3 Me6502
Uploaded by
Xavier G3 Me6502
Uploaded by
Xavier GREGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
ME6502 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the mechanisms of heat transfer under steady and transient conditions.
• To understand the concepts of heat transfer through extended surfaces.
• To learn the thermal analysis and sizing of heat exchangers and to understand the basic
concepts of mass transfer.
(Use of standard HMT data book permitted)
UNIT I CONDUCTION 9
General Differential equation of Heat Conduction– Cartesian and Polar Coordinates – One
Dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction –– plane and Composite Systems – Conduction with
Internal Heat Generation – Extended Surfaces – Unsteady Heat Conduction – Lumped Analysis
– Semi Infinite and Infinite Solids –Use of Heisler’s charts.
UNIT II CONVECTION 9
Free and Forced Convection - Hydrodynamic and Thermal Boundary Layer. Free and Forced
Convection during external flow over Plates and Cylinders and Internal flow through tubes.
UNIT III PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS 9
Nusselt’s theory of condensation - Regimes of Pool boiling and Flow boiling. Correlations in
boiling and condensation. Heat Exchanger Types - Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient – Fouling
Factors - Analysis – LMTD method - NTU method.
UNIT IV RADIATION 9
Black Body Radiation – Grey body radiation - Shape Factor – Electrical Analogy – Radiation
Shields. Radiation through gases.
UNIT V MASS TRANSFER 9
Basic Concepts – Diffusion Mass Transfer – Fick‟s Law of Diffusion – Steady state Molecular
Diffusion – Convective Mass Transfer – Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy –
Convective Mass Transfer Correlations.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this course, the students can able to understand and apply different heat and
mass transfer principles of different applications.
TEXT BOOK:
1. Yunus A. Cengel, "Heat Transfer A Practical Approach", Tata McGraw Hill, 2010
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Frank P. Incropera and David P. Dewitt, "Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer",
John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
2. Venkateshan. S.P., "Heat Transfer", Ane Books, New Delhi, 2004.
3. Ghoshdastidar, P.S, "Heat Transfer", Oxford, 2004,
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 1
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
4. Nag, P.K., "Heat Transfer", Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2002 5. Holman, J.P.,
"Heat and Mass Transfer", Tata McGraw Hill, 2000
6. Ozisik, M.N., "Heat Transfer", McGraw Hill Book Co., 1994.
7. Kothandaraman, C.P., "Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer", New Age
International, New Delhi, 1998.
8. Yadav, R., "Heat and Mass Transfer", Central Publishing House, 1995.
9. M.Thirumaleshwar : Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, "Heat and Mass
Transfer",
First Edition, Dorling Kindersley, 2009
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 2
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Subject Code : ME6502 Year/Semester : III/ 05
Subject Name : Heat and Mass Transfer
Subject Handler : S. Boopathi/J.Ravikumar
UNIT I CONDUCTION
General Differential equation of Heat Conduction– Cartesian and Polar Coordinates – One Dimensional
Steady State Heat Conduction –– plane and Composite Systems – Conduction with Internal Heat
Generation – Extended Surfaces – Unsteady Heat Conduction – Lumped Analysis – Semi Infinite and
Infinite Solids –Use of Heisler’s charts.
PART * A
Q.No. Questions
Define Heat Transfer. BTL1
1.
Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from one region to another region due to
temperature difference.
What are the modes of Heat Transfer? BTL2
2
Conduction , Convection , Radiation
Define Conduction. BTL2
Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high temperature to a region of
3 low temperature within a medium (solid, liquid or gases) or between different medium in direct
physical contact.
In condition energy exchange takes place by the kinematic motion or direct impact of molecules.
Pure conduction is found only in solids.
Explain Convection. BTL1
4 Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and a fluid medium
when they are at different temperatures.
Convection is possible only in the presence of fluid medium.
Define Radiation. BTL1
5
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is known as radiation.
It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
State Fourier’s Law of conduction. (Apr. ’97, M.U. Oct. ’98 M.U) BTL1
6
The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured – normal to the direction of heat
flow and to the temperature gradient in that direction.
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 3
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
dT dT
Q - A , Q - KA , where A – are in m2 ,
dx dx
dT
- Temperature gradient in K/m, K – Thermal conductivity W/m K.
dx
Define Thermal Conductivity.[Apr. ’97 M.U., Oct. ’99 M.U] BTL2
7
Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a slab or plane wall. BTL3
Toverall
Heat transfer Q , Where T = T 1 – T2
R
8
L
R - Thermal resistance of slab , L = Thickness of slab
KA
K = Thermal conductivity of slab, A = Area
State Newton’s law of cooling or convection law. BTL2
Heat transfer by convection is given by Newton’s law of cooling
9 Q = hA (Ts - T) Where , A – Area exposed to heat transfer in m2
h - heat transfer coefficient in W/m2 K, Ts – Temperature of the surface in K
T - Temperature of the fluid in K.
Write down one dimensional, steady state conduction equation without internal heat
generation. BTL3
10
2T
0
x 2
Write down the general equation for one dimensional steady state heat transfer in slab or
plane wall without heat generation. BTL3
11 2T 2T 2T 1 T
x 2 y 2 z 2 t
Where, α thermal diffusivity, Temperature gradient
Define overall heat transfer co-efficient. [April ’97 M.U.] BTL2
The overall heat transfer by combined modes is usually expressed in terms of an overall
12
conductance or overall heat transfer co-efficient ‘U’.
Heat transfer Q = UA T.
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 4
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Write down the general equation for one dimensional steady state heat transfer in slab with
heat generation. [Oct. ’99 M.U.] BTL3
13
2T 2T 2T q 1 T
x 2 y 2 z 2 K t
What is critical radius of insulation (or) critical thickness? [Nov. ’96 M.U., Oct. ’97 M.U.]
BTL2
Critical radius = rc Critical thickness = rc – r1
14
Addition of insulating material on a surface does not reduce the amount of heat transfer rate always.
In fact under certain circumstances it actually increases the heat loss up to certain thickness of
insulation. The radius of insulation for which the heat transfer is maximum is called critical radius
of insulation, and the corresponding thickness is called critical thickness.
Explain fins (or) Extended surfaces. BTL2
15
It is possible to increase the heat transfer rate by increasing the surface of heat transfer. The surfaces
used for increasing heat transfer are called extended surfaces or sometimes known as fins.
Define Fin efficiency. [Nov. ’96 M.U., Oct/ ’97 M.U.] BTL4
The efficiency of a fin is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer by the fin to the maximum
16 possible heat transferred by the fin.
Q fin
fin
Qmax
Define Fin effectiveness. [Nov. ’96 M.U. Apr. 2001 M.U.] BTL2
Fin effectiveness is the ratio of heat transfer with fin to that without fin
17
Q with fin
Fin effectiveness =
Qwithout fin
What is meant by Transient heat conduction or unsteady state conduction? BTL2
18
If the temperature of a body varies with time, it is said to be in a transient state and that type of
conduction is known as transient heat conduction or unsteady state conduction.
Explain Lumped heat analysis. [Oct. ’98 M.U.] BTL2
19
In a Newtonian heating or cooling process the temperature throughout the solid is considered to be
uniform at a given time. Such an analysis is called Lumped heat capacity analysis.
What is the significance of Biot number? [Nov. ’96 M.U. Apr. 2002 M.U.] BTL2
20
Biot number is used to find Lumped heat analysis, semi-infinite solids and infinite solids
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 5
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
If Bi < 0.1 L Lumped heat analysis
Bi = Semi infinite solids
< Bi < 100 Infinite solids.
What are Heisler charts? [Oct. ’99 M.U.] BTL1
21 In Heisler chart, the solutions for temperature distributions and heat flows in plane walls, long
cylinders and spheres with finite internal and surface resistance are presented. Heisler’s charts are
nothing but a analytical solutions in the form of graphs.
Part B
A wall of 0.6m thickness having thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/mK. The wall is to be insulated
with a material having an average thermal conductivity of 0.3 W/mK. Inner and outer surface
temperatures are 1000 C and 10C. Heat transfer rate is 1400 W/m2 calculate the thickness of
insulation. (13 M) -BTL5
Answer: Page 1.26- Dr.S.Senthil
Toverall
Q [From equation (13)] (or) [HMT Data book page No. 34]
R
1 Where,
T = Ta– Tb (or) T1 – T3 (2M)
1 L L L 1
R 1 2 3 (2M)
ha A K1 A K 2 A K3 A hb A
[T1 T3 ]
Q (2M)
1 L1 L L 1
2 3
ha A K1 A K 2 A K 3 A hb A
Heat transfer coefficient ha, hb and thickness L3 are not given. So neglect that terms.
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 6
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Q=
T1 T3
L1 L
2
K1 A K 2 A
Q T1 T3
A L1 L2
K1 K 2
1273 283
1400
0.6 L2
1.2 0.3
L2 0.0621 m
(7M)
An external wall of a house is made up of 10 cm common brick (K = 0.7 W/mK) followed by a
4 cm layer of Zibsum plaster (K = 0.48 W/mK). What thickness of loosely packed insulation
(K = 0.065 W/mK) should be added to reduce the heat loss through the wall by 80%. (13 M) -
BTL5
Answer: Page 1.77- Dr.S.Senthil
Toverall
Heat flow rate Q
R
Where
1 1 L1 L2 L3 1
R
A ha K1 K 2 K 3 hb
2 [The terms ha , hb is not given so neglect that terms]. (3M)
1 L1 L2 L3
R =
A K1 K 2 K 3
Considering two slabs
T
Q= [Assume heat transfer (Q) = 100 W]
L1 L2
K1 K 2
(4M)
T
100 = Q A = 1m 2
0.1 0.04
0.7 0.48
T 22.619 K
Heat loss is reduced by 80% due to insulation, so heat transfer is 20 W.
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 7
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
T
Q= [Q A = 1m2 ]
1 L1 L2 L3
A K1 K 2 K 3
22.619
20 =
1 0.1 0.04 L
3
1 0.7 0.48 0.065
L3 0.0588 m
(6M)
A thick walled tube of stainless steel [K = 77.85 kJ/hr mC] 25 mm ID and 50 mm OD is
covered with a 25 mm layer of asbestos [K = 0.88 kJ/hr mC]. If the inside wall temperature
of the pipe is maintained at 550C and the outside of the insulator at 45C. Calculate the heat
loss per meter length of the pipe. (13 M) -BTL5
Answer: Page 1.15- Dr.S.Senthil
Heat flow through composite cylinder is given by
Toverall
Q (2M)
R
Where
T = T a– Tb
3 r r
In 2 In 3
1 2
1 1 r r 1
R (5M)
2 L h a r1 K1 K2 hb r3
Convective heat transfer co-efficient are not given so neglect ha and hb terms.
Ta Tb
Q =
r2 r3
In In
1 r1
2
r
2 L K1 K2
(3M)
Ta Tb
Q/L =
r2 r3
In In
1 r1
2
r
2 K1 K2
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 8
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
550 - 45
Q/L =
0.025 0.05
In In
0.025
0.0125
1
(3M)
2 21.625 0.244
Q / L 1103.9 W/m
A hollow sphere (K = 65 W/mK) of 120 mm inner diameter and 350 mm outer diameter is
covered 10 mm layer of insulation (K = 10 W/mK). The inside and outside temperatures are
500C and 50C respectively. Calculate the rate of heat flow through this sphere. (13 M) -
BTL5
Answer: Page 1.160- Dr.S.Senthil
Heat loss through hollow sphere is given by
Toverall
Q (2M)
R
Where
T = T a– Tb
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
R
4 h a r12
K1 r1 r2 K 2 r2 r3 hb r32
4
Ta Tb (5M)
Q =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 h a r1 2
K1 r1 r2 K 2 r2 r3 hb r32
ha, hb not given so neglect that terms.
Ta Tb
Q
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 r1 r2 k2 r2 r3
K1
773 -323
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 65 0.060 0.175 10 0.175 0.185
Q = 28361 W
Heat transfer = Q = 28361 W (6M)
A wire of 6 mm diameter with 2 mm thick insulation (K = 0.11 W/mK). If the convective heat
5 transfer co-efficient between the insulating surface and air is 25 W/m2L, find the critical
thickness of insulation. And also find the percentage of change in the heat transfer rate if the
critical radius is used. (13 M) -BTL5
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 9
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Answer: Page 1.171- Dr.S.Senthil
K
1. Critical radius rc (2M)
h
0.11
rc 4.4 103 m
25 (2M)
3
rc 4.4 10 m
Critical thickness = rc – r1
4.4 103 0.003
1.4 103 m
Critical thickness t c = 1.4 10-3 (or) 1.4 mm
(2M)
2. Heat transfer through an insulated wire is given by
Ta Tb
Q1
r2
In
1 r1 1
2 L K1 hbr2
From HMT data book Page No.35
2 L (Ta Tb )
= (3M)
0.005
In 0.003
1
0.11 25 0.005
2 L (Ta Tb )
Q1 =
12.64
Heat flow through an insulated wire when critical radius is used is given by
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 10
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Ta Tb
Q2 r2 rc
rc
In
1 r1 1
2 L K1 hbrc
2 L (Ta Tb )
=
4.4 10 3
In
0.003 1
0.11 25 4.4 10 3
2 L (Ta Tb )
Q2 =
12.572 (2M)
Q2 Q1
Percentage of increase in heat flow by using Critical radius = 100
Q1
1 1
100
12.57 12.64
1 (2M)
12.64
0.55%
A current of 200 A is passed through a stainless steel wire (K = 19 W/mK) 3 mm in diameter.
The resistivity of the steel may be taken as 70 cm and the length of the wire is submerged
in a liquid at 110C with heat transfer co-efficient h = 4 kW/m2C. Calculate the centre
temperature of the wire. (13 M) -BTL5
Answer: Page 1.200- Dr.S.Senthil
The maximum temperature in the wire occurs at the centre.
