U‡Q| Aek¨ Av‡jvi MwZi Zzjbvq ch©‡e¶‡Ki `~iZ¡-
¸‡jv h‡_ó bv n‡j GB cv_©K¨wU aZ©‡e¨i g‡a¨ n‡e bv|
52
mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| †hgb GKwU NUbv‡K hw` `~‡i †Kv_vI Avi GKwU NUbvi
KviY n‡Z nq Zv n‡j `ywU NUbvi ga¨eZ©x mgq‡K H `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z
Av‡jvi cÖ‡qvRbxq mg‡qi †P‡q `xN©Zi A_ev AšÍZ mgvb n‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e
Av‡cwÿK Z‡Ë¡i Kvi‡Y Kvh©KviY m¤úK© wb‡q Avgv‡`i GZw`‡bi aviYv
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Avgiv e`jv‡Z eva¨ nw‪Q|

¯’vb I Kvj
Av‡cwÿK ZË¡ ¯
vb I Kvj m¤ú‡K© weÁvbx‡`i eûw`‡bi aviYv G‡Kev‡i
cvjwU‡q w`‡q‡Q| MwZi m‡½ mg‡qi cÖmviY Ges •`‡N©i ms‡KvPb Kv‡ji I
¯
v‡bi gva¨ Av‡cwÿKZv G‡b w`‡q cig Kvj I cig ¯
v‡bi aviYvi Aemvb
NwU‡q‡Q| gvB‡Kjmb-gwj© cixÿv a‡i wb‡qwQj me©e¨ß C_v‡ii ga¨ w`‡q
c„w_ex muvZvi †K‡U hv‡‪Q hvi d‡j Av‡jvK Zi‡½i †eM c„w_exi MwZi w`‡K
GK iKg Zvi m‡½ j¤^ fv‡e Ab¨ iKg n‡e| GgbwU cÖgv‡Y G cixÿv hLb
e¨_© n‡q‡Q ZLbB C_v‡ii KíbvwU AcÖ‡qvRbxq n‡q c‡o‡Q| Av‡cwÿKZvi
we‡kl ZË¡ wKš‧ GLv‡bB _v‡gwb|
Av‡jvi MwZi KvQvKvwQ MwZ‡Z G‡m †h fv‡e GKB m‡½ ¯
vb m¼zwPZ nq
Ges Kvj cÖmvwiZ nq Zv‡Z †`Lv hvq †h ¯
vb I Kv‡ji cwieZ©b ci¯ú‡ii
m‡½ Lye Nwbô fv‡e m¤úwK©Z| G‡Ki cwieZ©b‡K A‡b¨i cwieZ©b w`‡q e`j
Kiv hvqÑ ïay `„wó†KvY e`wj‡q| GZw`b ch©šÍ ¯
v‡bi wZbwU gvÎv (•`N©-
cÖ¯
-D‪PZvi gZ) Ges Kv‡ji GKwU gvÎvi g‡a¨ †Kvb m¤úK© i‡q‡Q Ggb
K_v Avgv‡`i g‡b nqwb; †Kvb NUbvi weeiY w`‡Z wM‡q Avgiv Avjv`v fv‡e
Wv‡b-ev‡g, mvg‡b-‡cQ‡b, Dci-wb‡P Zvi Ae¯
vb wb‡q Zvi ¯
vwbK wZbwU
Z_¨ w`Zvg, Avi Kv‡ji GKwU Z_¨ w`‡q KLb †mwU N‡U‡Q †mwU RvbvZvg
Avjv`v fv‡e| Av‡cwÿK Z‡Ë¡ ¯
vb I Kvj wg‡k wM‡q ¯
vb-Kv‡ji Pvi gvÎv
GKB ch©v‡qB P‡j G‡m‡Q| ZvB gnvwek¦‡K GLb PvigvÎvi ¯
vb-Kv‡j Mov
mË¡v e‡jB a‡i wb‡Z n‡‪Q| Gi Zvrch© A‡bK; GB GKxf~Z mË¡vi MvwYwZK

53
iƒc GLb wfbœ fv‡e †`L‡Z n‡‪Q, ¯
vb I Kvj wb‡q gvby‡li `k©b I wek¦-
`„wó‡ZI GwU GKwU AZ¨šÍ •ecøweK cwieZ©b|

Av‡cwÿKZvi mvaviY ZË¡

Av‡cwÿKZvi we‡kl Z‡Ë¡ AvBbvóvBb †`wL‡q‡Qb †h †hme cwi‡cÖwÿZ
KvVv‡gv Z¡iY jvf Ki‡Qbv, eis mij †iLvq mg‡e‡M i‡q‡Q Zvi me¸‡jv‡Z
c`v_©we`¨vi wbqg¸‡jv GKB _v‡K| ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB AvBbóvBbmn mKj
weÁvbxiv †`L‡Z †P‡q‡Qb mKj cwi‡cÖwÿZ KvVv‡gvi Rb¨B †hb c`v_©we`¨vi
wbqg¸‡jv GKB _v‡KÑ Zv †m¸‡jv mg‡e‡MB _vKzK Zvi Z¡i‡Yi g‡a¨B
_vKzK| GwU cÖwZwôZ Kivi cÖ‡Póv wn‡m‡eB AvBbóvBb A‡cwÿKZvi mvaviY
ZË¡ Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Qb|
GB ZË¡ gnvKl© Ges †h †Kvb Z¡i‡Yi g‡a¨ GKwU m¤ú~Y© mgZvi m„wó K‡i‡Q|
G‡Z hv gnvKl© ZvB Z¡iY, `yB‡qi g‡a¨ Zdvr Kivi Dcvq †bB| mPivPi

