Applications of the CHAPTER

Definite Integral
5
Athletes who can jump high are often said to have “springs in their legs.”
It turns out that tendons and the arches in your feet act very much like
springs, storing and releasing energy. For example, your Achilles ten-
don stretches as you stride when walking and contracts as your foot hits
the ground. Much like a spring that is stretched and then released, the
tendon stores energy during the stretching phase and releases it when
contracting.
Physiologists measure the efficiency of the springlike action
of tendons by computing the percentage of energy released during
contraction relative to the energy stored during the stretch. The stress-strain curve
presented here shows force as a function of stretch during stretch (top curve) and
recoil (bottom curve) for a human arch. (Figure reprinted with permission from
Exploring Biomechanics by R. McNeill Alexander.) If no energy is lost, the two
curves are identical. The area between the curves is a measure of the energy lost.
The corresponding curve for a kangaroo y
(see Alexander) shows almost no area be-
4
tween the curves. The efficiency of the kanga-
Force (kilonewtons)

roo’s legs means that very little energy is re-

quired to hop. In fact, biologist Terry Dawson
found in treadmill tests that the faster kanga- 2
roos run, the less energy they burn (up to the
test limit of 20 mph). The same principle ap-
plies to human athletes, in that the more the
Achilles tendons stretch, the more efficient the x
running process becomes. For this reason, ath- 0 1 2
Actuator displacement
letes spend considerable time stretching and
(millimeters)
strengthening their Achilles tendons.
This chapter demonstrates the versatility of the integral by exploring numer-
ous applications. We start with calculations of the area between two curves. The
integral can be viewed from a variety of perspectives: graphical (areas), numerical
(Riemann sum approximations) and symbolic (the Fundamental Theorem of Cal-
culus). As you study each new application, pay close attention to how we develop
the integral(s) measuring the quantity of interest.

5.1 AREA BETWEEN CURVES

We initially developed the definite integral (in Chapter 4) to compute the area
under a curve. In particular, let f be a continuous function defined on [a, b], where
f (x) ≥ 0 on [a, b]. To find the area under the curve y = f (x) on the interval [a, b],

377
378 CHAPTER 5 .. Applications of the Definite Integral 5-2

y b−a
we begin by partitioning [a, b] into n subintervals of equal size, Dx = . The points
n
3 in the partition are then x0 = a, x1 = x0 + Dx, x2 = x1 + Dx and so on. That is,

2 xi = a + iDx, for i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n.

On each subinterval [xi−1 , xi ], we construct a rectangle of height f (ci ), for some

1
ci ∈ [xi−1 , xi ], as indicated in Figure 5.1 and take the sum of the areas of the n rectan-
gles as an approximation of the area A under the curve:
x
1 2 3 4 5 n
X
A≈ f (ci ) Dx.
FIGURE 5.1 i=1
Approximation of area
As we take more and more rectangles, this sum approaches the exact area, which is

y n
X Z b
A = lim f (ci ) Dx = f (x) d x.
n→∞ a
i=1
y 5 f(x)
We now extend this notion to find the area bounded between the two curves y = f (x)
and y = g(x) on the interval [a, b] (see Figure 5.2), where f and g are continuous and
x f (x) ≥ g(x) on [a, b]. We first use rectangles to approximate the area. In this case, on each
a b
subinterval [xi−1 , xi ], construct a rectangle, stretching from the lower curve y = g(x) to the
upper curve y = f (x), as shown in Figure 5.3a. Referring to Figure 5.3b, the ith rectangle
y 5 g(x)
has height h i = f (ci ) − g(ci ), for some ci ∈ [xi−1 , xi ].
So, the area of the ith rectangle is
FIGURE 5.2
Area between two curves Area = length × width = h i Dx = [ f (ci ) − g(ci )] Dx.

y
y
(ci , f(ci))
y 5 f (x) hi 5 f (ci) 2 g(ci)
y 5 f(x)
x
x a ci b
a b

(ci , g(ci ))
y 5 g(x)
y 5 g(x)