qr 2
Tmax Tc Tw ........(A) [From Equation No.12]
4K
6
Resistivity Length
Re sis tance of wire R =
Area
2
70 10 10 1
-6
=
3 103 2
4
R 0.099
(3M)
We know that
Q = I2R
= (200)2 (0.099)
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 11
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Q = 3960 W (3M)
Q 3960
Heat generated q
V d2 L
4
3960
q
4
3 10 3 1
2
q 560 106 W / m3
(3M)
Substituting q value in Equation (A)
560 106 (1.5 103 )2
Tmax Tc 383
4 19
Tc 399.5 K
(4M)
A sphere of 100 mm diameter, having thermal conductivity of 0.18 W/mK. The outer surface
temperature is 8C and 250 W/m2 of energy is released due to heat source. Calculate
1. Heat generated
2. Temperature at the centre of the sphere. (13 M) -BTL5
Answer: Page 1.202- Dr.S.Senthil
Q
Heat generated q
V
Q/ A
q/ A Here Q/A = 250 W/m2
V
7 Q/ A
q/ A Here Q/A = 250 W/m2
V
250
q/ A
4 / 3 r 3
q 250
4 r 2
4 / 3 r 3
250 4 (0.050)2
q
4 / 3 (0.50)3
q = 15,000 W/m3
(8M)
Temperature at the centre of the sphere
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 12
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
qr 2
Tc Tw [From Equation No.16]
6K
15000 (0.050)2
= 281 +
6 0.18
Tc 315.7 K
(5M)
One end of the long solid rod of 50 mm diameter is inserted into a furnace with the other end
is projecting the atmosphere at 25C. Once the steady state is reached, the temperature of the
rod is measured at two points 20 cm apart are found to be 150C and 100C. The convective
heat transfer co-efficient between the rod and the surrounding air is 30 W/m2K. Calculate the
thermal conductivity of the rod material. (13 M) -BTL5
Answer: Page 1.222- Dr.S.Senthil
Since the rod is long, it is treated as long fin. So, temperature distribution
T T
e mx (2M)
Tb T
373 - 298
em(0.20)
423 - 298
0.6 = e-m (0.20)
In (0.6)= -m (0.20)
8
- 0.51 = -m (0.20)
m = 2.55 m-1 (4M)
We know that,
hP
m [From HMT data book
KA
(CPK) Page No.41]
hP
2.55 = .............(A)
KA
h – heat transfer co-efficient = 30 W/m2K
P – Perimeter = d = 0.050
P 0.157 m
A Area d2
4
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 13
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
= (0.050)2
4
A 1.96 103 m2 (4M)
30 0.157
(A) 2.55
K 1.96 10 3
30 0.157
6.50 =
K 1.96 10-3
K = 369.7 W/mK (3M)
An aluminium alloy fin of 7 mm thick and 50 mm long protrudes from a wall, which is
maintained at 120C. The ambient air temperature is 22C. The heat transfer coefficient and
conductivity of the fin material are 140 W/m2K and 55 W/mK respectively. Determine
1. Temperature at the end of the fin.
2. Temperature at the middle of the fin.
3. Total heat dissipated by the fin. (13 M) -BTL5
Answer: Page 1.230- Dr.S.Senthil
T T cos h m [L -x]
.......(A)
Tb T cos h (mL)
(i) Temperature at the end of the fin, Put x = L
T - T cos h m [L-L]
(A)
9 Tb T cos h (mL)
T - T 1
...(1)
Tb T cos h (mL)
where
hP
m= (2M)
KA
P = Perimeter = 2 L (Approx)
= 2 0.050
P = 0.1 m
A – Area = Length thickness = 0.050 0.007
A 3.5 104 m2
hP
m=
KA
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 14
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
140 0.1
55 3.5 10 4 (3M)
m 26.96
T - T 1
(1)
Tb T cos h (26.9 0.050)
T - T 1
Tb T 2.05
T - 295 1
393 - 295 2.05
T - 295 = 47.8
T = 342.8 K
Temperature at the end of the fin Tx L 342.8 K
(3M)
(ii) Temperature of the middle of the fin,
Put x = L/2 in Equation (A)
T - T cos hm [L-L/2]
(A)
Tb T cos h (mL)
0.050
cos h 26.9 0.050 -
T - T 2
Tb T cos h 26.9 (0.050)
T- 295 1.234
393 - 295 2.049
T - 295
0.6025
393 -295
T 354.04 K
Temperature at the middle of the fin
Tx L / 2 354.04 K
(2M)
(iii) Total heat dissipated
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 15
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Q = (hPKA)1/2 (Tb T )tan h (mL)
[140 0.1 55 3.5 10-4 ]1/ 2 (393 295)
tan h (26.9 0.050)
Q = 44.4 W (3 M)
Ten thin brass fins (K = 100 W/mK), 0.75 mm thick are placed axially on a 1 m long and 60
mm diameter engine cylinder which is surrounded by 35C. The fins are extended 1.5 cm
from the cylinder surface and the heat transfer co-efficient between cylinder and atmospheric
air is 15 W/m2K. Calculate the rate of heat transfer and the temperature at the end of fins
when the cylinder surface is at 160C. (13 M) -BTL5
Answer: Page 1.236- Dr.S.Senthil
Heat transferred Q = (hPKA)1/2 (Tb - T) tan h (mL)….(A)
Where
P – Perimeter = 2 Length of the cylinder
P 2m
A = Area = length of the cylinder thickness
A 0.75 103 m2
hP
10 m
KA
15 2
= (2M)
100 0.75 10 -3
m 20
Q = (hPKA)1/2 (Tb T ) tan h (mL)
[15 2 100 0.75 10 3 ]1/ 2 (433 300)
tan h (20 1.5 102 )
Q = 1.5 133 0.29
Q = 58.1 W
(2M)
Heat transferred per fin = 58.1 W
The heat transfer for 10 fins = 58.1 10
Q1 581 W ....(B)
Heat transfer from unfinned surface due to convection is
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 16
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Q2 h A T
= h ( dL - 10 t L) (Tb T )
[Q Area of unfinned surface = Area of cylinder - Area of
(2M)
fin]
= 15 [ 0.060 1] [10 0.75 10 3 1.5 10 2 ]
[433 - 300]
Q2 375.8 W ..........(C)
So, Total heat transfer Q = Q1 + Q2
Q = 581 + 375.8
Total heat transfer Q 956.8 W (2M)
Temperature distribution [short fin, end insulated]
T T cos h m [L-x]
Tb T cos h (mL)
Temperature at the end of fin, so put x = L
T-T 1
Tb T cos h (20 1.5 10-2 )
1
=
0.95
Tb T
T - T
0.95 (5M)
Tb T
T = T
0.95
433 - 300
= 300 +
0.95
T 440 K
An aluminium cube 6 cm on a side is originally at a temperature of 500C. It is suddenly
immersed in a liquid at 10C for which h is 120 W/m2K. Estimate the time required for the
cube to reach a temperature of 250C. For aluminium = 2700 kg/m3, C = 900 J/kg K, K =
204 W/mK. (13 M) -BTL5
11
Answer: Page 1.290- Dr.S.Senthil
For Cube,
L
Characteristic length Lc
6
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 17
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
0.06
6
Lc 0.01 m
(2M)
We know
hLc
Biot number Bi
K
120 0.01
204
Bi = 5.88 103 0.1 (3M)
Biot number value is less than 0.1. So this is lumped heat analysis type problem
For lumped parameter system,
hA
T T t
C V
e ....(1) (3M)
T0 T
[From HMT data book Page No.48]
We know,
V
Characteristics length Lc
A
h
t
T-T C L
(1) e c
T0 T
120
523 - 283 t
e 9000.012700 (3M)
773 - 283
-120
In (0.489) = t
900 0.01 2700
t = 144.86 s
Time required for the cube to reach 250C is 144.86 s. (2M)
A steel ball (specific heat = 0.46 kJ/kgK. and thermal conductivity = 35 W/mK) having 5 cm
diameter and initially at a uniform temperature of 450C is suddenly placed in a control
environment in which the temperature is maintained at 100C. Calculate the time required
for the balls to attained a temperature of 150C. Take h = 10W/m2K. (13 M) -BTL5
12
Answer: Page 1.296- Dr.S.Senthil
Density of steel is 7833 kg/m3
7833 kg/ m3
For sphere,
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 18
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
R
Characteristic Length Lc
3
0.025
=
3
Lc 8.33 103 m
(2M)
We know,
hLc
Biot number Bi
K
10 8.3 103
35
Bi = 2.38 10-3 < 0.1 (2M)
Biot number value is less than 0.1. So this is lumped heat analysis type problem.
For lumped parameter system,
hA
T T t
C V
e ……….(1) (2M)
T0 T
[From HMT data book Page No.48]
We know,
V
Characteristics length Lc =
A
h
t
T-T C L
(1) e c
T0 T
10
423 - 373 3
t
e 4608.3310 7833 (5M)
723 - 373
423 - 373 10
In t
723 - 373 460 8.33 10 3 7833
t = 5840.54 s
Time required for the ball to reach 150C is 5840.54 s. (2M)
A large steel plate 5 cm thick is initially at a uniform temperature of 400C. It is suddenly
exposed on both sides to a surrounding at 60C with convective heat transfer co-efficient of
13
285 W/m2K. Calculate the centre line temperature and the temperature inside the plate 1.25
cm from themed plane after 3 minutes. (13 M) -BTL5
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 19
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Answer: Page 1.362- Dr.S.Senthil
For Plate :
L
Characteristic Length Lc
2
0.05
=
2 (2M)
Lc 0.025 m
We know,
hLc
Biot number Bi
K
285 0.025
42.5
Bi 0.1675 (2M)
0.1 < Bi < 100, So this is infinite solid type problem.
Infinite Solids
Case (i)
[To calculate centre line temperature (or) Mid plane temperature for infinite plate, refer
HMT data book Page No.59 Heisler chart].
t
X axis Fourier number =
Lc 2
1.19 10-5 180
=
(0.025)2 (3M)
X axis Fourier number = 3.42
hLc
Curve
K
285 0.025
0.167
42.5
hLc
Curve 0.167
K
X axis value is 3.42, curve value is 0.167, corresponding Y axis value is 0.64
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 20
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
T0 T
Y axis = 0.64
Ti T
T0 T
0.64
Ti T
T0 T
0.64
Ti T
T0 333
0.64
673 333
T0 550.6 K
Center line temperature T0 550.6 K
(2M)
Case (ii)
Temperature (Tx) at a distance of 0.0125 m from mid plane
[Refer HMT data book Page No.60, Heisler chart]
hL
X axis Biot number Bi c 0.167
K
x 0.0125
Curve 0.5
Lc 0.025
X axis value is 0.167, curve value is 0.5, corresponding Y axis value is 0.97.
Tx T
0.97 (2M)
T0 T
Tx T
Y axis = 0.97
T0 T
Tx T
0.97
T0 T
Tx 333
0.97
550.6 333
Tx 544 K
Temperature inside the plate 1.25 cm from the mid plane is 544 K. (2M)
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 21
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
A steel pipe of 120 mm inner diameter, 140 mm outer diameter with thermal conductivity 55
W/mK is covered with two layers of insulation each having a thickness of 55 mm. The thermal
conductivity of the first insulation material is 0.05 W/mK and that of the second is 0.11
W/mK. The temperature of the inside tube surface is 240C and that of the outside surface of
the insulation is 60C. Calculate the loss of heat per meter length of pipe and the interface
temperature between the two layers of insulation. (13 M) BTL4
Answer: Page 1.126- Dr.S.Senthil
Heat flow through composite cylinder is given by
Toverall
Q (2M)
R
Where
14 T = Ta– Tb (or) T1-T4 (2M)
R= 1/2πL (2M)
Q/L = =75.83 W/m (5M)
Q/L = == T2=512.7 K (1M)
Q/L = == T3=372.7 K (1M)
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 22
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
(i) An electric current is passed through a plane wall of thickness 150 mm which generates
heat at the rate of 50000 W/m3. The convective heat transfer coefficient between wall and
ambient air is 65 W/m2K, ambient air temperature is 28C and the thermal conductivity of
the wall material is 22 W/mK. Calculate (i) Surface temperature (ii) Maximum temperature
in the wall. (6M) BTL4
Answer: Page 1.187- Dr.S.Senthil
= = 358.6 K (3M)
= = 364.9 K (3M)
(ii) A copper wire of 40 mm diameter carries 250A and has a resistance of 0.25 x 10 -4 ohm
15 cm/length surface temperature of copper wire is 250C and the ambient air temperature is
10C. If the thermal conductivity of the copper wire is 175 W/mK, Calculate (i) Heat transfer
co-efficient between wire surface and ambient air, (ii) Maximum temperature in the wire.
(6M) BTL4
Answer: Page 1.196- Dr. S. Senthil
Q= = 156 W/m , (1M)
= = 523.07 K (3M)
Surface temperature, = = 5.17 W/ (3M)
Part-C
A wall is constructed of several layers. The first layer consists of masonry brick 20 cm. thick
of thermal conductivity 0.66 W/mK, the second layer consists of 3 cm thick mortar of thermal
conductivity 0.6 W/mK, the third layer consists of 8 cm thick lime stone of thermal
conductivity 0.58 W/mK and the outer layer consists of 1.2 cm thick plaster of thermal
conductivity 0.6 W/mK. The heat transfer coefficient on the interior and exterior of the wall
1 are 5.6 W/m2K and 11 W/m2K respectively. Interior room temperature is 22C and outside air
temperature is -5C. Calculate
a) Overall heat transfer coefficient
b) Overall thermal resistance
c) The rate of heat transfer
d) The temperature at the junction between the mortar and the limestone. (15 M) -BTL5
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 23
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Answer: Refer Class Notes
Toverall
Heat flow through composite wall is given by Q [From equation (13)] (or) [HMT
R
Data book page No. 34], Where, T = Ta– Tb
1 L L L L 1
R 1 2 3 4
ha A K1 A K 2 A K 3 A K 4 A hb A
Ta Tb
Q
1 L L L L 1
1 2 3 4
ha A K1 A K 2 A K 3 A K 4 A hb A (3M)
295 268
Q/ A
1 0.20 0.03 0.08 0.012 1
5.6 0.66 0.6 0.58 0.6 11
Heat transfer per unit area Q/A = 34.56 W/m2
We know
Heat transfer Q = UA (Ta – Tb) [From equation (14)]
Where U – overall heat transfer co-efficient
Q
U
A (Ta Tb )
34.56
U (3M)
295 268
Overall heat transfer co - efficient U = 1.28 W/m2 K
We know
Overall Thermal resistance (R)
1 L L L L 1
R 1 2 3 4 (1M)
ha A K1 A K 2 A K3 A K 4 A hb A
For unit Area
1 L1 L2 L3 L4 1
R
ha K1 K 2 K 3 K 4 hb
1 0.20 0.03 0.08 0.012 1
= (2M)
56 0.66 0.6 0.58 0.6 11
R 0.78 K / W
Interface temperature between mortar and the limestone T3
Interface temperatures relation
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 24
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Ta T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4 T4 T5 T5 Tb
Q
Ra R1 R2 R3 R4 Rb
Ta T1
Q
Ra
295-T1 1
Q= Q R a
1/ ha A ha A
295 T1
Q/ A (3M)
1/ ha
295 T1
34.56
1/ 5.6
T1 288.8 K
T1 T2
Q
R1
288.8 T2 L1
Q Q R1
L1 k1A
K1 A
288.8 T2
Q/ A
L1
K1
288.8 T2
34.56
0.20
0.66
T2 278.3 K
T2 T3
Q =
R2
278.3 T3 L2
Q Q R 2
L2 K2 A
K2 A
278.3 T3
Q/ A
L2
K2
278.3 T3
34.56
0.03
0.6
T3 276.5 K (3M)
Temperature between Mortar and limestone (T3 is 276.5 K)
A composite slab is made of three layers 15 cm, 10 cm and 12 cm thickness respectively. The
2 first layer is made of material with K = 1.45 W/mK, for 60% of the area and the rest of
material with K = 2.5 W/mK. The second layer is made of material with K = 12.5 W/mK for
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 25
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
50% of area and rest of material with K = 18.5 W/mK. The third layer is made of single
material of K = 0.76 W/mK. The composite slab is exposed on one side to warn at 26C and
cold air at -20C. The inside heat transfer co-efficient is 15 W/m2K. The outside heat transfer
co-efficient is 20 W/m2K determine heat flow rate and interface temperatures. (15 M) -BTL5
Answer: Refer Class Notes
Toverall
Heat flow Q
R
Where
T = T a– Tb
1 1 L1 L2 L3 1
R
A ha K1 K 2 K 3 hb
1 L L L 1
= 1 2 3 (2M)
Aa ha A1 K1 A2 K 2 A3 K 3 Ab hb
R = R a R1 R2 R3 Rb
Ta Tb
Q = ....( A)
R a R1 R2 R3 Rb
Where
1 1
Ra
Aa ha 1 15
Ra 0.066 K / W
R1a R1b
R1 .....(1)
R1a R1b
L1 0.15
R1a
K1a A1a 1.45 0.6
R1a 0.1724 K/W
L1 0.15
R1b
K1b A1b 2.5 0.4 (2M)
R1b 0.15 K/W
Substitute R1a and R1b value in (1)
0.1724 0.15
(1) R1
0.1724 0.15
R1 0.08 K / W
Similarly,
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 26
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
R2 a R2b
R2 .....(2)
R2 a R2b
L2 0.1
R 2a
K 2 a A2 a 12.5 0.5
R2 a 0.016 K/W
L2 0.1
R 2b
K 2b A2b 18.5 0.5
R2b 0.0108 K/W
0.016 0.0108
(2) R2
0.016 0.0108
R2 0.0064 K / W
L3 0.12
R3 Q A 3 1m 2
A3 K 3 1 0.76
R3 0.15789 K/W
1 1
Rb Q A b 1m 2
Aa hb 1 20
Rb 0.05 K/W
299 253
( A) Q
0.066 0.08 0.0064 0.15789 0.05 (4M)
Q 127.67 W
(ii) Interface températures (T1, T2, T3 and T4)
We know
Ta Tb Ta T1 T1 T2 T2 T3
Q
R Ra R1 R2
(1M)
T T T T
3 4 = 4 b .....(B)
R3 Rb
Ta T1
(B) Q
Ra
299 T1
=
0.066
299 T1
127.67
0.066
T1 290.57 K
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 27
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
T1 T2
(B) Q
R1
290.57 T2
127.67
0.08
T2 280.35 K
T2 T3
(B) Q
R2
280.35 T3
127.67
0.0064
T3 279.532 K
T3 T4
(B) Q
R3
279.532 T4
127.67 (6M)
0.15789
T4 259.374 K
A 12 cm diameter long bar initially at a uniform temperature of 40 C is placed in a medium
at 650C with a convective co-efficient of 22 W/m2K. Determine the time required for the
center to reach 255C. For the material of the bar, K = 20 W/mK, Density = 580 kg/m 3,
specific heat = 1050 J/kg K. (15 M) -BTL5
Answer: Refer Class Notes
For cylinder,
R
Characteristic Length Lc
2
0.06
=
2 (3M)
3 Lc 0.03 m
We know,
hLc
Biot number Bi
K
22 0.03
20
Bi = 0.033 < 0.1 (3M)
Biot number value is less than 0.1. So this is lumped heat analysis type problem.