wjdwU c„w_ex‡Z ev Ab¨ †Kvb MÖn-DcMÖ‡n gnvK‡l©i

AvIZvq i‡q‡Q

wjd&UwU Qv‡`i w`‡K

Z¡wiZ n‡‪Q
wjdwUi †fZi me NUbv Dfq †¶‡Î GKB iKg n‡e|

54
Rxe‡bI Avgiv GB mgZv wKQzUv eyS‡Z cvwi| Avgiv hLb GKwU wjd&‡Ui
g‡a¨ _vwK Ges †mwU `ª‪Z Dc‡ii w`‡K Z¡iY jvf K‡i ZLb Avgiv
wb‡R‡`i‡K A‡bK †ewk fvwi e‡j Abyfe Kwi - †hb nVvr c„w_exi gva¨vKl©Y
†e‡o †M‡Q| Avm‡j GKwU e× wjd&‡U hw` Avgiv gnvwe‡k¦i †Kvb GK
RvqMvq _vwK Avi †fZ‡i me wKQz‡K wjd‡Ui †g‡Si w`‡K co‡Z †`wL,
ZLb GB covi Avmj KviYwU eyS‡Z cvi‡evbv| ej‡Z cvi‡evbv Avgiv wK
gnvk~‡b¨ i‡qwQ †hLv‡b wjdU Zvi Qv‡`i w`‡K Z¡wiZ n‡‪Q, bvwK †Kvb MÖn ev
DcMÖ‡ni gvwUi Dci wjd&wU w¯
i Av‡QÑ Zvi gnvK‡l©B me wRwbm wb‡Pi
w`‡K c‡o‡Q| Gi A_© gnvKl© Avi Z¡iY G‡Kev‡i GKB wRwbm| GLb
Zvn‡j e¯‧i Z¡i‡Yi Øviv m„ó djvdj‡K e¯‧i gva¨vKl©‡Yi djvdj wn‡m‡eB
MÖnY Kiv hvq|
Gi GKwU `y`©všÍ djkÖ‪wZ‡K GKwU Dcgvi gva¨‡g eySvi †Póv Kiv †nvK|
we‡bv`b cv‡K© GK ai‡bi ivBW Av‡Q (Ub©v‡Wv ivBW) †hLv‡b wmwjÐvi
AvK…wZi GKwU P‡µ mevB †Pqv‡i e‡m Avi Gi A‡ÿi Pvwiw`‡K GwU ebeb
K‡i Nyi‡Z _v‡K| g‡b Kiv hvK Gi g‡a¨ _vKv GK e¨w³ A‡ÿi Kv‡Q †_‡K
GKwU i‪jvi w`‡q PµwUi wKbvivi cwiwa gvcvi †Póv Ki‡Qb| †h‡nZz wZwb
†hLv‡b Av‡Qb Zvi Zzjbvq wKbvivq _vKv i‪jviwU †ewk †Rv‡i Nyi‡Q Kv‡RB
i‪jviwU Av‡cwÿK ZË¡ Abyhvqx LvwbKUv †eu‡U n‡q hvIqvi K_v| Zuvi
cwi†cÖwÿ‡Z (hw`I Avgiv GKUz evwo‡q ejwQ, KviY H Aí MwZ‡Z †eu‡U
nIqvUv eyS‡Z cvivi K_v bq)| d‡j Avm‡j cwiwawU hZ GB i‪jvi w`‡q
gvc‡j Zvi †P‡q GKUz †ewk cvIqv hv‡e| GLb hw` H e¨w³ PµwUi e¨vmvש
wbY©q K‡ib Aÿ †_‡K cwiwai w`‡K †g‡c wM‡q, Zv n‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î wKš‧
i‪jv‡ii •`‡N©i †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡ebv, KviY e¨vmv‡×©i w`‡K †Kvb MwZ †bB|
R¨vwgwZ‡Z e„‡Ëi cwiwa I e¨v‡mi GKwU mywbw`©ó AbycvZ Av‡Q hv‡K MÖxK
Aÿi ÔcvBÕ ejv nq| wKš‧ G‡ÿ‡Î cwiwawU A¯^vfvweK iKg eo cvw‪Q e‡j
†mB R¨vwgwZ Avi LvU‡ebv| cwiwa I e¨v‡mi AbycvZ GLv‡b ÔcvBÕ Gi †P‡q
†ewk nIqv‡Z g‡b nevi KviY N‡U †h ILvbKvi ¯
vbwU GKUz weK…Z ev euvKv
n‡q †M‡Q| mgZ‡j R¨vwgwZK e„Ë AvuK‡j †hgb nq †ZgbwU Avi †bB|

55
euvKv‡bv Z‡ji Dci e„Ë BZ¨vw` AvuK‡j †hgb Avgiv †`L‡ev †mB iKg weK…Z
nIqv e„Ë †`L‡ev| GLv‡b mvaviY R¨vwgwZi wbqg LvU‡Qbv| †mfv‡e Kíbv
Ki‡Z cvwi euvKv‡bv ¯
v‡bi g‡a¨ wKDe, †MvjK BZ¨vw` •Zwi Ki‡j †`L‡ev
†mLv‡bI mvaviY R¨vwgwZ LvU‡Qbv| mvaviY R¨vvwgwZi e¨Z¨q †`‡L eyS‡ev
†mLv‡b ¯
vb eµ| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h Dc‡ii e¨vcviwU NU‡Q Z¡iY i‡q‡Q
Ggb e¨e¯
vqÑ N~Y©‡bi d‡j †K›`ªgywL Z¡iYwUi K_v Avgv‡`i g‡b i‡q‡Q|
Avm‡j Av‡cwÿKZvi mvaviY ZË¡ mvaviYfv‡eI †`wL‡q‡Q †h †hLv‡b Z¡iY
i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b ¯
v‡b GK iKg eµZv m„wó nq| Avi †h‡nZz Z¡iY Avi gnvKl©
GKB wRwbm e‡j Avgiv †`Ljvg, G‡K gnvK‡l©i d‡j ¯
v‡bi eµZv e‡jI
we‡ePbv Kiv hvq|

GKwU fvwi †MvjK f‡ii Kvi‡Y mgZj ivevi kx‡U eµZv ev weK„wZ m„wó Ki‡Q| Kg fvwi †MvjK
Kg eµZv m„wó Ki‡Q| eµZv¸‡jvi Kvi‡Y G¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii w`‡K AvK„ó n‡‪Q| G‡K ¯
vbv Kv‡ji
eµZvi d‡j gnvK‡l©i Dcgv wn‡m‡e †bqv hvq|