FIGURE 5.3a FIGURE 5.3b

REMARK 1.1 Approximate area Area of ith rectangle

Formula (1.1) is valid only

when f (x) ≥ g(x) on the The total area is then approximately equal to the sum of the areas of the n indicated rectangles,
interval [a, b]. In general, the n
X
area between y = f (x) and A≈ [ f (ci ) − g(ci )] Dx.
y = g(x) for a ≤ x ≤ b is i=1
Rb
given by a | f (x) − g(x)| d x.
Notice that to evaluate this Finally, observe that if the limit as n → ∞ exists, we will get the exact area, which we
integral, you must evaluate recognize as a definite integral:
Rd
c
[ f (x) − g(x)] d x on
all subintervals where
Rf d(x) ≥ g(x), then evaluate AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
c
[g(x) − f (x)] d x on all
subintervals where g(x) ≥ f (x) n
X Z b
and finally, add the integrals A = lim [ f (ci ) − g(ci )] Dx = [ f (x) − g(x)] d x. (1.1)
n→∞
together. i=1 a
5-3 SECTION 5.1 .. Area between Curves 379

EXAMPLE 1.1 Finding the Area between Two Curves

Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = 3 − x and y = x 2 − 9. (See Figure 5.4.)
y

y 5 x2 2 9

x
24 3
y532x

FIGURE 5.4
y = 3 − x and y = x 2 − 9

Solution Notice that the limits of integration correspond to the x-coordinates of the
points of intersection of the two curves. Setting the two functions equal, we have
3 − x = x2 − 9 or 0 = x 2 + x − 12 = (x − 3)(x + 4).
Thus, the curves intersect at x = −4 and x = 3. Take note that the upper boundary of
the region is formed by y = 3 − x and the lower boundary is formed by y = x 2 − 9.
So, for each fixed value of x, the height of a rectangle (such as the one indicated in
Figure 5.4) is
h(x) = (3 − x) − (x 2 − 9).
From (1.1), the area between the curves is then
Z 3
A= [(3 − x) − (x 2 − 9)] d x
−4
3 · 3 ¸3
x2
Z
2 x
= (−x − x + 12) = − − + 12x
−4 3 2 −4
· 3
32 (−4)3 (−4)2
¸ · ¸
3 343
= − − + 12(3) − − − + 12(−4) = .
3 2 3 2 6 „

Sometimes, the upper or lower boundary is not defined by a single function, as in the
following case of intersecting graphs.

EXAMPLE 1.2 Finding the Area between Two Curves That Cross
Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = x 2 and y = 2 − x 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
y
Solution Notice from Figure 5.5 that since the two curves intersect in the middle
y 5 x2 of the interval, we will need to compute two integrals, one on the interval where
2 − x 2 ≥ x 2 and one on the interval where x 2 ≥ 2 − x 2 . To find the point of intersection,
we solve x 2 = 2 − x 2 , so that 2x 2 = 2 or x 2 = 1 or x = ±1. Since x = −1 is outside
2
the interval of interest, the only intersection of note is at x = 1. From (1.1), the area is
Z 1 Z 2
x A= [(2 − x 2 ) − x 2 ] d x + [x 2 − (2 − x 2 )] d x
1 2 0 1
1 2 ¸1 · 3 ¸2
2x 3
Z Z ·
2x
y 5 2 2 x2 = (2x 2 − 2) d x = 2x −
(2 − 2x 2 ) d x + + − 2x
0 1 3 0 3 1
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
2 16 2 4 4 4
FIGURE 5.5 = 2− − (0 − 0) + −4 − − 2 = + + = 4.
y = x 2 and y = 2 − x 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 „
380 CHAPTER 5 .. Applications of the Definite Integral 5-4

In example 1.3, the intersection points must be approximated numerically.

y
EXAMPLE 1.3 A Case Where the Intersection Points Are Known
y 5 x2 Only Approximately

1
Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = cos x and y = x 2 .
Solution The graph of y = cos x and y = x 2 in Figure 5.6 indicates intersections at
y 5 cos x about x = −1 and x = 1, where cos x = x 2 . However, this equation cannot be solved
x exactly. Instead, we use a rootfinding method to find the approximate solutions
22 21 1 2 x = ±0.824132. [For instance, you can use Newton’s method to find values of x for
which f (x) = cos x − x 2 = 0.] From the graph, we can see that between these two
x-values, cos x ≥ x 2 and so, the desired area is given by
FIGURE 5.6
1 3 0.824132
Z 0.824132 · ¸
y = cos x and y = x 2 2
A≈ (cos x − x ) d x = sin x − x
−0.824132 3 −0.824132
· ¸
1 1
= sin 0.824132 − (0.824132)3 − sin(−0.824132) − (−0.824132)3
3 3
≈ 1.09475.
Note that we have approximated both the limits of integration and the final calculations. „

Finding the area of some regions may require breaking the region up into several pieces,
y each having different upper and/or lower boundaries.