For lumped parameter system, (2M)
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 28
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
hA
T T t
C V
e ……….(1) (3M)
T0 T
[From HMT data book Page No.48]
We know,
V
Characteristics length Lc =
A
h
t
T-T C L
(1) e c
T0 T
22t
528 - 923
e 10500.03580 (4M)
313 - 923
t = 360.8 s
Alloy steel ball of 2 mm diameter heated to 800C is quenched in a bath at 100C. The material
properties of the ball are K = 205 kJ/m hr K, = 7860 kg/m3, C = 0.45 kJ/kg K, h = 150 KJ/ hr m2 K.
Determine (i) Temperature of ball after 10 second and (ii) Time for ball to cool to 400C. (15 M) -
BTL5
Answer: Refer Class Notes
Case (i) Temperature of ball after 10 sec.
For sphere,
R
Characteristic Length Lc
3
0.006
=
4 3 (3M)
Lc 0.002 m
We know,
hLc
Biot number Bi
K
41.667 0.002
56.94
Bi = 1.46 10-3 < 0.1 (3M)
Biot number value is less than 0.1. So this is lumped heat analysis type problem.
For lumped parameter system, (2M)
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 29
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
hA
T T t
C V
e ……….(1)
T0 T
[From HMT data book Page No.48]
We know,
V
Characteristics length Lc =
A
h
t
T-T C L
(1) e c ..........(2)
T0 T
41.667
T - 373 10
e 4500.0027860 (3M)
1073 - 373
T = 1032.95 K
Case (ii) Time for ball to cool to 400C
T = 400C + 273 = 673 K
h
t
T-T C L
(2) e c .......(2)
T0 T
41.667
673 - 373 t
e 4500.0027860 (4M)
1073 - 373
673 - 373 41.667
In t
1073 - 373 450 0.002 7860
t = 143.849 s
A long steel cylinder 12 cm diameter and initially at 20C is placed into furnace at 820C with
h = 140 W/m2K. Calculate the time required for the axis temperature to reach 800C. Also
calculate the corresponding temperature at a radius of 5.4 cm at that time. Physical properties
of steel are K = 21 W/mK, = 6.11 10-6 m2/s. (15 M)-BTL5
Answer: Refer Class Notes
5
For Cylinder,
R 0.06
Characteristic Length Lc (1M)
2 2
Lc 0.03 m
We know,
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 30
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
hL c
Biot number Bi =
K
140 0.03
21
Bi 0.2
0.1 < Bi <100, So this is infinite solid type problem. (2M)
Infinite Solids
Case (i)
Axis temperature
(or) T0 800C
Centre line temperature
To = 800C + 273 = 1073 K
Time (t) ?
[Refer HMT data book Page No.61. Heisler’s chart]
hR
Curve
K
140 0.06
= 0.4
21
T0 T
Y axis =
Ti T
1073 - 1093
=
293 - 1093
Y axis = 0.025
Curve value is 0.4, Y axis 0.025, corresponding X axis value is 5.
T0 T
0.025
Ti T
t
X axis = 5
R2
5 (0.06)2
t= (6M)
(6.11 10-6 )
t 2945.9 s
Case (ii)
Intermediate radius r – 5.4 cm = 0.054 m
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 31
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
[Refer HMT data book Page No.62]
r 0.054
Curve 0.9
R 0.06
hR
X axis =
K
140 0.06
= 0.4
21
Curve value is 0.9, X axis value is 0.4, and corresponding Y axis value is 0.84.
Tr T
Y axis = 0.84
T0 T
Tr T
0.84
T0 T
Tr 1093
0.84 (6M)
1073 1093
Tr 1076.2 K
1. Time required for the axis temperature to reach 800C is 2945.9 s.
2. Temperature (Tr) at a radius of 5.4 cm is 1076.2 K
UNIT II CONVECTION
Free and Forced Convection - Hydrodynamic and Thermal Boundary Layer. Free and Forced Convection
during external flow over Plates and Cylinders and Internal flow through tubes.
PART * A
Q.No. Questions
Define Reynolds number (Re). BTL1
1. Inertia force
It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force. Re
Viscous force
Define Prandtl number (Pr). BTL1
2 Momentum diffusivity
It is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity of the thermal diffusivity. Pr
Thermal diffusivity
Define Nusselt number (Nu). BTL1
3
It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection process under an unit temperature gradient
to the heat flow rate by conduction under an unit temperature gradient through a stationary
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 32
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
thickness (L) of metre.
Qconv
Nusselt number (Nu) = .
Qcond
What is Grashoff number? BTL1
It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and buoyancy force to the square of viscous
4 force.
Inertia force Buyoyancy force
Gr
(Viscous force)2
Explain Newtonion and non – Newtonion fluids. BTL2
5 The fluids which obey the Newton’s Law of viscosity are called Newtonion fluids and those which
do not obey are called non – newtonion fluids.
What is meant by laminar flow and turbulent flow? BTL2
Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of flow, the fluid
moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The fluid particles in each
layer remain in an orderly sequence without mixing with each other.
6
Turbulent flow: In addition to the laminar type of flow, a distinct irregular flow is frequency
observed in nature. This type of flow is called turbulent flow. The path of any individual particle is
zig – zag and irregular. Fig. shows the instantaneous velocity in laminar and turbulent flow.
State Newton’s law of convection. BTL2
Heat transfer from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by the equation Q = h A (T w – T) ,
7 This equation is referred to as Newton’s law of cooling. Where , h – Local heat transfer coefficient
in W/m2 K, A – Surface area in m2,Tw – Surface (or) Wall temperature in K, T - Temperature of
fluid in K.
Define free or natural convection.(AUMay2004,Dec2004,June 2006, May 2004)BTL2
8 If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature gradients, the
mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural convection.
Define forced convection. (AU May 2004, Dec 2004, June 2006, May 2004 ) BTL2
9 If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or fan, that type
of heat transfer is known as forced convection.
Define boundary layer thickness. BTL2
10 The thickness of the boundary layer has been defined as the distance from the surface at which the
local velocity or temperature reaches 99% of the external velocity or temperature.
Give the form of equation used to calculate heat transfer for flow through cylindrical pipes.
11 BTL3
Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n , n = 0.4 for heating of fluids, n = 0.3 for cooling of fluids
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 33
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Name the dimensionless parameters used in forced convection. BTL2
12 1. Reynolds number (Re)
2. Nusselt number (Nu)
3. Prandtl number (Pr)
Define hydrodynamic boundary layer. BTL2
13
In hydrodynamic boundary layer, velocity of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream velocity.
14
Explain thermal boundary layer. BTL2
In thermal boundary layer, temperature of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream velocity.
Define Stanton number (St). BTL1
It is the ratio of Nusselt number to the product of Reynolds number and Prandtl number.
15
Nu
St
Re Pr
Indicate the significance of boundary layer. BTL2
In boundary layer concept the flow field over a body is divided into two regions: (i) A thin region
16 near the body called the boundary layer where the velocity and the temperature gradients are large.
(ii) The region outside the boundary layer where the velocity and the temperature gradients are
very nearly equal to their free stream values.
An electrically heated plate dissipates heat by convection at a rate of 8000 W/m 2 in to the
17 ambient air at 25ºC. If the surface of the hot plate is at 125ºC, calculate the heat transfer
coefficient for convection between the plate and air. (AU May 2005, May 2006) BTL 4.
Heat Transfer Q=hA(Tw-Tα), 8000= h x 1 (398-298) = 80 W/m2 K.
Sketch the boundary development of a plate. BTL 1
18
Define displacement thickness. BTL 2
19 The displacement thickness is the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary, by which the
free stream is displaced on account of formation of boundary layer.
Explain momentum thickness. BTL 2
20 The momentum thickness is defined as the distance through which the total loss of momentum per
second be equal to if it were passing a stationary plate.
21 Define energy thickness. BTL 1
The energy thickness can be defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary of the
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 34
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in kinetic
energy of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation.
Part-B
Air at 20C, at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. if the plate
maintained at 60C, calculate the heat transfer per unit width of the plate. Assuming the
length of the plate along the flow of air is 2m. (13 M)-BTL5
Answer: Page 2.26- Dr.S.Senthil
Tw T
Film temperature Tf
2
60 20
2
Tf 40C
Properties of air at 40C:
Density = 1.129 Kg/m3
Thermal conductivity K = 26.56 103 W / mK,
1
Kinematic viscosity v = 16.96 106 m2 / s.
Prandtl number Pr = 0.699
We know,
UL
Reynolds number Re =
v
32
16.96 10 6
35.377 10 4
Re 35.377 104 5 105 (4 M)
Reynolds number value is less than 5 105, so this is laminar flow.
For flat plate, Laminar flow,
Local Nusselt Number Nux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 35
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Nux 0.332 (35.377 10 4 )0.5 (0.699)0.333
Nux 175.27
We know that,
hs L
Local Nusselt Number Nux
K
hs 2
175.27
26.56 103
Local heat transfer coefficient hx = 2.327 W/m2 K (4 M)
We know, Average heat transfer coefficient h = 2 hx
h 2 2.327 =h = 4.65 W/m2K
Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw - T)
4.65 2 (60 20)
[ Area width length 1 2 2]
Q 372 Watts. (5 M)
Air at 20C at atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. if the plate is
1 m wide and 80C, calculate the following at x = 300 mm. 1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer
thickness, 2. Thermal boundary layer thickness, 3. Local friction coefficient, 4. Average
friction coefficient, 5. Local heat transfer coefficient, 6. Average heat transfer coefficient, 7.
Heat transfer. (13 M) BTL5
Answer: Page 2.30- Dr.S.Senthil
Tw T
Film temperature Tf
2
80 20
2
2
Tf 50C
Properties of air at 50C
Density = 1.093 kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity v = 17.95 10 -6m2 / s
Pr andt l number Pr =0.698
Thermal conductivity K = 28.26 10 -3 W / mK
UL
We know, Reynolds number Re =
v
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 36
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
3 0.3
17.95 106
Re 5.01 104 5 105 (4 M)
Since Re < 5 105, flow is laminar
For Flat plate, laminar flow,
1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness:
hx 5 x (Re)0.5
= 5 0.3 (5.01 104 )0.5
hx 6.7 103 m (1 M)
2. Thermal boundary layer thickness:
TX hx (Pr)0.333
TX 6.7 103 (0.698)0.333
TX 7.5 103 m (1 M)
3. Local Friction coefficient:
Cfx 0.664(Re)0.5
= 0.664 (5.01 104 )0.5
Cfx = 2.96 10-3 (1 M)
4. Average friction coefficient:
CfL 1.328 (Re)-0.5
= 1.328 (5.01 10 4 )0.5
= 5.9 10-3
(1 M)
CfL 5.9 10 3
5. Local heat transfer coefficient (hx):
Local Nusselt Number
Nux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333
0.332 (5.01 104 ) (0.698)0.333
Nux 65.9
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 37
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
We know
Local Nusselt Number
hx L
Nux
K
hx 0.3
65.9 Q x = L = 0.3m
23.26 10 3
hx 6.20 W/m2K (1 M)
Local heat transfer coefficient h x 6.20 W / m2K
6. Average heat transfer coefficient (h):
h 2 hx
2 6.20
h 12.41 W / m2K (2 M)
7. Heat transfer:
We know that,
Q h A(Tw T )
= 12.41 (1 0.3) (80-20)
Q = 23.38 Watts (2 M)
Air at 30C, Flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 4 m/s. The plate measures 50 30 cm and is
maintained at a uniform temperature of 90C. Compare the heat loss from the plate when the
air flows (a) Parallel to 50 cm, (b) Parallel to 30 cm, Also calculate the percentage of heat
loss. (13 M) BTL5
Answer: Page 2.55- Dr.S.Senthil
Tw T
3 Film temperature Tf
2
90 30
2
Tf 60C
Properties of air at 60C,
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 38
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
1.060 Kg/m3
18.97 10 6 m2 / s
(2 M)
Pr 0.696
K = 28.96 10-3 W/mK
Case (i) : When the flow is parallel to 50 cm.
UL
Reynolds number Re
v
4 0.50
18.97 10 6
Re 1.05 105 5 105 (2 M)
Since Re <5 105 ,flow is laminar
Local nusselt number NUx = 0.332(Re)0.5(Pr)0.333
NUx =0.332 1.05 105
0.5
(0.696)0.333
Local nusselt numberNUx =95.35
We know
h xL
NUx
K
hx 0.50
95.35 (3 M)
28.96 10 3
Local heat transfer coefficient hx 5.52 W/m2K
We know
Average heat transfer coefficient h 2 hx (2 M)
h 2 5.52
h 11.04 W/m2K
Heat transfer Q1 h A(Tw T )
11.04 (0.5 0.3) (90 30)
Q1 99.36 W (1 mark)
Case (ii) : When the flow is parallel to 30 cm side.
UL
Reynolds number Re =
v
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 39
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
4 0.3
18.97 10 6
Re = 6.3 10 4 5 105
Since Re<5 105 , flow is laminar
For flat plate, laminar flow,
Local Nusselt Number
NUx 0.332 (Re)0.5 (0.696)0.333
0.332 (6.32 10 4 )0.5 (0.696)0.333
NUx 74.008
h xL
We know that, NUx =
K
hx 0.30
74.008
28.96 103 (1 M)
hx 7.141 W/m2K
Local heat transfer coefficient h x 7.141 W/m2K
Average heat transfer coefficient h = 2hx
h 2 7.14
h 14.28 W/m2K
We know
Heat transfer Q 2 h A (Tw T )
h L W (Tw T )
14.28 0.3 0.5 (363 303)
Q2 128.5W (1 M)
Case (iii):
Q2 Q1
% heat loss = 100
Q1
128.5-99.36
= 100 (1 M)
99.36
% heat loss = 29.3%
4 Air at 290C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 6 m/s. The plate is 1m long and 0.5 m wide.
The pressure of the air is 6 kN/m2. If the plate is maintained at a temperature of 70C,
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 40
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
estimate the rate of heat removed from the plate. (13 M) BTL5
Answer: Page 2.63- Dr.S.Senthil
Tw T
We know , Film temperature Tf
2
70 290
2
Tf 180C
Properties of air at 180C (At atmospheric pressure)
0.799 Kg/m3
= 32.49 10-6 m2 / s
Pr 0.681
K 37.80 10-3 W/mK
Patm
Kinematic viscosity atm (2 M)
Pgiven
1 bar
32.49 10 6
6 103N / m2
Q Atmospheric pressure = 1 bar
6 105 N / m2
32.49 10
6 103 N / m3
Q 1 bar = 1 105N/ m2
Kinematic viscosity v = 5.145 10-4m2 / s.
