ET-353, Lecture 11&12 (Modulation) (Introduction To AM, FM, PM)
ET-353, Lecture 11&12 (Modulation) (Introduction To AM, FM, PM)
ET-353, Lecture 11&12 (Modulation) (Introduction To AM, FM, PM)
(MUST), MIRPUR
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Communications Technology
ET-353
Lecture No.11 & 12:Modulation,
Introduction to AM,FM.PM
Engr. Faisal Iqbal
Lecturer
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Lecture Outline
Baseband vs. Modulated Signal
Baseband Transmission
Modulation
Modulation System
Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum
Frequency allocation
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Baseband vrs Modulated Signal
Baseband Signal
Base band signal is the modulating signal/original information signal
either in a digital or analog form (intelligent/message) in
communication system
Example: voice signal (300Hz – 3400Hz)
Modulated Signal
Modulated signal is baseband signal which its original frequency is
shifted to higher frequency to facilitate transmission purposes.
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Block Diagram of Modulation Process
Baseband Modulated
signal signal
MODULATION
PROCESS
Carrier
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Baseband Transmission
The need of baseband transmission:
Process of modulation
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Modulation
Types of modulation :
Frequency Assignment
For TV and radio broadcasting, each station has a different assigned
carrier
Multiplexing
Combining several signals for simultaneous transmission on one
channel by placing each signal on different carrier frequency
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Definition of Modulation:
Modulation is the process by which some
characteristics of a carrier wave is varied in accordance
with the instantaneous value of a modulating signal or
message signal.
The carrier wave is changed in accordance with the
intensity (i.e amplitude) of the message signal.
The resultant wave is called modulated wave or radio
wave.
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Need for modulation:
(i) Practical Antenna Length
Theory shows that in order to transmit a wave effectively the length of the
transmitting antenna should be approximately equal to the wavelength of the wave
As the audio frequency ranges from 20 HZ to 20 kHZ, if they are transmitted directly
into space, the length of the transmitting antenna required would be extremely
large.
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For instance, to radiate a frequency of 20 kHZ directly into space, we
would need an antenna length of
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(ii) Operating range
The energy of a wave depends upon its frequency.
The greater the frequency of the wave, the greater the energy
possessed by it.
As the audio signal frequencies are small, they cannot be
transmitted over large distances if radiated directly into space.
The only practical solution is to modulate a high frequency
carrier wave with audio signal and permit the transmission to
occur at this high frequency (i.e., Carrier frequency)
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(iii) Wire Communication
One desirable feature of radio transmission is that it
should be carried with out wires i.e., radiated into
space.
At audio frequencies, radiation is not practicable
because the efficiency of radiation is poor.
However, efficient radiation of electrical energy is
possible at high frequencies (> 20 kHz).
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(iv) Multiplexing
If more than one signal uses a single channel then
modulation may be used to translate different signals to
different spectral location, thus enabling the receiver to
select the desired signal.
Application of multiplexing includes data telemetry,
broadcasting and long-distance telephones.
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(v) To Overcome Equipment Limitations
Occasionally in signal processing applications the frequency
of the signal to be processed and frequency range of
processing apparatus do not match.
If the equipment is elaborate and complex. It is operated in
some fixed frequency range, thus translating the frequency
range of the processing signal corresponding to this fixed
range of equipment. Modulation can be used to accomplish
this frequency translation.
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(vi) Narrow banding:
without modulation, the ratio of highest to lowest
message (audio) signal would be 20 KHz / 20 hz =
1000.
So, the antenna height has to vary up to a scale of
1000, which is impractical.
If modulation is used with a carrier of 1 MHz, then the
ratio will be [106+ 20000] / 106 + 20] ≈ 1.
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Modulation System
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Classification
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Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum
The electromagnetic frequency spectrum is divided into
subsections, or bands, with each band having a different
name and boundary.
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Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum
In the United State, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
assigns frequencies and communications services for free space
radio propagation
f = freq
λ = wavelength
c f
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Frequency allocation
If the transmission channel is the atmosphere,
interference and propagation are strongly dependent on the
transmission frequency
There are three main sector that provides frequency assignment and
is concerned with the efficient use of radio frequency spectrum
ITU(R)
ITU(T)
ITU(D)
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Frequency Bands
3 – 30 kHz VLF (very low freq) Ground wave
30 – 300 kHz LF (low freq) Ground wave
300 – 3000 kHz MF (medium freq) Ground wave/sky wave
3 – 30 MHz HF (high
freq) Sky wave (Ionospheric)
30 – 300 MHz VHF (very high freq) Space wave (LOS)
300 – 3000 MHz UHF (ultrahigh freq) Space wave (LOS)
3 – 30 GHz SHF (superhigh freq) LOS/Satellite
30 – 300 GHz EHF (Extremely high freq) LOS/Satellite
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Frequency Bands
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Frequency Bands
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Any Question?