1
EXAMPLE 1.4 The Area of a Region Determined by Three Curves
y 5 x2 y522x Find the area bounded by the graphs of y = x 2 , y = 2 − x and y = 0.
Solution A sketch of the three defining curves is shown in Figure 5.7a. Notice that the
x
y50 1 2 top boundary of the region is the curve y = x 2 on the first portion of the interval and the
line y = 2 − x on the second portion. To determine the point of intersection, we
FIGURE 5.7a solve
y = x 2 and y = 2 − x 2 − x = x2 or 0 = x 2 + x − 2 = (x + 2)(x − 1).

Since x = −2 is to the left of the y-axis, the intersection we seek occurs at x = 1. We

y
then break the region into two pieces, as shown in Figure 5.7b and find the area of each
separately. The total area is then
Z 1 Z 2
1 y522x
y 5 x2 A = A1 + A2 = (x 2 − 0) d x + [(2 − x) − 0] d x
0 1
¸2
x 3 ¯¯1 x2
¯ ·
5
A1 A2 = + 2x − = .
x 3 ¯0 2 1 6 „
1 2
Although it was certainly not difficult to break up the region in example 1.4 into
several pieces, we want to suggest an alternative that will prove to be surprisingly useful.
FIGURE 5.7b
y = x 2 and y = 2 − x Notice that if you turn the page sideways, Figure 5.7a will look like a region with a single
curve determining each of the upper and lower boundaries. Of course, by turning the page
sideways, you are essentially reversing the roles of x and y.
More generally, for two continuous functions, f and g, where f (y) ≥ g(y) for
all y on the interval c ≤ y ≤ d, to find the area bounded between the two curves
x = f (y) and x = g(y), we first partition the interval [c, d] into n equal subintervals, each
d −c
of width Dy = . (See Figure 5.8a.) We denote the points in the partition by y0 = c,
n
y1 = y0 + Dy, y2 = y1 + Dy and so on. That is,

yi = c + iDy, for i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n.
5-5 SECTION 5.1 .. Area between Curves 381

y y

x 5 g(y) x 5 g(y)
wi 5 f(ci ) 2 g(ci)
d d

(g(ci ), ci ) ci ( f(ci), ci)

x x

c c
x 5 f(y) x 5 f (y)

FIGURE 5.8a FIGURE 5.8b

Area between x = g(y) and x = f (y) Area of ith rectangle

On each subinterval [yi−1 , yi ] (for i = 1, 2, . . . , n), we then construct a rectangle of width

wi = [ f (ci ) − g(ci )], for some ci ∈ [yi−1 , yi ], as shown in Figure 5.8b. The area of the ith
rectangle is given by

Area = length × width = [ f (ci ) − g(ci )] Dy.

The total area between the two curves is then given approximately by
n
X
A≈ [ f (ci ) − g(ci )] Dy.
i=1

We get the exact area by taking the limit as n → ∞ and recognizing the limit as a definite
integral. We have

n
X Z d
Area between two curves A = lim [ f (ci ) − g(ci )] Dy = [ f (y) − g(y)] dy. (1.2)
n→∞ c
i=1

EXAMPLE 1.5 An Area Computed by Integrating with Respect to y

y Repeat example 1.4, but integrate with respect to y instead.
Solution From Figure 5.9, notice that the left-hand boundary of the region is formed
√
1 by the graph of y = x 2 or x = y (since only the right half of the parabola forms the
x5 y x522y left boundary). The right-hand boundary of the region is formed by the line y = 2 − x
√
or x = 2 − y. These boundary curves intersect where y = 2 − y; squaring both sides
gives us
x
1 2 y = (2 − y)2 = 4 − 4y + y 2

or 0 = y 2 − 5y + 4 = (y − 1)(y − 4).
FIGURE 5.9
y = x 2 and y = 2 − x So, the curves intersect at y = 1 and y = 4. From Figure 5.9, it is clear that y = 1 is the
solution we need. (What does the solution y = 4 correspond to?) From (1.2), the area is
given by
Z 1 · ¸1
√ 1 2 1 2 5
A= [(2 − y) − y] dy = 2y − y 2 − y 3/2 = 2 − − = .
0 2 3 0 2 3 6 „
382 CHAPTER 5 .. Applications of the Definite Integral 5-6