†`Lv †Mj fi m¤úbœ e¯‧ gvÎB Gfv‡e Zvi Avkcv‡ki ¯
vb‡K we‡kl
AvK…wZ‡Z euvwK‡q †d‡jÑ fi hZ †ewk, GB eµZvi cwigvYI ZZ †ewk|
Av‡cwÿKZvi mvaviY Z‡Ë¡ gnvKl© ej‡Z GwUB eySvq| wbDUb †hLv‡b
ej‡Zb GK e¯‧ Ab¨ e¯‧‡K `~i †_‡K AvKl©Y K‡i, AvBbóvBb †mLv‡b

56
e‡jøb e¯‧i f‡ii d‡j Zvi Pvwiw`‡K ¯
vb eµZv jvf K‡i e‡j Ab¨ e¯‧
†mB eµZv AbymiY K‡i cÖ_g e¯‧i Kv‡Q hvq, hv‡K Avgiv gnvKl© ewj| Gi
d‡j `~i †_‡K ZvrÿwYK AvKl©‡Yi wbDUbxq aviYvq †h mgm¨v wQj ZvI `~i
n‡q †Mj| †KD †h Uvb‡Q Ab¨ e¯‧wU ZvrÿwYK fv‡e †mwU ey‡S Kx K‡iÑ
†mwUB wQj mgm¨vwU| ïay ZvB bq gnvwe‡k¦i me e¯‧i e›U‡bi Dci wbf©i
K‡i Gi cy‡iv ¯
vb-Kv‡ji eµZv wb‡qI AvBbóvBb wn‡me Kl‡Z cvi‡jb Ñ
hvi †_‡K weÁvbxiv †`Lvi †Póv Ki‡Qb gnvwek¦wU wK †MvjKvK…wZ, bv
Awae„ËvK…wZ, bv mgZj BZ¨vw`, A_©vr wKbv GwU wK e× I mmxg, bv D¤§y³ I
Amxg|
Av‡cwÿKZvi mvaviY ZË¡ AZ¨šÍ MwYZ-wbf©i ZvwË¡K GKwU cÖKí wn‡m‡eB
†`qv n‡qwQj| wKš‧ Aí K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †R¨vwZwe©`¨vi RM‡Z Zvi ev¯Íe
cÖgvY cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb `~i Zviv †_‡K Av‡jv c„w_ex‡Z Avmvi
mgq m~‡h©i KvQ †Nu‡l Avm‡Z nq| Av‡cwÿKZvi mvaviY Z‡Ë¡i wn‡me gZ
m~‡h©i f‡ii cÖfv‡e ¯
vb-Kv‡ji eµZvi Kvi‡Y GB Av‡jvwU AwZ mvgvb¨

†MvjvKvi eµZv Awae„ËvKvi eµZv mgZj eµZv

GLv‡b wØgvwÎK Zj‡K Dcgv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q, PZzg©vwÎK cwiw¯
wZ mn‡R Kíbv
Kiv hvqbv e‡j| wKš‧ PZzg©vwÎK †¶‡ÎI GKB ai‡bi eµZv m¤¢e|

wKQzUv †eu‡K hvIqvi K_v| m~h©- MÖn‡Yi mgq m~‡h©i Av‡jv bv _vKvq GB
euvKvi cwigvYwU gvcv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Ges ûeû mvaviY Z‡Ë¡i fwel¨ØvYx
AbyhvqxB Zv cvIqv †M‡Q| G QvovI eya MÖ‡ni A¯^vfvweK MwZwewa mn
†R¨vwZwe©`¨vi Ggb wKQz wel‡qi e¨vL¨v G‡Z m¤¢e n‡q‡Q hv wbDU‡bi gnvKl©
57
Z‡Ë¡ †`qv hvw‪Qj bv| Gi A_© GB bq †h wbDU‡bi gnvKl© ZË¡ Kv‡R
jvM‡ebv| Avm‡j GB Dfq Z‡Ë¡i ev¯Íe djvd‡j cv_©K¨ AwZ mvgvb¨ Ges
Zv ïay we‡kl we‡kl †ÿ‡Î ¸i‪Z¡ enb K‡i| wKš‧ Av‡cwÿK Z‡Ë¡ gnvK‡l©i
e¨vL¨v ZvwË¡K w`K †_‡K A‡bK †ewk m‡šZvlRbK Ges Zv e¨vcKZi †ÿ‡Î
cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨| Av‡cwÿKZvi we‡kl I mvaviY Z‡Ë¡i aviYv¸‡jv Avgv‡`i
mvaviY Áv‡bi w`K †_‡K †Zv e‡UB, wPivqZ c`v_©we`¨vi w`K †_‡KI AZ¨šÍ
•ecøweK|