We know,
UL
Reynolds number Re
v
6 1
5.145 10 4
Re 1.10 10 4 5 105
Since Re< 5 105 , flow is laminar (4 M)
For plate, laminar flow,
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 41
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Local nusselt number
NUx 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333
0.332 (1.10 10 4 )0.5 (0.681)0.333
NUx 30.63
h xL
We know, NUx=
K
hx 1
30.63 [ Q L = 1 m]
37.80 103
Local heat transfer coefficient h x 1.15 W/m2K (2 M)
We know
Average heat transfer coefficient h = 2hx
h 2 1.15
(2 M)
h 2.31 W/m2K
We know
Heat transferred Q h A (T Tw )
2.31 (1 0.5) (563 343)
Q 254.1 W
Heat transfer from both side of the plate = 2 254.1= 508.2 W. (3 M)
Air at 15C, 30 km/h flows over a cylinder of 400 mm diameter and 1500 mm height with
surface temperature of 45C. Calculate the heat loss. (13 M) BTL5
Answer: Page 2.117- Dr.S.Senthil
We know
5 Tw T
Film temperature Tf
2
Tf 30C
UD
Reynolds Number Re =
v
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 42
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
8.33 0.4
16 106
ReD 2.08 105
(4 M)
We know
Nusselt Number Nu = C (Re)m (Pr)0.333
NU = 0.0266 (2.08 105)0.805 (0.701)0.333
NU 451.3
We know that,
hD
Nusselt Number NU =
K
h 0.4
451.3 =
26.75 10-3
h = 30.18 W/m2K (4 M)
Heat transfer coefficient h = 30.18 W/m2K
Heat transfer Q = hA (Tw T )
= h D L (Tw T )
[ Q A = DL]
= 30.18 0.4 1.5 (45 -15)
Q = 1706.6 W (5 M)
Air at 30C, 0.2 m/s flows across a 120W electric bulb at 130C. Find heat transfer and power
lost due to convection if bulb diameter is 70 mm. (13 M) BTL5
6 Answer: Page 2.118- Dr.S.Senthil
Tw T
1. Film temperature Tf
2
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 43
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
130 30
2
Tf 80C
Properties of air at 80C:
= 1 Kg/m3
= 21.09 10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.692
K = 30.47 10-3 W/mK
We know
UD
Reynolds number Re =
0.2 0.070
663.82
21.09 103
Re 663.82 (4 M)
We know
Nusselt Number Nu = 0.37 (Re)0.6
= 0.37 (663.82)0.6
Nu = 18.25
We know
hD
Nusselt number Nu
K
h 0.070
18.25 =
30.47 10-3
h = 7.94 W/m2K (4 M)
Heat transfer coefficient h = 7.94 W/m2 K
We know
Heat transfer Q2 = h A (Tw - T)
h 4 r 2 [Tw T ] [ Q A = 4 r 2 ]
2
0.070
7.94 4 (130 30)
2
Heat transfer Q2 12.22 W
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 44
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Q2
2. % of heat lost = 100
Q1
12.22
100
120
10.18% (5 M)
Air at 40C flows over a tube with a velocity of 30 m/s. The tube surface temperature is 120C.
Calculate the heat transfer for the following cases. 1. Tube could be square with a side of 6
cm. 2. Tube is circular cylinder of diameter 6 cm.(13 M) BTL 5
Answer: Page 2.120- Dr.S.Senthil
We know,
Tw T
Film temperature Tf
2
120 40
2
7 Tf 80C
Properties of air at 80C:
= 1 Kg/m3
(2 M)
= 21.09 10-6 m2 / s
Pr 0.692
K = 30.47 10-3 W/mK
Case (i): Tube is considered as square of side 6 cm
i.e., L = 6cm = 0.06m
UL
Reynolds number Re =
v
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 45
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
30 0.06
21.09 10 6
Re 0.853 105
Nusselt Number Nu = C (Re)n (Pr)0.333
For square, n = 0.675
(4 M)
C = 0.092
Nu = 0.092 (0.853 105 )0.675 (0.692)0.333
Nu = 173.3
hL
We know that, NU =
K
h 0.06
173.3
30.47 103
Heat transfer coefficient h = 88 W/m2K
Case (ii)
Tube diameter D = 6cm = 0.06 m
UD
Reynolds number Re =
30 0.06
(2 M)
21.09 10 6
Re 0.853 105
Nusselt number Nu = C (ReD )m (Pr)0.333
Re value is 0.853 105 , so corresponding C and m values are 0.0266 and 0.805 respectively.
Nu = 0.0266 (0.853 105 )0.805 (0.692)0.333
Nu = 219.3 (3 M)
hD
We know Nu =
K
h 0.06
219.3
30.47 10-3
h = 111.3 W/m2K
Heat transfer coefficient h = 111.3 W/m2K (2 M)
When 0.6 Kg of water per minute is passed through a tube of 2 cm diameter, it is found to be
8
heated from 20C to 60C. The heating is achieved by condensing steam on the surface of the
tube and subsequently the surface temperature of the tube is maintained at 90C. Determine
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 46
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
the length of the tube required for fully developed flow. (13 M) BTL5
Answer: Page 2.131- Dr.S.Senthil
Tmi Tmo
Bulk mean temperature Tm
2
20 60
2
Tm 40C
Properties of water at 40C:
= 995 Kg/m3
= 0.657 10 -6m2 / s
Pr = 4.340
K = 628 10 -3 W/mK
CP 4.178 KJ/KgK = 4178 J/KgK
Mass flow rate m = A U
m
U=
A
0.01
=
995 (0.02)2
4
Velocity U = 0.031 m/s (4 M)
Let us first determine the type of flow
UD
Re
0.031 0.02
Re
0.657 106
Re 943.6 (2 M)
Since Re < 2300, flow is laminar
For laminar flow,
Nusselt number NU = 3.66
We know
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 47
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
hD
NU
K
h 0.02
3.66 =
628 10-3
h = 114.9 W/m2K
Heat transfer Q = mCP t
= mCP (Tmo Tmi )
= 0.01 4178 (60-20)
Q = 1671.2 W (2 M)
We know that Q = h A
= h D L (Tw Tm )
= 1671.2 =114.9 0.02 L (90-40)
L = 4.62m (5 M)
Water at 50C enters 50 mm diameter and 4 m long tube with a velocity of 0.8 m/s. The tube
wall is maintained at a constant temperature of 90C. Determine the heat transfer coefficient
and the total amount of heat transferred if exist water temperature is 70C. (13 M) BTL5
Answer: Page 2.133- Dr.S.Senthil
Tmi Tmo
Bulk mean temperature Tm
2
50 70
2
Tm 60C
9 Properties of water at 60C:
= 985 Kg/m3
= 0.478 10-6m2 / s
Pr 3.020
K = 651.3 10-3 W/mK
Let us first determine the type of flow:
UD
Re
0.8 0.05
=
0.478 10-6
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 48
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Re 8.36 104
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent (4 M)
L 4
80
D 0.05
L
80 > 60
D
Re = 8.36 10 4 10,000
Pr 3.020 0.6 < Pr < 160
L
ratio is greater than 60. Re value is greater than 10,000 and Pr value is in between 0.6 and 160
D
so, (3 M)
Nusselt number NU = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n
[Inlet temperature 50C, Exit temperature 70C
Heating Process, So n = 0.4]
Nu = 0.023 (8.36 10 4 )0.8 (3.020)0.4
Nu = 310
hD
We know that Nu=
K
h 0.05
310
651.3 10 3
Heat transfer coefficient h = 4039.3 W/m2 K (2 M)
Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw – Tm)
= h D L (Tw Tm )
= 4093.3 0.05 4 (90 - 60)
Q = 76139 W (4 M)
Air at 333K, 1.5 bar pressure, flow through 12 cm diameter tube. The surface temperature of
the tube is maintained at 400K and mass flow rate is 75 kg/hr. Calculate the heat transfer
10 rate for 1.5 m length of the tube. (13 M) BTL5
Answer: Page 2.143- Dr.S.Senthil
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 49
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Properties of air at 60C
= 1.060 Kg/m3
= 18.97 10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.696 (2 M)
K = 28.96 10-3 W/mK
UD
Reynolds number Re =
We know
Mass flow rate m p U
0.020 = 1.060 D2 U
4
0.020 = 1.060 (0.12)2 U
4
U = 1.668 m/s
UD
(1) Re =
1.668 0.12
18.97 10 -6
Re = 10551.3 (2 M)
Since Re > 2300, so flow is turbulent
For turbulent flow, general equation is (Re>10000)
Nu 0.023 (Re)0.8 (0.696)0.4
Nu = 32.9 (3 M)
hD
We know Nu =
K
h 0.12
32.9 =
28.96 10-3
h = 7.94 W/m2K
Heat transfer rate Q = h A (Tw Tm )
h ( D L) (Tw Tm )
7.94 ( 0.12 1.5) (127 60)
Q 300.82 W (3+3 M)
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 50
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
A vertical plate of 0.7 m wide and 1.2 m height maintained at a temperature of 90ºC in a room
at 30ºC. Calculate the convective heat loss. (13 M) BTL4
Answer: Page 2.168- Dr.S.Senthil
Properties of air at T f=60ºC (2M)
11 (2M)
5.9 x Turbulent flow (2M)
Nusselt number, Nu = 0.10 (Gr.Pr)0.333 =179.3 (2M)
Nu = hl/K h=4.32 W/m2 K (2M)
Heat loss Q = hA(Tw-Tα)=218.16 W (3M)
Part-C
For a particular engine, the underside of the crank case can be idealized as a flat plat
measuring 80 cm 20 cm. The engine runs at 80 km/hr and the crank case is cooled by air
flowing past it at the same speed. Calculate the loss of heat from the crank case surface of
temperature 75C to the ambient air temperature 25C. Assume the boundary layer becomes
turbulent from the loading edge itself. (15 M) BTL5
Answer: Page 2.108- Dr.S.Senthil
1. Heat loss
Tw T 75 25
Film temperature Tf
2 2
Tf 50C
1 Properties of air at 50C:
= 1.093 Kg/m3 (2 M)
= 17.95 10-6 m2 / s
Pr 0.698
K 28.26 10 3 W/mK
We know
UL
Re ynolds number Re =
v
22.22 0.8
[ Q L = 0.8m]
17.95 106
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 51
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Re = 9 105
Re 9 105 5 105
Since Re>5 105 , Flow is turbulent (2 M)
Local Nusselt number} NUx = 0.0296 (Re)0.8 (Pt)0.333
NUx = 1524.6
hxL
We know that, NUx
K
hx 0.8
1524.6 [ Q L = 0.8m]
28.26 103
hx 53.85 W/m2K (5 M)
Local heat transfer coefficient} hx = 53.85 W/m2 K
For turbulent flow, flat plate
Average heat transfer coefficient} h = 1.24 hx
h = 1.24 53.85 (3 M)
h = 66.78 W/m2 K
We know,
Heat loss Q = h A (Tw - T)
= 66.78 0.16 (75 – 25)
Q = 534.2 W (3 M)
Air at 30C, 6 m/s flows over a rectangular section of size 300 800 mm. Calculate the heat
leakage per meter length per unit temperature difference. (15 M) BTL5
Answer: Page 2.140- Dr.S.Senthil
:
2
Properties of air at 30C
= 1.165 Kg/m3
= 16 10-4 m2 / s
Pr = 0.701
K = 26.75 10 -3 W / mK
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 52
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Equivalent diameter for 300 800 mm2 cross section is given by
4A 4 (0.3 0.8)
De
P 2 (0.3 0.8)
Where P - Perimeter = 2 (L+W)
De 0.436 m (3 M)
UDe
Reynolds Number Re =
6 0.436
16 106
Re = 16.3 10 4 (3 M)
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent.
For turbulent flow general equation is (Re > 10000)
Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n
Assuming the pipe wall temperature to be higher than a temperature. So heating process
n = 0.4
Nu = 0.023 (16.3 104 )0.8 (0.701)0.4
Nu 294.96
We know
hDe
Nusselt Number Nu =
K
h 0.436
294.96 =
26.75 10-3
Heat transfer coefficient h = 18.09 W/m2 K (5 M)
Heat leakage per unit per length per unit temperature difference
Q=hP
= 18.09 2 (0.3 + 0.8
Q = 39.79 W (4 M)
250 Kg/hr of air are cooled from 100C to 30C by flowing through a 3.5 cm inner diameter
3
pipe coil bent in to a helix of 0.6 m diameter. Calculate the value of air side heat transfer
coefficient if the properties of air at 65C are K = 0.0298 W/mK ; = 0.003 Kg/hr – m ;Pr =
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 53
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
0.7 ; = 1.044 Kg/m3 . (15 M) BTL5
Answer: Page 2.150- Dr.S.Senthil
UD
Reynolds Number Re =
Kinematic viscosity
0.003
Kg / s m
3600
1.044 Kg/m3
v 7.98 10 7 m2 / s (2 M)
Mass flow rate in = A U
0.056 1.044 D2 U
4
U = 55.7 m/s
UD
(1) Re =
55.7 0.035
=
7.98 10-7
Re = 2.44 106 (3 M)
Nu 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.3
This is cooling process, so n = 0.3
(4 M)
Nu = 0.023 (2.44 106 )0.8 (0.7)0.3
Nu 2661.7
hD
We know that, Nu
K
h 0.035
2661.7
0.0298
Heat transfer coefficient h = 2266.2 W/m2 K (4 M)
Engine oil flows through a 50 mm diameter tube at an average temperature of 147C. The
flow velocity is 80 cm/s. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient if the tube wall is
4 maintained at a temperature of 200C and it is 2 m long. (15 M)BTL5
Answer: Page 2.154- Dr.S.Senthil
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 54
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Properties of engine oil at 147C
UD
Reynolds number Re =
0.8 0.05
7 106
Re = 5714.2 (5 M)
Since Re < 2300 flow is turbulent
L 2
40
D 0.050
L
10 400
D
For turbulent flow, (Re < 10000)
0.055
0.8 0.33 D
Nusselt number Nu = 0.036 (Re) (Pr) L
0.055
0.050
Nu 0.036 (5714.2) 0.8
(116) 0.33
2
Nu 142.8
hD
We know Nu =
K
h 0.050
142.8 =
133.8 10-3
h = 382.3 W/m2K (5+5 M)
A thin 100 cm long and 10 cm wide horizontal plate is maintained at a uniform temperature
of 150ºC in a long tank full of water at 75ºC. Estimate the rate of heat to be supplied to the
plate to maintain constant plate temperature as heat is dissipated from either side of the plate.
(15M) BTL4
Answer: Page 2.210- Dr.S.Senthil
5
Properties of air at T f=112.5ºC
(2M)
(2M)
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 55
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
1.682 x Gr.Pr values lies between 8x106 <Gr.Pr<1011 (2M)
For horizontal plate, upper surface heated,
Nusselt number, Nu = 0.15 (Gr.Pr)0.333 =177.13 (1M)
Nu = hulc/K h=2419.7 W/m2K
(2M)
For horizontal plate, lower surface heated,
Nusselt number, Nu = 0.27 (Gr.Pr)0.25 =54.68
(1M)
Nu = hllc/K h=746.94 W/m2K
(2M)
Heat loss Q = (hu+hl)A(Tw-Tα)= (hu+hl)(WxL)(Tw-Tα)=23749.8 W (3M)
UNIT III PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS
Nusselt’s theory of condensation - Regimes of Pool boiling and Flow boiling. Correlations in boiling and
condensation. Heat Exchanger Types - Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient – Fouling Factors - Analysis –
LMTD method - NTU method.
PART * A
Q.No. Questions
Define boiling. BTL1
1.
The change of phase from liquid to vapour state is known as boiling.
What is meant by condensation? BTL2
2
The change of phase from vapour to liquid state is known as condensation.
Give the applications of boiling and condensation. BTL2
Boiling and condensation process finds wide applications as mentioned below.
3
1. Thermal and nuclear power plant.
2. Refrigerating systems
3. Process of heating and cooling Air conditioning systems
Define pool boiling. BTL2
4
If heat is added to a liquid from a submerged solid surface, the boiling process referred to as pool
boiling. In this case the liquid above the hot surface is essentially stagnant and its motion near the
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 56
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
surface is due to free convection and mixing induced by bubble growth and detachment.
What are the modes of condensation? BTL2
5 There are two modes of condensation
1. Film wise condensation
2. Drop wise condensation
What is meant by Film wise condensation?[April 2000 MU Oct. 2000 MU] BTL2
6 The liquid condensate wets the solid surface, spreads out and forms a continuous film over the
entire surface is known as film wise condensation.
Write short note on drop wise condensation. [April 2000 MU Oct 2000 MU] BTL2
7 In drop wise condensation the vapour condenses into small liquid droplets of various sizes
which fall down the surface in a random fashion.