y
EXAMPLE 1.6 The Area of a Region Bounded by Functions of y
2
x 5 y2 Find the area bounded by the graphs of x = y 2 and x = 2 − y 2 .
1 Solution From Figure 5.10, observe that it’s easiest to compute this area by
integrating with respect to y, since integrating with respect to x would require us to
x break the region into two pieces. The two intersections of the curves occur where
21 1 2
y 2 = 2 − y 2 , or y 2 = 1, so that y = ±1. On the interval [−1, 1], notice that
x 5 2 2 y2
21 2 − y 2 ≥ y 2 (since the curve x = 2 − y 2 stays to the right of the curve x = y 2 ). So,
from (1.2), the area is given by
22 Z 1 Z 1
A= [(2 − y 2 ) − y 2 ] dy = (2 − 2y 2 ) dy
−1 −1
FIGURE 5.10
2 3 1
· ¸ µ ¶ µ ¶
2
x = y and x = 2 − y 2 2 2 8
= 2y − y = 2− − −2 + = .
3 −1 3 3 3 „

In collisions between a tennis racket and ball, the ball changes shape, first compressing
and then expanding. Let x represent how far the ball is compressed, where 0 ≤ x ≤ m, and
let f (x) represent the force exerted on the ball by the racket. Then, the energy transferred
is proportional to the area under the curve y = f (x). Suppose that f c (x) is the force during
compression of the ball and f e (x) is the force during expansion of the ball. Energy is
transferred to the ball during compression and transferred away from the ball during ex-
pansion,
R m so that the energy lost by the ball in the collision (due to friction) is proportional
to 0 [ f c (x) − f e (x)] d x. The percentage of energy lost in the collision is then given by
Rm
0 [ f c (x) − f e (x)] d x
100 Rm .
0 f c (x) d x

EXAMPLE 1.7 Estimating the Energy Lost by a Tennis Ball

Suppose that test measurements provide the following data on the collision of a tennis
ball with a racket. Estimate the percentage of energy lost in the collision.

x (in.) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

f c (x) (lb) 0 25 50 90 160
y f e (x) (lb) 0 23 46 78 160

160 Solution The data are plotted in Figure 5.11, connected by line segments.
We need to estimate the area between the curves and the area under the top curve.
120 Since we don’t have a formula
R 0.4 for either function, we must use a numerical method such
as Simpson’s Rule. For 0 f c (x) d x, we get
80 fc (x)
Z 0.4
0.1
f c (x) d x ≈ [0 + 4(25) + 2(50) + 4(90) + 160] = 24.
0 3
40 fe (x) R 0.4
To use Simpson’s Rule to approximate 0 [ f c (x) − f e (x)] d x, we need a table of function
x values for f c (x) − f e (x). Subtraction gives us
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
x 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
FIGURE 5.11
f c (x) − f e (x) 0 2 4 12 0
Force exerted on a tennis ball
from which Simpson’s Rule gives us
Z 0.4
0.1 6.4
[ f c (x) − f e (x)] d x ≈ [0 + 4(2) + 2(4) + 4(12) + 0] = .
0 3 3
100(6.4/3)
The percentage of energy lost is then ≈ 8.9%. With over 90% of its energy
24
retained in the collision, this is a lively tennis ball. „
5-7 SECTION 5.1 .. Area between Curves 383

BEYOND FORMULAS
In example 1.5, we viewed the given graphs as functions of y and set up the area as an
integral of y. This idea indicates the direction that much of the rest of the course takes.
The derivative and integral remain the two most important tools, but we diversify our
options for working with them, often by changing variables. The flexible thinking that
this promotes is key in calculus, as well as in other areas of mathematics and science.
We develop some general techniques and often the first task in solving an application
problem is to make the technique fit the problem at hand.