58
 †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡
kw³i †Kvq›Uvg
Dbwesk kZvãxi †kl w`‡K G‡m kw³ wewKiY m¤úwK©Z GKwU mgm¨v
c`v_©we`‡`i Lye fvwe‡q Zz‡jwQj| evB‡ii RM‡Zi Øviv cÖfvweZ nqbv Ggb
GKwU M‡Z©i gZ (K¨vwfwU) RvqMv‡K hw` we‡kl †Kvb DËv‡c ivLv nq Zvn‡j
Zvi †fZi wewfbœ wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi‡½i m„wó nq| eySvi myweavi
Rb¨ Avgiv GKwU DËß I‡fb Pzjv‡KI GiKg GKwU RvqMv wn‡m‡e a‡i
wb‡Z cvwi| GLvbKvi DËv‡c _vKv PvR©hy³ KwYKv¸‡jvi K¤ú‡bi (Z¡i‡Yi)
d‡j g¨v·I‡q‡ji mgxKiY AbyhvqxB GBme we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi‡½i m„wó|
G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU Avevi I‡fbwUi me w`‡Ki †`qv‡j c‡o †mLv‡b †kvwlZ nq,
Avevi wfbœ †Kvb wd«‡Kv‡qw݇Z cybwbM©Z nq| Gfv‡e µgvMZ Pj‡Z _v‡K
Avi AmsL¨ bvbv wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi we`y¨r-‡P․¤^K Zi½ m„wó n‡ZB _v‡K| G‡`i
g‡a¨ †h m‡ei Zi½-‣`N© Ggb †h wecixZ `ywU †`qv‡ji gv‡S c~Y© msL¨K
Zi½ ûeû wdU K‡i hvq †m¸‡jv weKxY© nevi gZ kw³ Zi½ wn‡m‡e MÖvn¨
nq| GiKg MÖvn¨ Zi½-•`N© A_©vr MÖvn¨ wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi msL¨vI wKš‧ Amxg|
Avgiv †`‡LwQ ZvcMwZwe`¨vi wØZxq wbq‡gi m~Î a‡i GiKg cÖ‡Z¨KwU
wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi Zi‡½i m‡½ Rwo‡q _v‡K me †ÿ‡Î mgvb GKwU mywbw`©ó
cwigvY kw³ hv wbf©i K‡i ïay H I‡f‡bi DËv‡ci Dci| wewfbœ wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ
gv‡b kw³ ew›UZ nevi m¤¢ve¨ wewfbœ Kvq`v e‡jB GgbwU N‡U| Kv‡RB Amxg
msL¨K wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi Zi‡½i †gvU kw³I Amxg n‡Z eva¨| weÁvbxiv Zv‡`i
†Kvb djvd‡j Amxg wKQz n‡Z †`L‡j ey‡S hvb †h Z‡Ë¡ †Kv_vI mgm¨v
Av‡Q, G‡K Zuviv GKwU msKU wn‡m‡eB †`‡Lb| ZvcMwZwe`¨vi gZ
welq¸‡jv weÁv‡b G‡Zv †ewk †g․wjK fv‡e ¸i‪Z¡c~Y© †h †mLv‡b bq eis
Ab¨Î LyuR‡Z n‡jv †mB mgm¨vi mgvavb|
mgvavbwU G‡jv 1900 mv‡j g¨v· cø¨v‡¼i †`qv GK hyMvšÍKvix Z‡Ë¡i
gva¨‡g hvi bvg †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡| GZ w`b kw³‡K wbiwew‪Qbœ GKwU mË¡v
59
wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Zv| wKš‧ cø¨v¼ a‡i wb‡jb kw³ †m iKg bq, eis
GwU ¸‡‪Q ¸‡‪Q GK GKwU evwÛj iƒ‡c wbM©Z nq| GB GK GKwU evwÛj‡K
ejv n‡jv GK GKwU †Kvqv›Uvg| kw³ wewKi‡Y Zi‡½i wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ hZ †ewk
n‡e (A_©vr Zi½-‣`N© hZ Kg n‡e) Zvi †Kvqv›Uv‡gi kw³i cwigvY ZZ
†ewk n‡e| G ZË¡ Abyhvqx †Kvqv›Uv‡gi kw³ wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi m‡½ mgvbycvwZK:
†Kvqv›Uv‡gi kw³ = h × wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ
GLv‡b mgvbycv‡Zi aª‪eK h †K ejv nq cø¨v‡¼i aª‪eK| Gi gvbwU wKš‧
AZ¨šÍ ÿz`ª| h = 6.63 × 10-34 Ryj †m‡KÛ | h Gi GB AwZ ÿz`ª gvb
†_‡K eySv hv‡‪Q †h ‡Kvqv›Uv‡gi kw³i cwigvY AZ¨šÍ Kg; Avi GB
Kvi‡YB †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i e¨vcvi¸‡jv ïay AYy-cigvYyi RM‡ZB we‡eP¨ welq
n‡q D‡V|
Avgv‡`i H DËß I‡f‡bi †gvU kw³ Amxg n‡q covi †h m¼U †mwUi
mgvavb wKš‧ cø¨v‡¼i GB b~Zb aviYvi gva¨‡gB n‡q †Mj| I‡f‡bi g‡a¨
†h me Zi‡½i wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ Kg Zvi †Kvqv›Uv‡gi kw³I †mB Abyhvqx Kg|
cÖ‡Z¨K wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi †ÿ‡Î I‡f‡bi DËvc Øviv wba©vwiZ mevi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨
†mB ew›UZ kw³i cwigv‡Yi mgvb n‡Z †h KÕwU †Kvqv›Uvg cÖ‡qvRb n‡e †m
KÕwUi ØvivB †mB cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bv nq| wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ hZ †ewk n‡e A_©vr
†Kvqv›Uv‡gi kw³ hZ †ewk n‡e, A‡cÿvK…Z Aí msL¨K †Kvqv›Uvg G Kv‡R
jvM‡e| wKš‧ †Kvb Zi‡½i wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ hw` GZ †ewk nq †h Zvi †Kvqv›Uv‡gi
kw³ H wba©vwiZ kw³i †P‡q †ewk Zv n‡j H †Kvqv›Uvg Avi kw³ wewKi‡Y
Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡ibv| ZvB †gvU kw³i cwigvY wba©viY Ki‡Z Gi Dc‡ii
†Kvb wd«‡Kv‡qwÝB wnmv‡ei g‡a¨ Avm‡ebv| d‡j Amxg nevi †Kvb Avk¼vB
_vK‡Qbv|
GKwU Dcgv wn‡m‡e ej‡Z †M‡j G †hb I‡f‡bi 20 wWwMÖ DËvc (D`vniY
¯^iƒc) wVK K‡i w`‡q‡Q †h cÖ‡Z¨K wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi g~j¨ n‡Z n‡e 20 UvKv|
GLb aiv hvK GKwU wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi †Kvqv›Uvg †hb GK UvKvi †bvU| 20wU