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Communications Technology
ET-353
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Lecture Outline
Types of analog-to-analog modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Advantages & Disadvantages of AM
Applications of AM
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
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Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of
analog information by an analog signal. One may ask
why we need to modulate an analog signal; it is
already analog. Modulation is needed if the medium
is bandpass in nature or if only a bandpass channel
is available to us.
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Types of analog-to-analog modulation
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AM, PM and FM
All these modulation types are analog modulation
techniques. All the modulation types are used to
transmit information from one place to the distant
place. Mostly these techniques are employed in wireless
communication.
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For any analog modulator type, there are two inputs and one
output. The two inputs are modulating signal (i.e. analog
information to be transmitted) and carrier signal waveform.
The output is referred as modulated waveform.
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Amplitude Modulation
A carrier signal is modulated only in amplitude value
The modulating signal is the envelope of the carrier
The required bandwidth is 2B, where B is the bandwidth of the
modulating signal
Since on both sides of the carrier freq. fc, the spectrum is identical, we
can discard one half, thus requiring a smaller bandwidth for
transmission.
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Figure: Amplitude modulation
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Note
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Figure 5.17 AM band allocation
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What is amplitude modulation
Amplitude modulation
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Amplitude demodulation
Amplitude modulation, AM, is one of the most straightforward ways of
modulating a radio signal or carrier. It can be achieved in a number of
ways, but the simplest uses a single diode rectifier circuit.
Other methods of demodulating an AM signal use synchronous
techniques and provide much lower levels of distortion and improved
reception where selective fading is present.
One of the main reasons for the popularity of amplitude modulation has
been the simplicity of the demodulation. It enables costs to be kept low -
a significant advantage in producing vast quantities of very low cost AM
radios.
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Advantages & disadvantages of AM
Advantages Disadvantages
It is simple to implement • It is not efficient in terms of its
• it can be demodulated using a power usage
circuit consisting of very few • It is not efficient in terms of its
components use of bandwidth, requiring a
• AM receivers are very cheap as bandwidth equal to twice that
no specialised components are of the highest audio frequency
needed. • It is prone to high levels of noise
because most noise is amplitude
based and obviously AM
detectors are sensitive to it.
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Applications
• Broadcast transmissions: AM is still
widely used for broadcasting on the
long, medium and short wave bands. It
is simple to demodulate and this means
that radio receivers capable of
demodulating amplitude modulation
are cheap and simple to manufacture.
Nevertheless many people are moving
to high quality forms of transmission
like frequency modulation, FM or digital
transmissions.
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Cont..
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Frequency Modulation
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Note
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Figure: Frequency modulation
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Figure: FM band allocation
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What is frequency modulation, FM
As with any form of modulation, it is
necessary to be able to successfully
demodulate it and recover the original
signal. The FM demodulator may be
called a variety of names including FM
demodulator, FM detector or an FM
discriminator.
There are a number of different types of
FM demodulator, but all of them enable
the frequency variations of the incoming
signal to be converted into amplitude
variations on the output. These are
typically fed into an audio amplifier, or
possibly a digital interface if data is
being passed over the system.
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Frequency Demodulation
It is necessary to be able to successfully demodulate it and
recover the original signal. The FM demodulator may be
called a variety of names including FM demodulator, FM
detector or an FM discriminator.
There are a number of different types of FM demodulator, but
all of them enable the frequency variations of the incoming
signal to be converted into amplitude variations on the
output. These are typically fed into an audio amplifier, or
possibly a digital interface if data is being passed over the
system.
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Advantages of frequency modulation
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Disadvantages of frequency modulation
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Phase Modulation (PM)
The modulating signal only changes the phase of the
carrier signal.
The phase change manifests itself as a frequency change
but the instantaneous frequency change is proportional to
the derivative of the amplitude.
The bandwidth is higher than for AM.
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Figure: Phase modulation
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Note
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What is Phase Modulation
Phase modulation, PM is sometimes used for analogue transmission, but
it has become the basis for modulation schemes used for carrying data.
Phase shoft keying, PSK is widely used for data communication.Phase
modulation is also the basis of a form of modulation known as quadrature
amplitude modulation, where both phase and amplitude are varied to
provide additional capabilities.
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Phase modulation basics
A radio frequency signal consists of an oscillating carrier in the form of a sine
wave is the basis of the signal.
The instantaneous amplitude follows this curve moving positive and then
negative, returning to the start point after one complete cycle - it follows the
curve of the sine wave.
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Cont..
The sine wave can also be represented by the movement of a point around a
circle, the phase at any given point being the angle between the start point and
the point on the waveform as shown.
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Cont..
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Forms of phase modulation
Although phase modulation is used for some analogue
transmissions, it is far more widely used as a digital form of
modulation where it switches between different phases.
This is known as phase shift keying, PSK, and there are many
flavours of this. It is even possible to combine phase shift keying
and amplitude keying in a form of modulation known as quadrature
amplitude modulation, QAM.
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Phase Modulation(PM)
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PM Advantage
Modulation and demodulation does not catch any channel noise.
PM Disadvantage:
Circuit needed for PM modulation and demodulation is bit
complicated than AM and FM
Application:
Satellite communication.
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Any Question?
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