EXERCISES 5.1

WRITING EXERCISES 11. y =

5x
,y = x
x2 + 1
1. Suppose the functions f and g satisfy f (x) ≥ g(x) ≥ 0 for
all x in 12. y = sin x (0 ≤ x ≤ 2π ), y = cos x
R b the interval [a, b].R Explain
b
in terms of the areas
............................................................
A1 = a f (x) d x and A2 = a g(x) d x why the area between
Rb
the curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) is given by a | f (x) − In exercises 13–18, sketch and estimate the area determined by
g(x)| d x. the intersections of the curves.
2. Suppose the functions f and g satisfy f (x) ≤ g(x) ≤ 0 for 13. y = e x , y = 1 − x 2 14. y = x 4 , y = 1 − x
all x in
R b the interval [a, b].R Explain in terms of the areas 2
b
A1 = a f (x) d x and A2 = a g(x) d x why the area between 15. y = sin x, y = x 16. y = cos x, y = x 4
Rb
the curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) is given by a | f (x) − 17. y = x 4 , y = 2 + x 18. y = ln x, y = x 2 − 2
g(x)| d x. ............................................................
3. Suppose that the speeds of racing cars A and B are v A (t) and In exercises 19–26, sketch and find the area of the region
v B (t) mph, respectively. If v A (t) ≥ v B (t) for all t, v A (0) = bounded by the given curves. Choose the variable of integra-
v B (0) and the race lasts from Rt = 0 to t = 2 hours, explain tion so that the area is written as a single integral. Verify your
2
why car A will win the race by 0 [v A (t) − v B (t)] dt miles. answers to exercises 19–21 with a basic geometric area formula.
4. Suppose that the speeds of racing cars A and B are v A (t) and 19. y = x, y = 2 − x, y = 0
v B (t) mph, respectively. If v A (t) ≥ v B (t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.5 and
1.1 ≤ t ≤ 1.6 and v B (t) ≥ v A (t) for 0.5 ≤ 20. y = x, y = 2, y = 6 − x, y = 0
R 2t ≤ 1.1 and 1.6 ≤
t ≤ 2, describe the difference between 0 |v A (t) − v B (t)| dt 21. x = y, x = −y, x = 1
R2
and 0 [v A (t) − v B (t)] dt. Which integral will tell you which
22. x = 3y, x = 2 + y 2
car wins the race?
23. y = 2x (x > 0), y = 3 − x 2 , x = 0
24. x = y 2 , x = 4
In exercises 1–4, find the area between the curves on the given
interval. 25. y = e x , y = 4e−x , x = 0
1. y = x 3 , y = x 2 − 1, 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 ln x 1−x
26. y = ,y = 2 ,1 ≤ x ≤ 4
x x +1
2. y = cos x, y = x 2 + 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
............................................................
3. y = e x , y = x − 1, −2 ≤ x ≤ 0
27. In collisions between a ball and a striking object (e.g., a
4. y = e−x , y = x 2 , 1 ≤ x ≤ 4 baseball bat or tennis racket), the ball changes shape, first
............................................................ compressing and then expanding. If x represents the change
in diameter of the ball (e.g., in inches) for 0 ≤ x ≤ m and
In exercises 5–12, sketch and find the area of the region deter- f (x) represents the force between the ball and striking ob-
mined by the intersections of the curves. ject (e.g., in pounds), then the area under the curve y = f (x)
5. y = x 2 − 1, y = 7 − x 2 6. y = x 2 − 1, y = 12 x 2 is proportional to the energy transferred. Suppose that f c (x)
√ is the force during compression R m and f e (x) is the force dur-
7. y = x 3 , y = 3x + 2 8. y = x, y = x 2 ing expansion. Explain why 0 [ f c (x) − f e (x)] d x is propor-
2 2 tional
R m to the energy lostR mby the ball (due to friction) and thus
9. y = 4xe−x , y = |x| 10. y = , y = |x| [ f c (x) − f e (x)] d x/ 0 f c (x) d x is the proportion of energy
x2 + 1 0
384 CHAPTER 5 .. Applications of the Definite Integral 5-8