60
GK UvKvi †bvU w`‡q Zvi `vg †`qv hvq| Avevi Zvi wظY wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi
†Kvqv›Uvg `yB UvKvi †bvU| Zvi †ÿ‡Î jvM‡e 10wU †Kvqv›Uvg| †hwUi
†Kvqv›Uvg cuvP UvKvi †bvU Zvi Rb¨ 4wU †Kvqv›Uvg, Avi †hwUi †Kvqv›Uvg 10
UvKvi †bvU Zvi PvB gvÎ 2wU †bvU| 20 UvKvi †bvU 1wU w`‡qI g~j¨ †kva
Kiv hv‡e, wKš‧ 50 UvKvi †bvU w`‡q g~j¨ †kva Kiv hv‡e bv KviY g~‡j¨i
†ewk †`evi GLwZqvi †bB| †m †ÿ‡Î 20 UvKv g~‡j¨i †Kvqv›Uvg †h
wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi Zvi Dc‡ii †Kvb †Kvqv›Uvg e¨env‡ii †Kvb my‡hvM †bB|
ZvQvov †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ n‡jv †MvUv †MvUv †Kvqv›Uv‡gi (Avgv‡`i Dcgv‡Z
†bvU) e¨vcvi, GLv‡b fvswZi †Kvb Kvievi †bB| wPivqZ c`v_©we`¨vi GKwU
eo m¼U Gfv‡e Gov‡bv m¤¢e n‡jv| kw³‡K wbiwewPQbœ wRwbm wn‡m‡e bv
†`‡L UzK‡iv UzK‡iv ev †Kvqv›Uvg wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z †kLvi gva¨‡gB GwU m¤¢e
n‡jv|

Av‡jvi KwYKv iƒc

GKwU ZvwË¡K m¼‡Ui mgvav‡bi Rb¨ †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ G‡jv e‡U, wKš‧ GB
Z‡Ë¡i cieZ©x Dbœqb I Zvrch© n‡jv AZ¨šÍ my`~icÖmvixÑ hv weÁv‡bi †Pnviv
G‡Kev‡i cvjwU‡q w`‡jv, Gi `vk©wbK Dcjw×wUI| GB Zvrch© m„wói cÖ_g
c`‡ÿcwU wb‡qwQ‡jb AvBbóvBb 1905 mv‡j| kw³ †Kvqv›Uvg ev evwÛ‡ji
AvKv‡i wbM©Z nq Ggb K_v e‡j cø¨v¼ wb‡RB kw³i GKwU KwYKv iƒ‡ci
D‡¤§vPb K‡iwQ‡jb| GB e¨vcviwU‡K AvBbóvBb Kv‡R jvMv‡jb d‡Uv-
B‡jKwUªK cÖwµqvwU‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi gva¨‡g| wZwb †`Lv‡jb †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡
Abyhvqx Av‡jv wbM©Z nq KwYKviƒ‡cÑ †h KwYKvi bvg †`qv n‡jv †dvUb|
d‡Uv-B‡jKwUªK cÖwµqvq †`Lv hvw‪Qj †h †Kvb avZzi Dci Av‡jv †dj&‡j
wKQz B‡jKUªb avZzi Mv †_‡K Drwÿß nq, hv‡`i‡K GKwU abvZ¥K
B‡jK‡Uªv‡W AvKl©Y K‡i msMÖn I cwigvc Kiv hvq| AvBbóvBb †`Lv‡jb
D¾¡jZi Av‡jv †dj&‡j GiKg Drwÿß B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨v ev‡o e‡U wKš‧
G‡`i kw³ ev‡obv| kw³ evov‡Z n‡j AwaK wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi Av‡jv †dj‡Z
nq| e¨vcviwU‡K wZwb †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ w`‡q my›`i e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡jb, KviY
61
AwaK wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi Av‡jvi †Kvqv›Uvg ev †dvU‡bi i‡q‡Q AwaKZi kw³ hv
GK GKwU B‡jKUªb‡K AwaKZi kw³‡Z Drwÿß Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| †Kvqv›Uvg
ZË¡ Qvov GB e¨vcviwU‡K Ab¨ †Kvb fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv e‡j GLv‡b
†Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i GKwU cÖgvY wgj‡jv ev¯Íe cixÿvq| Gfv‡e †`Lv †Mj †h
Av‡jv ev Ab¨ †h †Kvb we`y¨r-†P․¤^K Zi½ GKB m‡½ Zi½ Ges KwYKv|
GKB m‡½ Zi½ I KwYKv nIqvi e¨vcviwU hZB A™¢~Z g‡b †nvK G‡K
Gwo‡q hvevi †Kvb Dcvq iB‡jvbv| Zi½ bv n‡j Gi B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ ev
wWd«vKk‡bi g‡Zv ¸Y _vK‡e †Kb, Avi KwYKv bv n‡j Gi d‡Uv-B‡jKwUªK
cÖwµqv _vK‡e †Kb|
Av‡jvK KwYKvi w¯
i-fi Aek¨ k~b¨| GwU finxb KwYKv Ñ hw`I fi-
‡eMnxb bq| AšÍwb©wnZfv‡e finxb e‡jB Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z Pjv Gi c‡ÿ
m¤¢e, Av‡cwÿKZvi we‡kl wbqg m‡Ë¡I|

e¯‘i Zi½ iƒc

D‡ëv w`K †_‡K †f‡e GI ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB g‡b Kiv hvq †h Zi½ hw`
KwYKv n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e KwYKv †Kb Zi½ n‡Z cvi‡ebv| wVK GB wPšZv‡K
ZvwË¡K iƒc w`‡jb jyB `¨ eªMwj 1924 mv‡j| wZwb ïay KwYKv‡K Zi½
wn‡m‡e KíbvB Ki‡jb bv, †mB e¯‧-Zi‡½i Zi½- •`N© KZ n‡e ZviI ZË¡
w`‡jb:
h
Zi½-•`N© =
KwYKvi fi‡eM
GB e¨vcviwUI †h †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i e¨vcv‡i Zv h Gi Dcw¯
wZ †_‡KB eySv
hv‡‪Q| h †h‡nZz AwZ ÿz`ª ZvB Dc‡ii mgxKiY Abyhvqx aZ©‡e¨ Avbvi gZ
Zi½-‣`N© cvIqv hv‡e ïay ÿz`ª KwYKvi †ÿ‡ÎB hvi fi AwZ Kg †hgb
B‡jKUª‡bi ev cigvYyi| wµ‡KU ej ev c„w_exi gZ eo wRwb‡mi Zi½-•`N©
†c‡Z PvB‡j GB mgxKiY †_‡K Zvi †h gvb cvIqv hv‡e Zv cwigv‡ci
Dchy³ n‡ebv|