What is heat exchanger? BTL2
8 A heat exchanger is defined as an equipment which transfers the heat from a hot fluid to a cold
fluid.
Give classifications of heat exchanger.BTL2
The types of heat exchangers are as follows
1. Direct contact heat exchangers
9 2. Indirect contact heat exchangers
3. Surface heat exchangers
4. Parallel flow heat exchangers
5. Counter flow heat exchangers
6. Cross flow heat exchangers
7. Shell and tube heat exchangers
8. Compact heat exchangers.
What is meant by Direct heat exchanger (or) open heat exchanger? BTL2
10 In direct contact heat exchanger, the heat exchange takes place by direct mixing of hot and cold
fluids.
What is meant by Indirect contact heat exchanger? BTL2
11 In this type of heat exchangers, the transfer of heat between two fluids could be carried out by
transmission through a wall which separates the two fluids.
What is meant by Regenerators? BTL2
12 In this type of heat exchangers, hot and cold fluids flow alternately through the same space.
Examples: IC engines, gas turbines.
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 57
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Define recuperators (or) surface heat exchangers.BTL2
13 This is the most common type of heat exchangers in which the hot and cold fluid do not come into
direct contact with each other but are separated by a tube wall or a surface.
What is meant by parallel flow heat exchanger? BTL2
14
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in the same direction.
What is meant by counter flow heat exchanger? BTL2
15
In this type of heat exchanger hot and cold fluids move in parallel but opposite directions.
What is meant by cross flow heat exchanger? BTL2
16
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move at right angles to each other.
What is shell and tube heat exchanger? BTL2
17 In this type of heat exchanger, one of the fluids move through a bundle of tubes enclosed by a
shell. The other fluid is forced through the shell and it moves over the outside surface of the tubes.
Define compact heat exchangers. [Nov 1996 MU] BTL2
18 There are many special purpose heat exchangers called compact heat exchangers. They are
generally employed when convective heat transfer coefficient associated with one of the fluids is
much smaller than that associated with the other fluid.
What is meant by LMTD? BTL2
We know that the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids in the heat exchanger
varies from point in addition various modes of heat transfer are involved. Therefore based on
concept of appropriate mean temperature difference, also called logarithmic mean temperature
19 difference, also called logarithmic mean temperature difference, the total heat transfer rate in the
heat exchanger is expressed as
Q = U A (T)m , Where , U – Overall heat transfer coefficient W/m2 K
A – Area m2 , (T)m – Logarithmic mean temperature difference
What is meant by Fouling factor? BTL2
We know the surfaces of a heat exchangers do not remain clean after it has been in use for some
20 time. The surfaces become fouled with scaling or deposits. The effect of these deposits the value of
overall heat transfer coefficient. This effect is taken care of by introducing an additional thermal
resistance called the fouling resistance.
Part- B
1 Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure in a polished copper pan by means of an
electric heater. The diameter of the pan is 0.38 m and is kept at 115C. Calculate the
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 58
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
following, 1. Power required to boil the water, 2. Rate of evaporation, 3. Critical heat flux.
(13 M) BTL4
Answer: Page 3.7- Dr.S.Senthil
We know saturation temperature of water is 100C
i.e. Tsat 100C
Properties of water at 100C
(From HMT data book Page No.13)
Density 1 = 961 kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity = 0.293 10 -6 m2 / s
Prandtl number Pr 1.740
Specific heat cpl = 4.216 kj/kg K = 4216/Kg K
Dynamic viscosity 1 1
= 961 0.293 10-6
1 281.57 10 6 Ns/m2
From steam table R.S. Khurmi Steam table Page No.4 (1 M)
At 100C, Enthalpy of evaporation hfg = 2256.9 kj/kg, hfg = 2256.9 103 j/kg
Specific volume of vapour , vg = 1.673 m3/kg
1
v
vg
1
Density of vapour ,
1.673
v 0.597 kg / m3
Excess temperature = Tw Tsat 115 100 15C
T 15C 50C. So this process is nucleate pool boiling.
1. Power required to boil the water.
For nucleate boiling
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 59
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
3
Q g (1 v ) Cpl T
Heat flux l hfg
a Csf hfgPr1.7
Q
(1) 281.57 106 2256.9 103
A
0.5
9.81 961 597
58.8 10 3
3
4216 T
.013 2256.9 10 (1.74)1.7
Q
Heat flux 151.1 10 3 W/m 2
A
Heat transfer Q = 151.1 10 3 A
151.1 103 d2
4
151.1 103 (0.38)2
4
Q 17.1 10 W3
Q = 17.1 103 = p
power = 17.1 103 W (4 M)
2. Rate of evaporation (m)
We know heat transferred
Q = m hfg
Q 17.1 103
m
hfg 2256.9 103 (4 M)
m .0075 kg / s
3. Critical heat flux
We know for nucleate pool boiling. Critical heat flux
Q g (l - )
0.18 hfg 0.25
A v2
From HMT data book Page No.142
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 60
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
0.18 2256.9 103 0.597
0.25
58.8 10 3 9.81 961 .597
.5972
Q (4 M)
1.52 106 w/m2
A
Q
Critical Heat flux q = 1.52 10 6 w/m 2
A
Water is boiled at the rate of 24 kg/h in a polished copper pan, 300 mm in diameter, at
atmospheric pressure. Assuming nucleate boiling conditions calculate the temperature of the
bottom surface of the pan. (13 M) BTL4
Answer: Page 3.11- Dr.S.Senthil
We know saturation temperature of water is 100C
i.e. Tsat = 100C
Properties of water at 100C
From HMT data book Page No.13
Density l = 961 kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity v = 0.293 10-6 m2 / s
2 Pr andtl number Pr 1.740
Specific heat Cpl = 4.216 kj/kg K = 4216 j/kg K
Dynamic viscosity l = l v
= 961 0.293 10-6
L 281.57 10 6 Ns/m2
From steam table (R.S. Khumi Steam table Page No.4)
At 100C
Enthalpy of evaporation hfg = 2256.9 kj/kg
hfg 2256.9 103 j/kg
Specific volume of vapour, Vg = 1.673 m3/kg
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 61
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
1
v
vg
1
Density of vapour, (3 M)
1.673
v 0.597 kg/m3
For nucleate boiling
3
Q g ( l v ) Cpl T
Heat flux l hfg
A Csf hfgPr1.7
We know transferred Q = m hfg
Heat transferred Q = m hfg.
Q mhg
A A
Q 6.6 10 3 2256.9 103
A 2
d
4
6.6 10-3 2256.9 103
=
(5 M)
(.3)2
4
Q
210 103 w / m2
A
surface tension for liquid vapour interface
At 100C (From HMT data book Page No.147)
58.8 103 N/ m
For water – copper – Csf = Surface fluid constant = 013
Csf .013 (From HMT data book Page No.145)
Q
Substitute, l, hfg, l, v, , Cpl, hfg, and Pr values in Equation (1)
A
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 62
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
(1) 210 103 281.57 10 6 2256.9 103
0.5
9.81 961 597
58.8 10 3
3
4216 T
.013 2256.9 103 (1.74)1.7
4216 T
0.825
75229.7
T(.56)3 .825
T .056 = 0.937
T - 16.7 (5 M)
We know that
Excess temperature T = Tw Tsat
16.7 = Tw 100C.
Tw 116.7C
Water is boiling on a horizontal tube whose wall temperature is maintained ct 15C above the
saturation temperature of water. Calculate the nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient.
Assume the water to be at a pressure of 20 atm. And also find the change in value of heat
transfer coefficient when, The temperature difference is increased to 30C at a pressure of 10
atm, The pressure is raised to 20 atm at T = 15C (13 M) BTL4
Answer: Page 3.17- Dr.S.Senthil
We know that for horizontal surface, heat transfer coefficient
h = 5.56 (T)3 From HMT data book Page No.128
3 h = 5.56 (Tw – Tsat)3
= 5.56 (115 – 100)3
h 18765 w/m2K (2 M)
Heat transfer coefficient other than atmospheric pressure
hp = hp0.4 From HMT data book Page No.144
= 18765 100.4
Heat transfer coefficient hp 47.13 103 W / m2K (2 M)
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 63
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Case (i)
P = 100 bar T = 30C From HMT data book Page No.144
Heat transfer coefficient
h 5.56 ( T)3 = 5.56(30)3
(2 M)
h 150 103 W / m2K
Heat transfer coefficient other than atmospheric pressure
hp = hp0.4
150 103 (10)0.4
(3 M)
hp 377 103 W / m2K
Case (ii)
P = 20 bar; T = 15C
Heat transfer coefficient h = 5.56 (T)3 = 5.56 (15)3
h 18765 W/m2K
Heat transfer coefficient other than atmospheric pressure
hp = hp0.4
= 18765 (20)0.4
hp 62.19 103 W/m2K (4 M)
Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 3 bar, condenses on the surface of a vertical tube of
height 1m. The tube surface temperature is kept at 110C. Calculate the following, 1.
Thickness of the condensate film, 2. Local heat transfer coefficient at a distance of 0.25m. (13
M) BTL4
Answer: Page 3.22- Dr.S.Senthil
4
Properties of steam at 3 bar
From steam table R.S. Khurmi steam table Page No.10)
Tsat 133.5C
hfg 2163.2 kj/kg = 2163.2 103 j/kg
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 64
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Tw Tsat
We know that Tf
2
110+133.5
Film temperature =
2
Tf = 121.75C
Properties of saturated water at 121.75C
From HMT data book Page No.13
= 945 kg/m3
= 0.247 10-6m2 / s
(4 M)
k = 685 10-3 W/mk
= = 945 0.247 10-6
For vertical surfaces,
0.25
4 K x (Tsat Tw )
x
g h 2
fg (2 M)
2.33 104 Ns / m2
From HMT data book Page No.150
4 2.33 104 685 10 3 0.25 133.5 110
9.81 2163.2 103 9452 (2 M)
Thickness x = 1.18 10-4m
k
Local heat transfer coefficient hx
x
From HMT data book Page No.150
635 103
hx
1.18 10 4 (5 M)
hx 5775.2 W/m K 2
A vertical tube of 65 mm outside diameter and 1.5 m long is exposed to steam at atmospheric
pressure. The outer surface of the tube is maintained at a temperature of 60C by circulating
5
cold water through the tube. Calculate the following, 1. The rate of heat transfer to the
coolant, 2. The rate of condensation of steam. (13M) BTL4
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 65
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Answer: Page 3.34- Dr.S.Senthil
Enthalpy of evaporation
hfg 2256.9 kj/kg = 2256.9 103 j / kg
We know
Tw Tsat
Film temperature Tf
2
60 100
2
Tf 80C
Properties of saturated water at 80C
From HMT data book Page No.13
- 974 kg/m3
= 0.364 10-6 m2 / s
k = 668.7 10-3 W / mK (4 M)
= = 974 0.364 10 -6
= 354.53 10-6 Ns/m2
Assuming that the condensate film is laminar
For laminar flow, vertical surface heat transfer coefficient
0.25
K 3 2hfg
h 0943
L(T T )
(2 M)
sat w
From HMT data book Page No.150
The factor 0.943 may be replaced by 1.13 for more accurate result as suggested by Mc Adams
0.25
668.7 103 3 (974)2 9.81 2256.9 103
1.13
6
354.53 10 1.5 100 60 (2 M)
h 4684 W/m k.2
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 66
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Q hAT
= hA(Tsat Tw )
= h D L (Tsat Tw )
= 4.684 .065 1.5 100-60
Q = 57.389 W
ii) The rate of condensation of steam m
We know Heat transfer Q = m hfg
Q
m
hfg
57,389
m
2256.9 103
m 0.0254 kg/s
Let us check the assumption of laminar film condensation. We know
4m
Reynolds Number Re
p P = Perimeter = D = 0.0065 = 0.204 m
Where
4 .0254
Re
0.204 354.53 106 (5 M)
Re = 1406.3 < 1800
So our assumption laminar flow is correct.
A vertical flat plate in the form of fin is 500m in height and is exposed to steam at
atmospheric pressure. If surface of the plate is maintained at 60C. calculate the following. 1.
The film thickness at the trailing edge, 2. Overall heat transfer coefficient, 3. Heat transfer
rate, 4. The condensate mass flow rate. Assume laminar flow conditions and unit width of the
plate. (13 M) BTL4
Answer: Page 3.37- Dr.S.Senthil
6
Tw Tsat
Film temperature Tf
2
60 100
2
Tf 80C
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 67
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Properties of saturated water at 80C
(From HMT data book Page No.13)
- 974 kg/m3
v 0.364 106 m2 / s
k = 668.7 10-3 W/mk
= p v= 974 0.364 10-6
354.53 106 Ns / m2 (3 M)
1. Film thickness x
We know for vertical plate
Film thickness
0.25
4K x (Tsat Tw )
x
g hfg 2
Where, X = L = 0.5 m
4 354.53 106 668.7 103 0.5 100 60
x
9.81 2256.9 103 9742 (3 M)
x 1.73 10 m
4
2. Average heat transfer coefficient (h)
For vertical surface Laminar flow
0.25
k 3 2 g hfg
h 0.943
L Tsat Tw
The factor 0.943 may be replace by 1.13 for more accurate result as suggested by Mc Adams
0.25
(668.7 103 )3 (974)2 9.81 2256.9 103
1.13
354.53 106 1.5 100 60 (3 M)
h 6164.3 W/m k. 2
3. Heat transfer rate Q
We know
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 68
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Q hA(Tsat Tw )
= h L W (Tsat Tw )
(2 M)
= 6164.3 0.5 1 100-60
Q = 123286 W
4. Condensate mass flow rate m
We know
Q m hfg
Q
m
hfg
(2 M)
1.23.286
m
2256.9 103
m 0.054 kg/s
A horizontal tube of outer diameter 2.2 cm is exposed to dry steam at 100C. The pipe
surface is maintained at 62C by circulating water through it. Calculate the rate of formation
of condensate per meter length of the pipe. (13 M) BTL4
Answer: Page 3.54- Dr.S.Senthil
Tw Tsat
Tf
2
62+100
Film temperature =
2
Tf 81C 80C
7
Properties of saturated water at 80C
From HMT data book Page No.13
974 kg/m3
= .364 10-6 m2 / s
k = 668.7 10-3 W/mk (3 M)
= = 974 .364 10 -6
= 354.53 10-6 Ns/m2
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 69
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
For horizontal tubes heat transfer coefficient.
0.25
K 3 2g hfg
h = 0.728
D(Tsat Tw )
From HMT data book Page No.150
0.25
(668.7 10-3 )3 (974)2 9.81 2256.9 103
h = 0.728
354.53 106 2.2 102 (100 62) (4 M)
h = 8783.4 W/m2K
We know
Heat transfer Q
hA (Tsat Tw )
h DL (Tsat Tw )
8783.4 2.2 10 2 1 (100 - 62) (3 M)
Q L = 1m
Q = 23.068.5 W
We know , Q = mhfg
Q
m
hfg
23.0685
m 0.010 kg/s (3 M)
2256.9 103
m = 0.010 kg/s
In a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger, oil is cooled from 85C to 55C by water
entering at 25C. The mass flow rate of oil is 9,800 kg/h and specific heat of oil is 2000 j/kg K.
the mass flow rate of water is 8,000 kg/h and specific heat of water is 4180 j/kg K. Determine
the heat exchanger area and heat transfer rate for an overall heat transfer coefficient of 280
W/m2 K. (13 M) BTL4.
8
Answer: Page 3.37- Dr.S.Senthil
Heat lost by oil Hot fluid = Heat gained by water cold fluid
Qh = Qc
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 70
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
mhCph (T1 T2 ) mc Cpc (t 2 t1 )
2.72 2000 (85-55)=2.22 4180 (t 2 25)
163.2 103 9279.6 t 2 231.9 10 3 (4 M)
t 2 42.5C
Exit temperature of water t 2 42.5C
Heat transfer Q =mc Cpc (t 2 t1 ) (or) mhCph (T1 T2 )
Q 2.22 4180 (42.5 25) (4 M)
Q 162 103 W
Q UA (T)m........1
From HMT data book Page No.154
For counter flow
(T1 t1 ) - (T2 t 2 )
( T)m
T t
In 1 1
T2 t 2
From HMT data book Page No.154
(2 M)
(85 42.5) - (55 25)
( T)m
85 42.5
In
55 25
( T)m 35.8C
Substitute (T)m U and Q values in Equation (1)
(1) Q = UA (T)m
162 103 280 A 35.8 (3 M)
A = 16.16 m2
Water flows at the rate of 65 kg/min through a double pipe counter flow heat exchanger.