lost in the collision. For a baseball and bat, reasonable values 34. Suppose that the cubic y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d and the
are shown (see Adair’s book The Physics of Baseball): parabola y = kx 2 + mx + n intersect at x = A and x = B
with B repeated (that is, the curves are tangent at B; see
x (in.) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 the figure). Show that the area between the curves equals
f c (x) (lb) 0 250 600 1200 1750 |a|
(B − A)4 .
f e (x) (lb) 0 10 100 270 1750 12
Use Simpson’s Rule to estimate the proportion of energy re- y
tained by the baseball.
18
28. Using the same notation as in exercise 27, values for the force 16
f c (x) during compression and force f e (x) during expansion of 14
12
a golf ball are given by 10
8
x (in.) 0 0.045 0.09 0.135 0.18 6
f c (x) (lb) 0 200 500 1000 1800 4
2
f e (x) (lb) 0 125 350 700 1800 x
A B
Use Simpson’s Rule to estimate the proportion of energy re-
tained by the golf ball. 35. Consider two parabolas, each of which has its vertex at x = 0,
but with different concavities. Let h be the difference in y-
29. Much like the compression and expansion of a ball discussed in coordinates of the vertices, and let w be the difference in the
exercises 27 and 28, the force exerted by a tendon as a function x-coordinates of the intersection points. Show that the area
of its extension determines the loss of energy (see the chapter between the curves is 23 hw.
introduction). Suppose that x is the extension of the tendon,
f s (x) is the force during stretching of the tendon and fr (x) is
y
the force during recoil of the tendon. The data given are for a
hind leg tendon of a wallaby (see Alexander’s book Exploring 6
Biomechanics):
4
w
x (mm) 0 0.75 1.5 2.25 3.0 2
f s (x) (N) 0 110 250 450 700 x
fr (x) (N) 0 100 230 410 700 22 21 1 2
22
Use Simpson’s Rule to estimate the proportion of energy re- h
24
turned by the tendon.
30. The arch of a human foot acts like a spring during walking
and jumping, storing energy as the foot stretches (i.e., the arch 36. Show that for any constant m, the area between y = 2 − x 2
flattens) and returning energy as the foot recoils. In the data, and y = mx is 16 (m 2 + 8)3/2 . Find the minimum such area.
x is the vertical displacement of the arch, f s (x) is the force on
the foot during stretching and fr (x) is the force during recoil 37. For y = x − x 2 as shown, find the value of L such that
(see Alexander’s book Exploring Biomechanics): A1 = A2 .

x (mm) 0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 y

f s (x) (N) 0 300 1000 1800 3500
0.25
fr (x) (N) 0 150 700 1300 3500 A2 y5L
0.2
Use Simpson’s Rule to estimate the proportion of energy re- 0.15
A1
turned by the arch. 0.1
0.05
31. The average value of a function f (x) on the interval [a, b] is x
Z b
1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
A= f (x) d x. Compute the average value of f (x) =
b−a a
x 2 on [0, 3] and show that the area above y = A and below 38. For y = x − x 2 and y = kx as shown, find k such that A1 = A2 .
y = f (x) equals the area below y = A and above y = f (x).
2 2x y
32. Find t such that the area between y = and y = 2
x +1 x +1 0.25
for 0 ≤ x ≤ t equals ln (3/2). x
0.2 y5k
2 0.15 A1
33. Suppose that the parabola y = ax + bx + c and the line
y = mx + n intersect at x = A and x = B with A < B. Show 0.1
|a| 0.05 A2
that the area between the curves equals (B − A)3 . (Hint:
6 x
Use A and B to rewrite the integrand and then integrate.) 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
5-9 SECTION 5.1 .. Area between Curves 385

39. In terms of A1 , A2 and A3 , identify the area given by each 45. Suppose that the birthrate for a certain population is b(t) =
integral. 2e0.04t million people per year and the death rate for the same
Z 2 Z 2 population is d(t) = 2e0.02t million people per year. Show that
(a) (2x − x 2 ) d x (b) (4 − x 2 ) d x b(t) ≥ d(t) for t ≥ 0 and explain why the area between the
0 0 curves represents the increase in population. Compute the in-
Z 4 Z 4
√ √ y crease in population for 0 ≤ t ≤ 10.
(c) (2 − y) dy (d) ( y − ) dy
0 0 2 46. Suppose that the birthrate for a population is b(t) = 2e0.04t mil-
y lion people per year and the death rate for the same population
is d(t) = 3e0.02t million people per year. Find the intersection
4 T of the curves (T > 0). Interpret the area between the curves
A1
3 for 0 ≤ t ≤ T and the area between the curves for T ≤ t ≤ 30.
y 5 2x Compute the net change in population for 0 ≤ t ≤ 30.
2
A2 A3
1 In exercises 47 and 48, the graph shows the rate of flow of water
y 5 x2
x in gallons per hour into and out of a tank. Assuming that the
0 1 2 tank starts with 400 gallons, estimate the amount of water in the
tank at hours 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and sketch a graph of the amount
40. Give an integral equal to each area. of water in the tank.
(a) A2 + A3 (b) A1 + A2 (c) A1 (d) A3
47. y
2
41. Let f (t) be the area between y = sin x and y = 1 for
0 ≤ x ≤ t. Find all critical points, local extrema and inflec- 120 In
tion points for f (t), t ≥ 0. 100
80
42. Let g be a continuous function defined for x ≥ 0 with
|g(x)| ≤ 1 for x ≥ 0. Let f (t) be the area between y = g(x) 60
Out
and y = 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ t. If g has a local max at x = a, does 40
f have a critical point at a? An inflection point at a? What if 20
there is local min at x = a? t
1 2 3 4 5