62
Z‡e `¨ eªMwji ZË¡ hw` wVK nq Zv n‡j B‡jKUª‡bi gZ KwYKvi Zi½-•`N©
gvcv hvIqv DwPZ| ¯§iY Ki‪b Av‡jv‡K hLb Avgiv Zi½ iƒ‡c †`‡LwQ ZLb
Zvi wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ A_ev Zi½-•`N© †g‡cwQjvg B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ cixÿv K‡i c`©vq
m„ó B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ c¨vUv‡b© ci ci Av‡jvwKZ I AÜKvi Ask¸‡jvi `~iZ¡
†g‡c| ZvB Gevi wkM&wMi B‡jKUª‡bi g‡Zv KwYKvi cÖevn‡K e¨envi K‡i
GKB iK‡gi cixÿvi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡jv| B‡jKUªb wbM©Z nq Ggb Dr‡mi
mvg‡b cvkvcvwk `ywU mi‪ KvUv RvqMvi (w¯øU) e¨e¯
v K‡i `ywU B‡jKUªb
cÖev‡ni m„wó Kiv nq †h¸‡jv GKB RvqMv w`‡q hvq| Av‡jvi †ÿ‡Î †hfv‡e
c`©vi e¨envi Kiv n‡qwQj †mfv‡e B‡jKUªb †Kv_vq Kx cwigv‡Y Av‡Q
cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ D˜NvUK (wW‡U±i) e¨envi K‡i †`Lv hvq †h G‡ÿ‡ÎI
B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ c¨vUvb© m„wó n‡q‡Q hvi †_‡K B‡jKUª‡bi Zi½-•`N© wn‡me K‡i
gZB †ei Kiv hvq Ges Zv ûeû `¨ eªMwji wn‡m‡e Kiv Zi½-•`‡N©i m‡½
wg‡j hvq| Gfv‡e cixÿvqI cÖgvwYZ n‡jv †h e¯‧-KwYKvi Zi½iƒc i‡q‡Q|
†KD g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h cvwbi Zi‡½ †hgb AmsL¨ RjKYv Zi½vKv‡i
GK m‡½ Av‡›`vwjZ n‡q Zi½iƒc †bq, G‡ÿ‡ÎI AmsL¨ B‡jKUªb KwYKv
†hb GK‡Î Zi½ iƒc wb‡‪Q| wKš‧ e¨vcviwU †gv‡UB †miKg bq| Avgiv hw`
Dc‡ii B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ cixÿvq B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨v Kgv‡Z _vwK Zvi
B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ c¨vUvb©wU Kg ¯úó n‡e wKš‧ Zvi gvc‡Rv‡K †Kvb cwieZ©b
Avm‡ebv| Kgv‡Z Kgv‡Z hw` Avgiv G‡K GKwU B‡jKUª‡b wb‡q Avwm, gRvi
e¨vcvi n‡jv ZL‡bv B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ n‡e! GKwU B‡jKUªb Kx Dcv‡q AwefvR¨
†_‡K `ywU KvUv RvqMvi ga¨ w`‡q GK m‡½ wM‡q wb‡Ri m‡½ wb‡Ri
DcwicvZb NUv‡‪Q Zv LyeB PgKcÖ` `vk©wbK cÖ‡kœi Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i e‡U, wKš‧
†hwU ¯úó Zv n‡jv B‡j±ª‡bi m‡½B I‡Zv‡cÖv‡Zvfv‡e Zvi GKwU Zi½iƒc
i‡q‡QÑ GKwU B‡jKUª‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI| †m iKg †h †Kvb KwYKvi ev ÿz`ª e¯‧i
m‡½ I‡Zv‡cÖv‡Zvfv‡e Zvi Zi½iƒc i‡q‡Q| GgbwK eo e¯‧i m‡½I i‡q‡Q
hw`I Zv eySv hv‡e bv|

63
†Kvqv›Uvg MwZwe`¨v
GiDBb †kªv‡qwW½vi †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i b~Zb MwZwe`¨v †Kvqv›Uvg †gKvwb‡·i
Rb¥ w`‡jb| wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g †h †Kvb KwYKv ev KwYKv
wm‡ó‡gi Dci GK ai‡bi Zi½ Av‡ivc Ki‡jb hvi we¯Ívi‡K (GgwcøwPDW)
ejv n‡jv I‡qf dvskb| GKwU wm‡ó‡gi bvbv ¸Y Zvi I‡qf dvskb †_‡K
cvIqv hvq, hv Avevi †kªv‡qwW½v‡ii mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb †_‡K Av‡m| GB
Zi‡½i Avmj gv‡bUv Kx? GwU `yiƒn cÖkœ n‡jI G‡K A‡bKUv m¤¢vebvi Zi½
wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| †hgb D`vniY ¯^iƒc GB Zi‡½i ¯ú›`‡bi we¯Ívi
(ev ZxeªZv) †Kv_vq KZUzKz Zvi wnmve e‡j †`q H KwYKv¸‡jvi †Kv_vq
_vKvi m¤¢vebv KZLvwb| Gi gv‡b G ai‡bi Zi‡½i AeZviYvi gva¨‡g
KwYKvi mywbw`©ó Ae¯
v‡bi K_v fwel¨ØvYxi †Kvb Dcvq Avi ivLv †Mjbv,
Avgiv ïay m¤¢vebvi K_v wn‡me K‡i fwel¨ØvYx Ki‡Z cvwi Avi Ae¯
v‡bi
†mB m¤¢vebv bvbv RvqMv‡ZB bvbv cwigv‡Y _vK‡Z cv‡i| wPivqZ wbDUbxq
weÁvb †hiKg me wKQz G‡°ev‡i mywbw`©ó fv‡e fwel¨ØvYx Kivi `vex Ki‡Zv
†`Lv †Mj ÿz`ª KwYKvi RM‡Z Ggb `vex APj| Gi bvbv iKg m¤¢ve¨Zv
m~wPZ K‡i K‡i Ggb bvbv Zi½ DcwicvwZZ Ae¯
vq _v‡K I wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨
B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ K‡i, hvi d‡j RwUj me evowZ Ae¯
vi m„wó nq| GB evowZ
RwUj AskwU Qvov evwK me wKQz wPivqZ MwZwe`¨vi m‡½ Awfbœ djvdj
†`q| ÿz`ª KwYKvi †ÿ‡Î GB evowZ RwUj Ae¯
v¸‡jv ¸i‪Z¡c~Y© Ges
†m¸‡jvB MvwYwZK fv‡e †Kvq›Uvg MwZwe`¨vi djvdj¸‡jv w`‡q _v‡K| Avi
GB djvdj¸‡jv‡K aZ©‡e¨ G‡bB wesk kZvãx‡Z A‡bK eo eo Avwe®‥vi I
D™¢veb m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv g~jZ KwYKvi Dci cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡jI KwYKv
wm‡ó‡gi Dci wbf©i Kiv e¯‧i mvwe©K ¸Yv¸‡Yi A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎI Zv Awbevh©
fv‡e Av‡m|
Z‡e eo †Kvb e¯‧‡K mivmwi mvgwMÖKfv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡j Zv‡Z GB
†Kvqv›Uvg AskwU _v‡Kbv| Gi KviY n‡jv IiKg eo e¯‧ AmsL¨ KwYKvq
MwVZ| G‡`i wewfbœUvq Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ †mB B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ RwbZ RwUj