Water is heated from 50C to 75C by an oil flowing through the tube. The specific heat of
the oil is 1.780 kj/kg K. The oil enters at 115C and leaves at 70C. The overall heat transfer
9 coefficient is 340 W/m2 K. Calculate the following, 1. Heat exchanger area, 2. Rate of heat
transfer (13 M) BTL4
Answer: Page 3.86- Dr.S.Senthil
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 71
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Heat transfer Q = mc Cpc (t 2 t1 ) (or)
mhCph (T1 T2 )
Q mc Cpc (t 2 t1 )
(4 M)
Q 1.08 4186 (75 50)
Q Specific heat of water Cph 4186 j/kg K
Q = 113 103 W
We know
Heat transfer Q = U A (T)m (3 M)
From HMT data book Page No., 154
Where
(T)m – Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. LMTD
For Counter flow
(T1 t1 ) (T2 t 2 )
( T)m
T t
In 1 1
T2 t 2
From HMT data book Page No.154
(3 M)
(115 75) (70 50)
(T)m
115 75
In
70 50
( T)m 28.8C
Substitute (T)m Q and U values in Equation (1)
(1) Q =UA (T)m
113 103 340 A 28.8 (3 M)
A = 11.54 m2
In a double pipe heat exchanger hot fluid with a specific heat of 2300 J/kg K enters at 380C
and leaves at 300C. cold fluid enters at 25C and leaves at 210C. Calculate the heat
exchanger area required for
10
1. Parallel flow 2. Counter flow
Take overall heat transfer coefficient is 750 w/m2 K and mass flow rate of hot fluid is 1 kg/s.
(13 M) BTL4
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 72
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Answer: Page 3.89- Dr.S.Senthil
Case (i)
For parallel flow
(T1 t1 ) (T2 t 2 )
( T)m
T t
In 1 1
T2 t 2
From HMT data book Page No.154
(380 25) (300 210)
(T)m
380 25
In
300 210
( T)m 193.1C
Heat transfer Q = mcCpc (t 2 t1) (or)
mhCph (T1 T2 )
Q mc Cpc (t 2 t1 )
= 1 2300 380 300
Q = 184 103 W
From HMT data book Page No.154
We know that
Q U A (T)m
Heat transfer 184 103 750 A 193.1
Area for parallel flow A = 1.27 m2 (3+3 M)
Case (ii)
For counter flow
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 73
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
(T1 t 2 ) (T2 t1 )
( T)m
T t
In 1 2
T2 t1
From HMT data book Page No.154
(5 M)
(380 210) (300 25)
(T)m
380 210
In
300 25
( T)m 218.3C
We know that,
Heat transfer Q = UA (T)m
184 103 750 A 218.3
(2 M)
Area for counter flow A = 1.12 m2
Part –C
A nickel wire carrying electric current of 1.5 mm diameter and 50 cm long, is submerged in a
water bath which is open to atmospheric pressure. Calculate the voltage at the burn out
point, if at this point the wire carries a current of 200A. (15 M) BTL4
Answer: Page 3.9- Dr.S.Senthil
hfg 2256.9 kj / kg
hfg = 2256.9 103 j/kg
v g 1.673m3 / kg
1 1
v 0.597 kg/m3
g 1.673
1
= Surface tension for liquid – vapour interface
At 100C
58.8 103 N/m (From HMT data book Page No.147)
For nucleate pool boiling critical heat flux (AT burn out)
Q g (l - v)0.25
0.18 hfg v 1 (5 M)
A v2
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 74
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
(From HMT data book Page No.142)
Substitute hfg, l, v, values in Equation (1)
Q
(1) 0.18 2256.9 103 0.597
A
0.25
58.8 10 3 9.81 (961 .597)
(5 M)
.5972
Q
1.52 106 W/m2
A
We know , Heat transferred Q = V I
Q V I
A A
V 200
1.52 106 Q A = dL
dL (5 M)
V 200
1.52 106 =
1.5 10-3 .50
V 17.9 volts
A heating element cladded with metal is 8 mm diameter and of emissivity is 0.92. The element
is horizontally immersed in a water bath. The surface temperature of the metal is 260C
under steady state boiling conditions. Calculate the power dissipation per unit length for the
heater. (15 M) BTL4
Answer: Refer class notes
T Tw Tsat
Excess temperature,
T 260 100
T 160C 50C
2
So this is film pool boiling
Tw Tsat
Film temperature Tf =
2
260 100
2
Tf 180C
Properties of water vapour at 180C
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 75
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
(From HMT data book Page No.30)
v 5.16 kg/m3
K v 32.68 10 3 w/mK
(5 M)
Cpv = 2.709 kj/kgK =2709 j/kg K
v = 15.10 10-6 Ns/m2
Properties of saturated water at 100C
l = 961 kg/m3 (From HMT data book Page No.13)
From steam table At 100C. (R.S. Khurmi Steam
table Page No.4)
hfg 2256.9 103 j / kg (3 M)
In film pool boiling heat is transferred due to both convection and radiation.
3
Heat transfer coefficient h = hconv hrad 1
4
K 3v v ( v v ) g hfg 0.4 Cpv T
0.25
hconv 0.62
vDT
From HMT data book Page No.143
(32.68 103 ) 5.16 961 5.16 9.81
2256.9 103 0.4 2709 160)f
hconv 0.62 (3 M)
6 3
15.10 10 8 10 160
0.25
4.10 106
hconv 0.62 5
1.93 10
hconv 421.02 W/m2K........2
Tw Tsat
4
hrad
Tw Tsat
From HMT data book Page No.143
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 76
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
(260 273)4 (100 273)4
hrad 5.67 108 0.92 (2 M)
260 273 100 273
Stefan boltzmann constant
5.67 108 W/m2K 4
hrad 20W / m2K............3
Substitute (2) (3) in (1)
3
1 h 421.02 (20)
4
h 436.02 W/m2K
Heat transferred Q = hA (Tw Tsat )
h D L (Tw Tsat )
(3 M)
= 4366.02 8 10-3 1 260 100
Q = 1753.34 W/m Q L = 1m
Or
Power dissipation = 1753.34 W/m. (2 M)
Steam at 0.080 bar is arranged to condense over a 50 cm square vertical plate. The surface
temperature is maintained at 20C. Calculate the following.
a. Film thickness at a distance of 25 cm from the top of the plate.
b. Local heat transfer coefficient at a distance of 25 cm from the top of the plate.
c. Average heat transfer coefficient.
d. Total heat transfer
e. Total steam condensation rate.
f. What would be the heat transfer coefficient if the plate is inclined at 30C with
horizontal plane. (15 M)-BTL4
3
Answer: Refer class notes
Tw Tsat
Film temperature Tf
2
20+41.53
=
2
Tf 30.76C
Properties of saturated water at 30.76C = 30C
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 77
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
From HMT data book Page No.13
997 kg/m3
0.83 10-6 m2 / s
k 612 10-3 W / mK (2 M)
p v 997 0.83 10 6
827.51 10 6 Ns / m2
a. Film thickness
We know for vertical surfaces
0.25
4 K x (Tsat Tw )
x
g hfg 2
(From HMT data book Page No.150) (2 M)
6 3
4 827.51 10 612 10 .25 (41.53 20)100
x
9.81 2403.2 103 997 2
x 1.40 104 m
b. Local heat transfer coefficient hx Assuming Laminar flow
k
hx
x
612 10 3
hx (3 M)
1.46 10 4
hx 4,191 W/m2K
c. Average heat transfer coefficient h
(Assuming laminar flow)
0.25
k 3 2 g hfg
h 0.943 (3 M)
L Tsat Tw
The factor 0.943 may be replaced by 1.13 for more accurate result as suggested by Mc adams
0.25
k 3 2g hfg
h 0.943
L Tsat Tw
Where L = 50 cm = .5 m
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 78
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
0.25
(612 103 )3 (997)2 9.81 2403.2 103
h 1.13
827.51 106 .5 41.53 20 (2 M)
h 5599.6 W/m2k
d. Heat transfer (Q), We know , Q = hA(T sat – Tw)
h A (Tsat Tw )
5599.6 0.25 (41.53 20 (3 M)
Q 30.139.8 W
The outer surface of a cylindrical vertical drum having 25 cm diameter is exposed to
saturated steam at 1.7 bar for condensation. The surface temperature of the drum is
maintained at 85C. Calculate the following, Length of the drum, Thickness of condensate
layer to condense 65 kg/h steam. (15 M) -BTL4
Answer: Page 3.44- Dr.S.Senthil
Tw Tsat
Film temperature Tf
2
85 115.2
2
Tf 100.1C
Properties of saturated water at 100C
From HMT data book Page No.13
4
- 961 kg/m3
- 0.293 10-6 m2 / s
k 680.4 10 3 W / mK
= =961 0.293 10 -6
281.57 10 6 Ns / m2
For vertical surfaces (Assuming Laminar flow)
Average heat transfer coefficient
0.25
k 3 2g hfg
h 0.943
L(T T )
(5 M)
sat w
From HMT data book Page No.150
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 79
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
0.25
k 3 2g hfg
h 1.13
L(T T )
sat w
0.25
(680.4 103 )3 (961)2 9.81 2215.8 103
h 1.13
281.57 106 l (115.2 85) (2 M)
h 5900L-0.25 ........1
Heat transfer Q
m hfg
0.0180 kg/s 2215.8 103 j/kg
= 39.8 103 j/s
Q = 39.8 103 W
We know that ,
Q hA(Tsat Tw )
39.8 103 h DL (Tsat Tw ) (3 M)
39.8 103 h .25 L (115.2 85)
Substitute h value
39.8 103 (5900L0.25 ) .25 L (115.2 85)
0.278 L0.75 (115.8 85)
L 0.18m
Length of the drum L = 0.18 m
2. Film thickness
0.25
4 Kx(Tsat Tw )
x
g h 2
fg
x L 0.18 m
Let us check the assumption of laminar flow
4m
We know that , Reynolds Number Re
p
Where , P = Perimeter = D .25 0.785
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 80
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
4 .0180
Re
0.785 281.57 106 (5 M)
Re 325.7 < 1800
So our assumption laminar flow is correct.
In a refrigerating plant water is cooled from 20C to 7C by brine solution entering at -2C
and leaving at 3C. The design heat load is 5500 W and the overall heat transfer coefficient is
800 W/m2 K. What area required when using a shell and tube heat exchanger with the water
making one shell pass and the brine making two tube passes. (15 M)- BTL4
Answer: Page 3.112, Dr.S.Senthil
Shell and tube heat exchanger – one shell pass and two tube passes
For shell and tube heat exchanger or cross heat exchanger.
Q = F U A (T)m (Counter flow)
(From HMT data book Page No.154) (3 M)
For counter flow
( T)m
(T1 t 2 ) (T2 t1)
T t
In 1 2
T2 t1
5
(20-3)-(7 +2)
=
20-3
In
7+2
(5 M)
(T)m 12.57C
To find correction factor F refer HMT data book Page No.161
One shell pass and two tube passes
From graph
t 2 t1 32 5
Xaxis Value P =
T1 t1 20 2 22
P 0.22
(5 M)
T T 20 7 13
Curve value = R= 1 2
t 2 t1 32 5
R = 2.6
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 81
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Xaxis value is 0.22 curve value is 2.6 corresponding Yaxis value is 0.94
Substitute (T)m Q, U and F value is Equation (1)
1 Q F U A (T)m
5500 0.94 800 A 12.57 (2 M)
A 0.58 m2
UNIT IV RADIATION
Black Body Radiation – Grey body radiation - Shape Factor – Electrical Analogy – Radiation Shields.
Radiation through gases.
PART * A
Q.No. Questions
Define Radiation. BTL1
1 The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is known as
radiation. It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
Define emissive power [E]. [Oct. 97, M.U.] [Oct. 2000 M.U.] BTL1
2 The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body per unit time
and unit area. It is expressed in W/m2.
Define monochromatic emissive power. [Eb ] BTL1
3 The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit area in all directions is
known as monochromatic emissive power.
What is meant by absorptivity? BTL2
Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absorbed and incident radiation.
4
Radiation absorbed
Absorptivity
Incident radiation
What is meant by reflectivity? BTL2
Reflectivity is defined as the ratio of radiation reflected to the incident radiation.
5
Radiation reflected
Reflectivity
Incident radiation
6 What is meant by Transmissivity? BTL2
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 82
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Transmissivity is defined as the ratio of radiation transmitted to the incident radiation.
Radiation transmitted
Transmissivity
Incident radiation
What is black body? [April.97, April 99, M.U.] BTL2
Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties.
7
1. A black body absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wave length and direction.
2. For a prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface can emit more energy than black
body.
State Planck’s distribution law. [Oct. 97, April 2000, M.U.] BTL2
The relationship between the monochromatic emissive power of a black body and wave length of
a radiation at a particular temperature is given by the following expression, by Planck.
C1 5
Eb
C2
e T 1
8
Where Eb = Monochromatic emissive power W/m2
= Wave length – m
c1 = 0.374 10-15 W m2
c2 = 14.4 10-3 mK
State Wien’s displacement law. BTL2
The Wien’s law gives the relationship between temperature and wave length corresponding to the
maximum spectral emissive power of the black body at that temperature.
9
mas T = c3
Where c3 = 2.9 10-3 [Radiation constant]
mas T = 2.9 10-3 mK
State Stefan – Boltzmann law. [April 2002, M.U.] BTL2
10
The emissive power of a black body is proportional to the fourth power of absolute temperature.
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 83
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Eb T4
Eb = T4
Where Eb = Emissive power, w/m2
= Stefan. Boltzmann constant
= 5.67 10-8 W/m2 K 4
T = Temperature, K
Define Emissivity. [Oct. 2000, April 2002, M.U.] BTL1
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate heat. It is also defined as the
11 ratio of emissive power of any body to the emissive power of a black body of equal temperature.
E
Emissivity
Eb
What is meant by gray body? [April, 2000, 2002, M.U.] BTL2
12 If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective of their wave length, the
body is known as gray body. The emissive power of a gray body is always less than that of the
black body.
State Kirchhoff’s law of radiation. [April 2001 M.U.] BTL2
This law states that the ratio of total emissive power to the absorptivity is constant for all surfaces
which are in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. This can be written as
E1 E2 E3
13 ,
1 2 3
It also states that the emissivity of the body is always equal to its absorptivity when the body
remains in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.
1 = E1; 2 = E2 and so on.
Define intensity of radiation (Ib). [Nov. 96, Oct. 98, 99 M.U.] BTL1
It is defined as the rate of energy leaving a space in a given direction per unit solid angle per unit
14 area of the emitting surface normal to the mean direction in space.
Eb
In
State Lambert’s cosine law. BTL1
15 It states that the total emissive power E b from a radiating plane surface in any direction
proportional to the cosine of the angle of emission
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 84
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Eb cos
What is the purpose of radiation shield? [Apr. 99, Oct. 99 Apr.2001 M.U.] BTL2
16 Radiation shields constructed from low emissivity (high reflective) materials. It is used to reduce
the net radiation transfer between two surfaces.
Define irradiation (G). [Nov. 96, M.U.] BTL1
17 It is defined as the total radiation incident upon a surface per unit time per unit area. It is
expressed in W/m2.
What is radiosity (J)? [April 2001 M.U.] BTL2
18 It is used to indicate the total radiation leaving a surface per unit time per unit area. It is
expressed in W/m2.
What is meant by shape factor? [M.U. EEE, Oct. 97, Apr. 98, Oct 2001 M.U.] BTL2
19 The shape factor is defined as the fraction of the radiative energy that is diffused from on surface
element and strikes the other surface directly with no intervening reflections. It is represented by
Fij. Other names for radiation shape factor are view factor, angle factor and configuration factor.
What are the assumptions made to calculate radiation exchange between the surfaces?