48. y

120 In
APPLICATIONS
100
43. The United States oil consumption for the years 1970–1974 Out
80
was approximately equal to f (t) = 16.1e0.07t million barrels
60
per year, where t = 0 corresponds to 1970. Following an oil
shortage in 1974, the country’s consumption changed and was 40
better modeled by g(t) = 21.3e0.04(t−4) million barrels per year, 20
for t ≥ 4. Show that f (4) ≈ g(4) and explain what this num- t
1 2 3 4 5
ber represents. Compute the area between f (t) and g(t) for
4 ≤ t ≤ 10. Use this number to estimate the number of barrels ............................................................
of oil saved by Americans’ reduced oil consumption from 1974
49. The graph shows the supply and demand curves for a prod-
to 1980.
uct. The point of intersection (q ∗ , p ∗ ) gives the equilibrium
quantity and equilibrium price for the product. The consumer
y R q∗
surplus is defined to be CS = 0 D(q) dq − p ∗ q ∗ . Shade in
the area of the graph that represents the consumer surplus,
1
y 5 f (t) and compute this in the case where D(q) = 10 − 40 q and
Million barrels per year

30 1
S(q) = 2 + 120 1
q + 1200 q 2.

y 5 g(t) p
20
D(q)
10
10 7.5
5
t S(q)
2 4 6 8 10 2.5
(1970) (1980) 0
0 25 50 75 100 q
44. Suppose that a nation’s fuelwood consumption is given by
50. Repeat exercise 49 for the producer surplus defined by
76e0.03t m3 /yr and new tree growth is 50 − 6e0.09t m3 /yr. Com- R q∗
pute and interpret the area between the curves for 0 ≤ t ≤ 10. PS = p ∗ q ∗ − 0 S(q) dq.
386 CHAPTER 5 .. Applications of the Definite Integral 5-10

51. Let C ′ (x) be the marginal cost of producing x thousand copies 52. A basic principle of economics is that profit is maximized when
of an item and let R ′ (x) be the marginal revenue from the sale marginal cost equals marginal revenue. At which intersection is
of that item, with graphs as shown. Assume that R ′ (x) = C ′ (x) profit maximized in exercise 51? Explain your answer. In terms
at x = 2 and x = 5. Interpret the area between the curves for of profit, what does the other intersection point represent?
each interval: (a) 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, (b) 2 ≤ x ≤ 5, (c) 0 ≤ x ≤ 5 and
(d) 5 ≤ x ≤ 6.

y EXPLORATORY EXERCISES
60 1. Find the area between y = x 2 and y = mx for any constant
C'(x) m > 0. Without doing further
50 √ calculations, use this area to
40 R'(x) find the area between y = x and y = mx.
30 2. For x > 0, let f (x) be the area between y = 1 and y = sin2 t
20 for 0 ≤ t ≤ x. Without calculating f (x), find as many rela-
10 tionships as possible between the graphical features (zeros,
x extrema, inflection points) of y = f (x) and the graphical fea-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 tures of y = sin2 x.

5.2 VOLUME: SLICING, DISKS AND WASHERS

As we shall see throughout this chapter, the integral is an amazingly versatile tool. In this
section, we use integrals to compute the volume of a three-dimensional solid. We begin
with a simple problem.
When designing a building, architects must perform numerous detailed calculations.
For instance, in order to analyze a building’s heating and cooling systems, engineers must
calculate the volume of air being processed.
There are probably only a few solids whose volume you know how to compute. For
instance, the building shown in Figure 5.12a is essentially a rectangular box, whose volume
is given by lwh, where l is the length, w is the width and h is the height. The right circular
cylinders seen in the buildings in Figure 5.12b have volume given by πr 2 h, where h is the
height and r is the radius of the circular cross section. Notice in each case that the build-
ing has a familiar cross section (a rectangle in Figure 5.12a and a circle in Figure 5.12b)

FIGURE 5.12a FIGURE 5.12b