64
evowZ AskwU wewfbœ w`‡K nq †KvbUv abvZ¥K w`‡K (†hvM nq) †KvbwU
FYvZ¥K w`‡K (we‡qvM nq)| Gfv‡e AmsL¨ KwYKvi †ÿ‡Î †hvM we‡qvM n‡q
H evowZ AskwU MocoZv k~‡b¨ cwiYZ nq| d‡j eo wRwb‡m w`we¨ wPivqZ
MwZwe`¨vi wbq‡gB fwel¨ØvYx Pj‡Z cv‡i, †Kvqv›Uvg MwZwe`¨vi †Zvqv°v bv
K‡i| e¨vU Ki‡j wµ‡KU ej KZ †e‡M †Kv_vq hv‡e Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z ZvB
†Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i `iKvi nqbv, GgbwK gnvKvkhv‡bi Puv‡` †h‡ZI `iKvi
nqbv| wKš‧ †mB gnvKvkhv‡b †h B‡jKUªwbK hš¿cvwZ e¨eüZ nq Zvi meB
†Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡iB dmj|

D˜NvU‡bi ci I‡qf
dvskb Pzc‡m hv‡‪Q
B‡jKUªb
Drm

D˜NvU‡bi Av‡M B‡jKUªb

B‡jKUª‡bi I‡qf D˜NvUK
dvskb
c`©v

cwigv‡ci Av‡M B‡jKUª‡bi I‡qf dvskb Avgiv wnmve K‡i †c‡Z cvwi hv‡Z A ¯
v‡b ev B ¯
v‡b
B‡jKUªbwUi Ae¯
v‡bi m¤¢vebv¸‡jv ïay Rvbv hvq| cwigv‡ci ci Pzc‡m hvIqv I‡qf dvskb|
cwigv‡ci d‡j GwU wbw`©ó K‡i e‡j w`‡‪Q B‡jKUªbwU A ¯
v‡b i‡q‡Q|

GKwU wRwbm g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e hZÿY Avgiv mwZ¨ mwZ¨ cwigvc bv KiwQ,
ïay †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ Abyhvqx wn‡me K‡i fwel¨ØvYx KiwQ, ZZÿYB ïay G‡Z
bvbv m¤¢vebv I‡qf dvskb iƒ‡c †c‡Z n‡‪Q| †hB gyn~‡Z© mwZ¨ mwZ¨ cwigvc
Ki‡ev ZÿzwY welqwU mywbw`©ó n‡q hv‡e, Avi m¤¢vebvi e¨vcvi _vK‡ebv| †hB

65
gyn~‡Z© cwigv‡ci gva¨‡g ev¯Íe D˜NvUb m¤¢e n‡‪Q †mB gyn~‡Z© KwYKvi I‡qf
dvskb Pzc‡m wM‡q mywbw`©ó RvqMv‡Z Zvi Ae¯
vb Rvbv m¤¢e K‡i w`‡‪Q|
wKš‧ I‡qf dvskb Rvbvi wfwˇZB Avgiv A‡bK wKQzi wn‡me-wb‡Kl ev
fwel¨rØvbx Ki‡Z cvwiÑ hvi wfwˇZB †Kvqv›Uvg MwZwe`¨v|