BTL2
20 1. All surfaces are considered to be either black or gray
2. Radiation and reflection process are assumed to be diffuse.
3. The absorptivity of a surface is taken equal to its emissivity and independent of
temperature of the source of the incident radiation.
Part*B
A black body at 3000 K emits radiation. Calculate the following:
i) Monochromatic emissive power at 7 m wave length.
ii) Wave length at which emission is maximum.
iii) Maximum emissive power.
iv) Total emissive power,
1 v) Calculate the total emissive of the furnace if it is assumed as a real surface having
emissivity equal to 0.85. Madras University, April 96, (13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.9- Dr.S.Senthil
1. Monochromatic Emissive Power :
From Planck’s distribution law, we know
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 85
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
C1 5
Eb
C2
e T 1
[From HMT data book, Page No.71]
Where
c1 = 0.374 10-15 W m2
c2 = 14.4 10-3 mK
= 1 10-6 m [Given]
0.374 10 15 [1 10 6 ]5
Eb
144 10 3
1 106 3000 (3 M)
1
Eb 3.10 1012 W/m2
2. Maximum wave length ( max)
From Wien’s law, we know
max T 2.9 10 3 mK
2.9 10 3
max = (3 M)
3000
max = 0.966 10-6m
3. Maximum emissive power (Eb ) max:
Maximum emissive power
(Eb)max = 1.307 10-5 T5
= 1.307 10-5 (3000)5
(Eb)max = 3.17 1012 W/m2 (2 M)
4. Total emissive power (Eb):
From Stefan – Boltzmann law, we know that
Eb = T4
[From HMT data book Page No.71]
Where = Stefan – Boltzmann constant
= 5.67 10-8 W/m2 K4
Eb = (5.67 10-8) (3000)4
Eb = 4.59 106 W/m2 (2 M)
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 86
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
5. Total emissive power of a real surface:
(Eb)real = T4
Where = Emissivity = 0.85
(Eb)real = 0.85 5.67 108 (3000)4
(Eb )real 3.90 106 W / m2 (3 M)
A black body of 1200 cm2 emits radiation at 1000 K. Calculate the following:
1. Total rate of energy emission
2. Intensity of normal radiation
3. Wave length of maximum monochromatic emissive power.
4. Intensity of radiation along a direction at 60 to the normal. (13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.13- Dr.S.Senthil
1. Energy emission Eb = T4
[From HMT data book, Page No.71]
Eb = 5.67 108 (1000)4
Eb = 5.67 103 W/m2
Here Area = 1200 10-4 m2,
2
Eb = 5.67103 1200 10-4
Eb = 6804 W (3 M)
2. Intensity of normal radiation
Eb
In
56.7 103 W / m2
= (5 M)
In = 18,048 W/m2
3. From Wien’s law, we know that
max T = 2.9 10-3 mK
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 87
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
2.9 10-3
max =
3000
max = 2.9 10-6 m (5 M)
max = 2.9 [ Q 1 = 10 -6 m]
Assuming sun to be black body emitting radiation at 6000 K at a mean distance of 12 1010
m from the earth. The diameter of the sun is 1.5 109 m and that of the earth is 13.2 106
m. Calculation the following. (i) Total energy emitted by the sun, (ii) The emission received
per m2 just outside the earth’s atmosphere, (iii) The total energy received by the earth if no
radiation is blocked by the earth’s atmosphere, (iv) The energy received by a 2 2 m solar
collector whose normal is inclined at 45 to the sun. The energy loss through the atmosphere
is 50% and the diffuse radiation is 20% of direct radiation. (13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.15- Dr.S.Senthil
1. Energy emitted by sun Eb = T4
Eb = 5.67 10-8 (6000)4
[ Q = Stefan - Boltzmann constant
3 = 5.67 10-8 W / m2 K 4 ]
Eb = 73.4 10 6 W/m2
Area of sun A 1 4 R12
2
1.5 109
= 4
2
A1 7 1018 m2
Energy emitted by the sun
Eb = 73.4 106 7 1018 (3 M)
Eb 5.14 1026 W
2. The emission received per m2 just outside the earth’s atmosphere:
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 88
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
The distance between earth and sun
R = 12 1010 m
Area, A = 4 R2
= 4 (12 1010 )2
A = 1.80 1023 m2
The radiation received outside the earth atmosphere per
m2 (3 M)
Eb
=
A
5.14 1026
=
1.80 1023
= 2855.5 W/m2
3. Energy received by the earth:
Earth area = (D2 )2
4
= [13.2 10 6 ]2
4
Earth area = 1.36 10 4m2
Energy received by the earth
2855.5 1.36 104
(3 M)
3.88 1017 W
4. The energy received by a 2 2 m solar collector;
Energy loss through the atmosphere is 50%. So energy reaching the earth.
100 - 50 = 50%
= 0.50
Energy received by the earth
0.50 2855.5
1427.7 W/m2 ......(1)
Diffuse radiation is 20%
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 89
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
0.20 1427.7 = 285.5 W/m2
(2 M)
Diffuse radiation = 285.5 W/m2 .........(2)
Total radiation reaching the collection
142.7 285.5
1713.2 W/m2
Plate area = A cos
= 2 2 cos 45
= 2.82 m2
Energy received by the collector
2.82 1713.2
(2 M)
4831.2 W
A large enclosure is maintained at a uniform temperature of 3000 K. Calculate the
following, (i) Emissive power, (ii) The wave length 1 below which 20 percent of the emission
is concentrated and the wave length 2 above which 20 percent of the emission is
concentrated, (iii) The maximum wave length, (iv) Spectral emissive power, (v) The
irradiation incident. (13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.22- Dr.S.Senthil
1. Emissive power Eb = T4
5.67 108 (3000)4
Eb 4.59 106 W/m2 (3 M)
4
2. The wave length 1 corresponds to the upper limit, containing 20% of emitted radiation.
Eb(0-1T)
0.20 , corresponding
T4
1T = 2666 K
[From HMT data book, Page No.72]
1T 2666 K
2666
1 =
3000
1 0.88
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 90
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
The wave length 2 corresponds to the lower limit, containing 20% of emitted radiation.
Eb(0-1T)
(1 0.20)
T4
Eb(0-1T)
0.80, corresponding
T4
2T 6888 K (3 M)
6888
2 =
3000
2 2.2
3. Maximum wave length ( max):
max T = 2.9 10-3 mK
2.9 10-3
max =
3000
= 9.6 10-7m (2 M)
max 0.96 10 6 m
4. Spectral Emissive Power:
From Planck’s distribution law, we know
C1max 5
Eb [From HMT data book, Page No.71]
C2
e T 1
where C1 0.374 10 15 W m2
C2 14.4 103 mK
0.374 10 0.96 10
5
15 6
Eb
14.4 10 3
6 (3 M)
e
0.96 10 3000 1
Eb = 3.1 1012 W/m2
5. Irradiation:
The irradiation incident on a small object placed within the enclosure may be treated as
equal to emission from a black body at the enclosure surface temperature.
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 91
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
So, G = Eb = 4.59 106 W/m2 . (2 M)
A furnace wall emits radiation at 2000 K. Treating it as black body radiation, calculate, (i)
Monochromatic radiant flux density at 1m wave length, (ii) Wave length at which emission
is maximum and the corresponding emissive power., (iii) Total emissive power (13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.26- Dr.S.Senthil
1. Monochromatic emissive power (E b):
c1 5
Eb [From HMT data book, Page No.71]
C2
e T 1
where C1 0.374 10 15 W m 2
C2 14.4 10 3 mK
= 1 m = 1 10-6 m [Given] (4 M)
0.374 10 15 (1 10 6 )5
Eb
14.4 10 3
e
1 106 2000 1
5 Eb 2.79 1011 W / m2
2. Maximum Wave Length ( max):
From Wien’s Law, we know that
max T = 2.9 103 mK
[From HMT data book, Page No.71]
2.9 10 3
max
T
2.9 10 3
= 1.45 10 6 m
2000
max 1.45
Corresponding emissive power
c1max 5
Eb
C2
T
e max 1
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 92
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
5
0.374 10 15 1.45 10 6
14.4 10 3 (4 M)
6
e
1.45 10 2000 1
4.09 1011 W / m2
3. Total emissive power (Eb):
From Stefan – Boltzmann law, we know
Eb = T4
Where - Stefan – Boltzmann constant
5.67 108 W / m2 K 4
Eb = 5.67 10-8 (2000)4 (5 M)
Eb 907.2 103 W/m2
The temperature of a black surface 0.25 m2 of area is 650C. Calculate, (i) 1. The total rate
of energy emission, (ii) 2. The intensity of normal radiation, (iii) The wavelength of
maximum monochromatic emissive power. (13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.28- Dr.S.Senthil
1. We know
Emissive power Eb = T4
= 5.67 108 (923)4
Eb = 41151.8 W/m2
6 Here Area = 0.25 m2
Eb = 41151.8 W/m2 0.25 m2
Eb 10.28 103 Watts (5 M)
2. We know
Eb
Intensity In
10.28 103
= (3 M)
In = 3274.7 W
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 93
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
3. From Wien’s law,
max T = 2.9 103 m
2.9 10-3
max = (5 M)
923
max 3.13 106 m
Calculate the heat exchange by radiation between the surfaces of two long cylinders having
radii 120mm and 60mm respectively. The axis of the cylinder are parallel to each other. The
inner cylinder is maintained at a temperature of 130C and emissivity of 0.6. Outer cylinder
is maintained at a temperature of 30C and emissivity of 0.5. (13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.52- Dr.S.Senthil
Q A T14 T2 4 .....(1)
[From equation No.27]
1
where
1 A1 1
1
1 A 2 2
1
= [Q A DL]
7 1 D1L 2 1
1
0.6 D2L 2 0.5
1
= [ Q L1 L 2 1]
1 0.12 1
1
0.6 0.24 0.5
0.46
(1)
Q12 0.46 5.67 10 8 D1 L (403)4 (303)4
= 0.46 5.67 10 8 0.12 1 (403)4 (303)4
(13 M)
Q12 176.47 W
Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at 800C and 300C are 0.5 respectively.
Find net radiant hat exchange per square metre for these plates. Find the percentage
8 reduction in heat transfer when a polished aluminium radiation shield of emissivity 0.06 is
placed between them. Also find the temperature of the shield. (13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.60- Dr. S. Senthil
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 94
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Heat exchange between two large parallel plates without radiation shield is given by
Q12 A T14 T24
(1) Q12 0.230 A [T14 T2 4 ]
= 0.230 5.67 108 A (1073)4 (573)4
Q12
15,879.9 W/m2 (3 M)
A
Heat transfer square metre without radiation shield
Q12
15.87 k W/m2 ......(1)
A
Heat exchange between plate 1 and radiation shield 3 is given by
(1) Q13 A [T14 T2 4 ]
1
1 1
1
1 3
A [T14 T3 4 ]
Q13 .....(A)
1 1
1
1 3
Heat exchange between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is given by
Q32 A [T3 4 T2 4 ]
1
Where =
1 1
1
3 2
A T3 4 T2 4
Q32 .....(B)
1 1
1
3 2
We know Q13 = Q32
T3 4 = 0.926 (1073)4 0.926 (T3 )4 (573)4
(T3 )4 0.926 (T3 4 ) 1.33 1012
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 95
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
(1.926) (T3 )4 = 1.33 1012
(T3 )4 = 6.90 1011 (5 M)
T3 911.5 K
Radiation shield temperature T3 911.5 K
Substituting T3 value in equation (A) (or) equation (B), Heat transfer with radiation shield
5.67 108 A (1073)4 (911.5)4
Q13
1 1
1
0.3 0.06
Q13
1895.76 W/m2
A
Heat transfer with radiation shield
Q13
1.89kW / m2 ......(2)
A
Reduction in heat loss due to radiation shield
Qwithout shield Q with shield Q12 Q13
Qwithout shield Q12
15.87 - 1.89
= (5 M)
15.87
= 0.88 = 88%
Find the relative heat transfer between two large plane at temperature 1000 K and 500 K
when they are 1. Black bodies 2. Gray bodies with emissivities of each surface is 0.7.
(13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.15- Dr.S.Senthil
9 Case 1: Heat exchange between two large parallel plate is given by
Q A T14 T2 4
For black bodies, 1
Q = A T14 T2 4
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 96
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Q
5.67 108 (1000)4 (500)4
A
(5 M)
Q
53.15 103 W / m2
A
Case 2: Q A T14 T24
1
1 1
1
1 2
1
=
1 1
1
0.7 0.7
0.538 (8 M)
Q 0.538 A 5.67 10 (1000) (500)
8 4 4
Q
28.6 103 W / m2
A
Two parallel plates of size 3 m 2 m are placed parallel to each other at a distance of 1 m.
One plate is maintained at a temperature of 550C and the other at 250C and the
emissivities are 0.35 and 0.55 respectively. The plates are located in a large room whose
walls are at 35C. If the plates located exchange heat with each other and with the room,
calculate. (i) Heat lost by the plates, (ii) Heat received by the room. (13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.121 Dr.S.Senthil
Area A1 = 3 2 = 6 m2
A1 A 2 6m2
10
Since the room is large A 3
From electrical network diagram.
1 1 1 0.35
0.309
1A1 0.35 6
1 2 1 0.55
0.136 (2 M)
2 A 2 0.55 6
1 3
0 [ Q A 3 ]
3 A3
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 97
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
1 3 1-1 1 2
Apply 0, 0.309, 0.136 values in electrical network diagram.
3 A3 1A1 2A2
To find shape factor F12 refer HMT data book, Page No.78.
b 3
X 3
c 1
(3 M)
a 2
Y 2
c 1
X value is 3, Y value is 2, corresponding shape factor [From
table]
F12 = 0.47
F12 0.47
We know that,
F11 + F12 + F13 = 1
But, F11 = 0
F13 1 F12
F13 1 0.47 (2 M)
F13 0.53
Similarly, F21 + F22 + F23 = 1
We know F22 = 0
F23 1 F21
F23 1 F12
(2 M)
F13 = 1 - 0.47
F23 0.53
From electrical network diagram,
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 98
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
1 1
0.314 ....(1)
A1F13 6 0.53
1 1
0.314 ....(2) (2 M)
A 2F23 6 0.53
1 1
0.354 ....(3)
A1F12 6 0.47
From Stefan – Boltzmann law, we know
Eb T 4
Eb1 T14
= 5.67 10 -8 823
4
Eb1 26.01 103 W / m2 .....(4)
Eb2 T2 4
= 5.67 10 -8 823
4
Eb2 4.24 103 W / m2 .....(5)
Eb3 T3 4
= 5.67 10 -8 308
4
Eb3 J3 510.25 W / m2 .....(6)
At Node J1:
Eb1 J1 J2 J1 Eb3 J1
0
0.309 1 1
A1F12 A1F13
[From diagram]
At node j2
J1 J2 Eb3 J2 Eb2 J2
0
1 1 0.136
A1F12 A 2F23
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 99
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
-9.24J1 2.82J2 85.79 103 .....(7)
2.82J1 13.3J2 32.8 103 .....(8) (2 M)
__________________________
J2 4.73 103 W / m2
J1 10.73 103 W / m2
A furnace of 25 m2 area and 12 m2 volume is maintained at a temperature of 925C over is
entire volume. The total pressure of the combustion gases is 3 atm, the partial pressure of
water vapour is 0.1 atm and that of CO2 is 0.25 atm. Calculate the emissivity of the gaseous
mixture. (13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.161- Dr.S.Senthil
V
Lm 3.6
A
12
= 3.6
25
Lm 1.72 m
To find emissivity of CO2
PCO2 Lm 0.25 1.72
11 PCO2 Lm 0.43 m-atm.
From HMT data book, Page No.90, we can find emissivity of CO 2.
CO CCO 0.18
2 2
From graph, Emissivity of CO2 = 0.15 , CO 0.15
2
(3 M)
To find correction factor for CO2: Total pressure P = 3 atm.
PCO2 Lm 0.43 m-atm
From HMT data book, Page No.91, we can find correction factor for CO2.
From graph, we find CCO2 1.2
CCO2 1.2
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 100
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
CO2 CCO2 0.15 1.72 .....(1) (3 M)
To find emissivity of H2O:
PH2O Lm 0.1 1.72 , PH2O Lm 0.172
From HMT data book, Page No.92, we can find emissivity of H 2O.