AwbðqZvi bxwZ
B‡Zvg‡a¨B Avgiv †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡ wKQzUv AšÍwb©wnZ AwbðqZvi Avfvm
†c‡qwQ| †hgb GLv‡b Avgiv mywbw`©wó K‡i KwYKvi Ae¯
vb BZ¨vw` wbY©‡qi
Avkv Z¨vM K‡iwQ| nvB‡RbevM© GB AwbðqZv‡K Ab¨ GKwU gvÎvq wb‡q
†M‡Qb| wZwb Ae¯
vb I fi‡eMÑ KwYKvi GB `ywU Ae¯
v‡K GK m‡½
we‡ePbv K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h Ae¯
vb‡K Avgiv hZB wbwðZ fv‡e wbY©‡qi †Póv
Ki‡ev fi‡e‡Mi wbY©q ZZB AwbwðZ n‡q co‡e| Avevi fi‡eM‡K hZB
wbwðZ Kivi †Póv Ki‡ev Ae¯
vb ZZB AwbwðZ n‡q co‡e| hw` mwZ¨ mwZ¨
G‡`i GKwU‡KÑ aiv hvK Ae¯
vb‡KÑ Avgiv G‡Kev‡iB mywbw`©ó K‡i wbY©q
Ki‡Z cvwi Zv n‡j djkÖ‪wZ‡Z fi‡e‡Mi AwbðqZv Amxg n‡q co‡e, hv
wKbv GKwU Am¤¢e cwiw¯
wZ| GB bxwZwU‡K ejv nq nvB‡Rbev‡M©i
AwbðqZvi bxwZ, hv wZwb cÖKvk Ki‡jb Gfv‡e:
Ae¯
v‡bi AwbðqZv × fi‡e‡Mi AwbðqZv  h
H h Gi Dcw¯
wZ‡Z AevK nevi wKQz †bB, KviY Gme NU‡Q †Kvqv›Uvg
Z‡Ë¡i Kvi‡Y, hvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q h GB AwZ ÿz`ª aª‪eKwU| gRvi e¨vcvi n‡‪Q
GB †h AwbðqZv GwU Avgv‡`i cwigvc Kivi mÿgZvi †Kvb NvUwZi Rb¨
n‡‪Qbv †gv‡UB, eis GwU mKj ÿz`ª wRwb‡mi GKwU A‡gvN wbqwZ| hZ wbLuyZ
fv‡eB, ev hZ D‪Pv‡½i †K․k‡jB cwigv‡ci †Póv Kwibv †Kb Ae¯
vb I
fi‡eM Df‡qiB AwbðqZv G‡Kev‡i Kwg‡q Avb‡jI h Gi KvQvKvwQ gv‡bi
GKwU ÿz`ª wKš‧ Awbevh© AwbðqZv me wKQz‡Z †_‡KB hv‡e|
GwU ïay †h ïay weÁvb †_‡K LvwbKUv wbðqZv †K‡o wb‡q gg© †e`bv NUv‡bvi
welq Zv bq, eis ev¯Íe †ÿ‡ÎI Gi Zvrch© A‡bK| ai‪b GKwU gvÎ
66
B‡jKUªb wb‡q Avgv‡`i H B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ cixÿvwU‡Z B‡jKUªbwU‡K `ywU Lye
mi‪ KvUv RvqMvi †fZi w`‡q GKB m‡½ hvevi A™¢yZ KvÐwU Ki‡Z bv w`‡q
†Rvi K‡i G‡K GKwU KvUv RvqMvi ga¨ w`‡q wb‡q hvevi †Póv Kwi| Zv n‡j
Kx n‡e? H duvKUzKz hw` AZ¨šÍ mi‪ nq Gi ga¨ w`‡q hvevi gyn~‡Z© Avgiv
B‡jKUªbwUi Ae¯
vbwU G‡Kev‡i wbwðZ K‡i ej‡Z cviwQ †h GwU H mi‪
duvKUzKzi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q| wKš‧ Zv n‡j AwbðqZvi bxwZ Abyhvqx B‡jKUªbwUi
fi‡eM Amxg iƒc jvf Ki‡eÑ A_©vr ¯
vb-Kv‡j me©e¨ß n‡e Zvi fi‡eMÑ hv
Am¤¢e| Avm‡j †kl Aewa Avgv‡`i‡K ¯^xKvi Ki‡ZB n‡e †h B‡jKUªb H
`yB KvUv RvqMv w`‡q GK m‡½B hv‡‪QÑ A_©vr Zvi Zi½iƒc Ifv‡e hv‡‪Q|
Ae¯
vb I fi‡e‡Mi †h iKg m¤úK©, kw³ Avi Zvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi mg‡qi g‡a¨I
†m iKg m¤úK©| ZvB AwbðqZvi bxwZ‡Z ejv hvq;
kw³i AwbðqZv × mg‡qi AwbðqZv  h
Gi d‡jI ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î A™¢yZ me NUbv NU‡Z cv‡i| ÿz`ª KwYKv‡`i RM‡Z
Avgiv hw` Zvi kw³ cÖvq wbwðZ K‡i wbY©q K‡i ej‡Z cvwi, Ges †`wL †h
GwU GKwU wbw`©ó evav AwZµg Ki‡Z cvivi gZ h‡_ó bq, Zv n‡j †`Lv
hv‡e †mB eo evav AwZµg Kivi GKwU †QvU wKš‧ mmxg m¤¢vebv GB †QvU
kw³iI _v‡K, Ges A‡bK KwYKvi g‡a¨ wKQz wKQz KwYKv mwZ¨ mwZ¨ GB
evav AwZµg K‡iI| Gi KviY kw³ cÖvq wbwðZ nIqvq †m kw³ Kvh©Ki
nevi mgq cÖvq Amx‡gi KvQvKvwQ n‡q c‡o| Gi g‡a¨ k~b¨ ¯
vb-Kvj †_‡K
evowZ kw³ wb‡q Zv Avevi KvR †k‡l †dir †`qvi gZ m¤¢vebv •Zwi n‡q
hvq| GiKg cvi n‡q hvIqv hw`I wPivqZ MwZwe`¨vq m¤¢e bq, Zey

kw³ kw³ kw³

wPivqZ weÁv‡bi wbq‡g h‡_ó kw³ †Kqv›Uvg ZË¡ Abyhvqx Kg kw³i KwYKvi m¤¢vebv Zi½ evavi
bv _vK‡j evav AwZµg Am¤¢e D‡ëv w`‡KI we¯Í…Z n‡Z cv‡i| evav cvZjv n‡j G m¤¢vebv ev‡o|
67
†Kvqv›Uvg MwZwe`¨vq m¤¢e e‡j G‡K ejv nq evavi ga¨ w`‡q myo½ †K‡U
hvIqv ev Uv‡bwjs G‡d±| G †h ïay ZvwË¡K fv‡e cÖgvwYZ ZvI bq| KviY
cigvYy†K›`ª †_‡K kw³kvjx e‡ji AvKl©‡Yi evav AwZµg K‡i Avjdv
KwYKv bvgK KwYKv Aí kw³ wb‡qI †ei n‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i hvi e¨vL¨v ïay
GiKg Uv‡bwjs Gi gva¨‡gB m¤¢e| Avevi Gfv‡eB G‡m‡Q Uv‡bj Wv‡qvW
bv‡gi AvaywbK B‡jKUªwbK †K․kj hv †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i Uv‡bwjs G‡d± Qvov
m¤¢e n‡Zv bv|

68
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