From graph, Emissivity of H2O = 0.15
H O 0.15
2
(3 M)
To find correction factor for H2O:
PH2O P 0.1 3 PH O P
1.55 2 1.55,PH2O Lm 0.172.
2 2 2
From HMT data book, Page No.94, we can find correction factor for H 2O.
PCO2 Lm PH2O Lm 0.602
From graph, we find
CH2O 1.58
CH2O 1.58
H2O CH2O 0.15 1.58
H O CH O 0.237 ........(2)
2 2
Correction Factor for mixture of CO2 and H2O:
PH2O 0.1
0.285
PH2O PCO2 0.1 0.25
PH2O
0.285
PH2O PCO2
PCO2 Lm PH2O Lm 0.25 1.72 0.1 1.72 (3 M)
= 0.602.
From HMT data book, Page No.95 we can find correction factor for mixture of CO2 and
H2O.
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 101
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
From graph, we find = 0.045.
0.045 ..........(3)
Total emissivity of the gaseous mixture is
mix CO CCO H O CH O V
2 2 2 2
mix 0.18 0.237 0.045
(1 M)
[From equation (1), (2) and (3)]
mix 0.372
Part*C
The sun emits maximum radiation at = 0.52. Assuming the sun to be a black body,
calculate the surface temperature of the sun. Also calculate the monochromatic emissive
power of the sun’s surface. [April 98, M.U.] (15 M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.25- Dr.S.Senthil
1. From Wien’s law, we know
max T = 2.9 103 mK
[From HMT data book, Page No.71]
2.9 10-3 (5 M)
T=
1 0.52 106
T = 5576 K
2. Monochromatic emissive power (E b):
From Planck’s law, we know
c1 5
Eb
C2
e T 1
[From HMT data book, Page No.71]
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 102
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
where C1 0.374 10 15 W m 2
C2 14.4 10 3 mK
= 0.52 10-6 m (5 M)
15 6 5
0.374 10 (0.52 10 )
Eb
14.4 10 3
6
e
0.52 10 5576 1
Eb 6.9 1013 W / m2
(5 M)
Two concentric spheres 30 cm and 40 cm in diameter with the space between them
evacuated are used to store liquid air at - 130C in a room at 25C. The surfaces of the
spheres are flushed with aluminium of emissivity = 0.05. Calculate the rate of evaporation
of liquid air if the latent heat of vaporization of liquid air is 220 kJ/kg. (15 M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.56- Dr.S.Senthil
Solution: This is heat exchange between large concentric sphere problems.
Heat transfer Q12 A1 [T14 T24 ] ......(1) (5 M)
1
Where
1 A1 1
1
2 1 A 2 2
1
1 4 r12 1
2
1
0.05 4 r2 0.05
[ Q 1 2 0.05;A 4 r 2 ]
(5 M)
1
=
1 (0.15)2 1
1
0.05 (0.20)2 0.05
0.032
(5 M)
Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at T1 K and T2 K are 0.6 and 0.6
respectively. Heat transfer is reduced 75 times when a polished aluminium radiation shields
3
of emissivity 0.04 are placed in between them. Calculate the number of shields required. (15
M)BTL4
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 103
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Answer: Page 4.75- Dr.S.Senthil
A [T14 T2 4 ]
Qin = .......(1)
1 1 2n
(n 1)
1 2 s
Heat transfer without shield, i.e., n=0 (5 M)
A [T T2 ]
4 4
(1) Q12 = 1
.......(2)
1 1
1
1 2
Heat transfer is reduced 75 times
Qwithout shield
75
Qwith shield
(5 M)
Q12
75
Q13
A [T14 T2 4 ]
1 1
1
(2) 1 2
75
(1) A [T14 T2 4 ]
1 1 2n
(n 1)
1 2 s
1 1 2n
(n 1)
1 2 s
75
1 1
1
1 2
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 104
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
1 1 2n
(n 1)
0.6 0.6 0.04 = 75
1 1
1
0.6 0.6
3.33 50n (n 1)
75
2.33
50n n-1 = 171.67
49n - 1 = 171.67 (5 M)
49n = 172.67
n = 3.52 4
n=4
The inner sphere of liquid oxygen container is 40 cm diameter and outer sphere is 50 cm
diameter. Both have emissivities 0.05. Determine the rate at which the liquid oxygen would
evaporate at -183C when the outer sphere at 20C. Latent heat of oxygen is 210 kJ/kg. (15
M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.90- Dr.S.Senthil
This is heat exchange between two large concentric spheres problem.
Heat transfer Q A1 T14 T24 ......(1)
[From equation No.27]
1
where (5 M)
1 A1 1
1
4 1 A 2 2
1
= [ Q A = 4 r 2 ]
1 4 r12 1
2
1
0.05 4 r2 0.05
1
=
1 r 1
2
1
1 (5 M)
0.05 r 0.05
2
2
1
1 (0.20)2 1
2
1
0.05 (0.25) 0.05
0.031
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 105
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
(1) Q12 0.031 5.67 108 4 (90)4 (293)4
Q12 6.45 W
[Negative sign indicates heat is transferred from outer surface to inner surface.]
Heat transfer
Rate of evaporation =
Latent heat
6.45 W
210 103 J/kg
6.45 J/s
210 103 J / kg
Rate of evaporation = 3.07 10-5kg/ s (5 M)
Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at 800C and 300C are 0.3 and 0.5
respectively. Find the net radiant heat exchange per square meter of the plates. If a polished
aluminium shield ( = 0.05) is placed between them. Find the percentage of reduction in heat
transfer. (15 M)BTL4
Answer: Page 4.92- Dr.S.Senthil
Case 1 : Heat transfer without radiation shield:
Heat exchange between two large parallel plats without radiation shield is given by
Q12 A T14 T24
1
5 1 1
1
1 2
1
=
1 1
1
0.3 0.5
0.230
Q12 0.230 5.67 108 A (1073)4 (573)4
Q12
Heat transfer 15.8 103 W / m2
A
Case 2: Heat transfer with radiation shield:
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 106
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Heat exchange between plate 1 and radiation shield 3 is given by
Q13 A [T14 T2 4 ]
1
where (5 M)
1 1
1
1 3
A [T14 T3 4 ]
Q13 .....(A)
1 1
1
1 3
Heat exchange between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is given by
Q32 A [T3 4 T24 ]
1
Where =
1 1
1
3 2
A T3 4 T2 4
Q32 .....(B)
1 1
1
3 2
We know Q13 = Q32
A [T14 T3 4 ] A [T3 4 T2 4 ]
=
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 3 3 2
(1073)4 - (T3 4 ) (T3 4 ) (573)4 ]
=
1 1 1 1
1 1
0.3 0.05 0.3 0.05 (5 M)
(1073)4 (T3 4 ) (T3 4 ) (573)4
22.3 21
2.78 10 21T3 22.3T3 4 2.4 1013
13 4
3.02 1013 43.3T3 4
Shield temperature T3 913.8 K
Substitute T3 value in equation (A) or (B).
Substituting T3 value in equation (A) (or) equation (B),
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 107
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
8
A (1073) (913.8)
4 4
5.67 10
Heat transfer with
Q
radiation shield 13 1 1
1
0.3 0.05
Q13
1594.6 W / m2 ......(2)
A
Re duction in heat loss Q without shield Q with shield
due to radiation shield Q without shield
Q12 Q13
Q12 (5 M)
15.8 103 - 1594.6
=
15.8 103
= 0.899 = 89.9%
UNIT V MASS TRANSFER
Basic Concepts – Diffusion Mass Transfer – Fick‟s Law of Diffusion – Steady state Molecular Diffusion –
Convective Mass Transfer – Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy –Convective Mass Transfer
Correlations.
PART * A
Q.No. Questions
What is mass transfer? BTL2
1 The process of transfer of mass as a result of the species concentration difference in a mixture is
known as mass transfer.
Give the examples of mass transfer. BTL3
Some examples of mass transfer.
2
1. Humidification of air in cooling tower
2. Evaporation of petrol in the carburetor of an IC engine.
3. The transfer of water vapour into dry air.
What are the modes of mass transfer? BTL2
3 There are basically two modes of mass transfer,
1. Diffusion mass transfer
2. Convective mass transfer
What is molecular diffusion? BTL2
4
The transport of water on a microscopic level as a result of diffusion from a region of higher
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 108
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
concentration to a region of lower concentration in a mixture of liquids or gases is known as
molecular diffusion.
What is Eddy diffusion? BTL2
5
When one of the diffusion fluids is in turbulent motion, eddy diffusion takes place.
What is convective mass transfer? BTL2
6 Convective mass transfer is a process of mass transfer that will occur between surface and a fluid
medium when they are at different concentration.
State Fick’s law of diffusion. AU June 06, May’05, Dec’04, Oct’97,99, 2000 & Apr’98. BTL2
The diffusion rate is given by the Fick’s law, which states that molar flux of an element per unit area
is directly proportional to concentration gradient.
ma dCa
Dab
A dx
7 where,
ma kg -mole
Molar flux,
A s-m2
Dab Diffusion coefficient of species a and b, m2 / s
dCa
concentration gradient, kg/m3
dx
What is free convective mass transfer? BTL2
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from concentration gradients, the
8
mode of mass transfer is said to be free or natural convective mass transfer.
Example : Evaporation of alcohol.
Define forced convective mass transfer. BTL1
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or fan, that type
9
of mass transfer is known as convective mass transfer.
Example: The evaluation if water from an ocean when air blows over it.
Define Schmidt Number. BTL1
It is defined as the ratio of the molecular diffusivity of momentum to the molecular diffusivity of
10 mass.
Molecular diffusivity of momentum
Sc
Molecular diffusivity of mass
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 109
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Define Scherwood Number. BTL1
It is defined as the ratio of concentration gradients at the boundary.
hm x
11 Sc
Dab
hm Mass transfer coefficient, m/s
Dab Diffusion coefficient, m2 / s
x Length, m
Give two examples of convective mass transfer. BTL 3.
12
Evaporation of alcohol, Evaporation of water from an ocean when air blows over it.
Define Mass concentration and molar concentration. BTL 1
13 Mass Concentration = Mass of component/Unit volume of mixture
Molar Concentration = Number of moles of component/ Unit volume of mixture.
Define mass fraction and molar fraction. BTL 1
14 Mass fraction=Mass concentration of a species/ Total mass density
Molar fraction = Mole concentration of a species/ Total molar concentration.
Part * B
Explain steady diffusion through a plane membrane. (13 M)BTL2
Answer: Page:: 5.4- Dr.S.Senthil
Consider a plane membrane of thickness L, containing fluid ‘a’. The concentrations of the fluid at the
opposite wall faces are Ca1 and Ca2 respectively.
d2Ca
0
dx 2
1 Integrating above equation
(3 M)
dCa
C1
dx
Ca = C1x C2 ..........(2)
Apply boundary condition
At, x = L
Ca1 = C2
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 110
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Ca2 = C1L + C2
Ca2 = C1L + Ca1
C Ca1
C1 a2
L
Substituting C1,C2 values in equation (2) (3 M)
Ca2 Ca1
(2) Ca1 x Ca1
L
From Fick’s law we know
ma dCa
Molar flux, Dab (3 M)
A DX
Ma d Ca2 Ca1
Dab x Ca1
A dx L
m kg-mole
where, a Molar Flux -
A s-m2
m2
Dab diffusion coefficient - 2
S
kg-mole
Ca1 Concentrations at inner side -
m3
L – Thickness, For cylinders.
L r2 r1
2 L(r2 r1 )
A (2 M)
r
In 2
r1
A 4 r1r2
where,
for sphere, L = r2 – r1 , r1 = Inner radius - m (2
r2 Outer radius - m
L = Length - m
M)
Helium diffuses through a plane membrane of 2 mm thick. At the inner side the concentration
2 of helium is 0.25 kg mole/m3. At the outer side the concentration of helium is 0.007 kg mole/m 3.
What is the diffusion flux of helium through the membrane. Assume diffusion coefficient of
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 111
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
helium with respect to plastic is 1 10-9 m2/s. (8 M)BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.13- Dr.S.Senthil
We know, for plane membrane
mo Dab
A
L
Ca1 Ca2 [From equation 3] (4 M)
ma 1 109
Molar flux, [.025 .007]
A .002 (4 M)
ma kg mole
9 10 9
A s m2
Gaseous hydrogen is stored in a rectangular container. The walls of the container are of steel
having 25 mm thickness. At the inner surface of the container, the molar concentration of
hydrogen in the steel is 1.2 kg mole/m3 while at the outer surface of the container the molar
concentration is zero, calculate the molar diffusion flux for hydrogen through the steel. Take
diffusion coefficient for hydrogen in steel is 0.24 10-12 m2/s. (5 M)BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.18- Dr.S.Senthil
3
ma Dab
A
L
Ca1 Ca2
0.24 10-12
Molar Flux, = [1.2 0] (5 M)
25
ma kg-mole
1.15 10-11
A s-m2
Oxygen at 25C and pressure of 2 bar is flowing through a rubber pipe of inside diameter 25
mm and wall thickness 2.5 mm. The diffusivity of O2 through rubber is 0.21 10-9 m2/s and the
kg mole
solubility of O2 in rubber is 3.12 10-3 . Find the loss of O2 by diffusion per metre
m3 bar
length of pipe. (13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.13- Dr.S.Senthil
4 We know,
ma Dab Ca1 Ca2
A L
2 L (r2 r1 ) (5 M)
For cylinders, L = r2 r1; A =
r
In 2
r1
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 112
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
ma D C Ca2
Molar flux, (1) ab a1
2 L(r2 r1 ) (r2 r1 )
2 L.Dab Ca1 Ca2
ma [ Q Length = 1m) (8
r
In 2
r1
kg mole
ma 4.51 10-11 .
s
M)
Co2 and air experience equimolar counter diffusion in a circular tube whose length and
diameter are 1.2 m, d is 60 mm respectively. The system is at a total pressure of 1 atm and a
temperature of 273 k. The ends of the tube are connected to large chambers. Partial pressure of
CO2 at one end is 200 mm og Hg while at the other end is 90mm of Hg. Calculate the following.
1. Mass transfer rate of Co2 and 2. Mass transfer rate of air. (13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.28- Dr.S.Senthil
200
Pa1 = 200 mm of Hg = bar
760
Pa1 0.263 bar [ 1 bar = 760 mm of Hg]
Pa1 0.263 105 N/ m2 [ 1 bar = 105N/ m2 ]
5 Partial pressure of CO2 at other end
90
Pa2 = 90 mm of Hg = bar
760
Pa2 0.118 bar
Pa2 0.118 105 N/ m2 (3 M)
ma Dab Pa1 Pa2
We know, for equimolar counter diffusion, Molar flux, ....(1)
A GT x 2 x1
Where, Dab – Diffusion coefficient – m2s
The diffusion coefficient – m2/s
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 113
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Dab = 4.28 10-3 m2 / h
[From HMT data book, Page No.185]
42.8 103 2
Dab m /s
3600
Dab 1.18 10-5m2 / s
J
G - Universal gas constant = 8314
kg-mole-k
ma 1.18 10 5 0.263 105 0.118 105
(1)
A 8314 273 1.2
ma kg mole
Molar flux, 6.28 10 8 (5 M)
A m2 s
m kg mole
Molar flux of CO2 , a 6.28 10 8
A m2 s
we know, Area, A = d2 (0.060)2 ,
4 4
3
1 4 2.82
A 44 2 4104 43m2
ma
6.28 10 8
A
ma 6.28 10 8 2.82 10 3
kg mole
ma 1.77 10 10
s
We know,
Mass transfer rate = Molar transfer Molecular weight of CO2
1.77 1010 44
[Q Molecular weight of CO2 = 44, refer HMT data book, Page: No.187]
Mass transfer rate of CO2 7.78 109 kg/ s
We know,
Molar transfer rate of air, mb =
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 114
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
kg mole
1.77 1010 [Q ma mb ]
s
Mass transfer rate = Molar transfer Molecular weight
of air of air of air
(5 M)
= 1.77 10 -10
29
Mass transfer rate of air = -5.13 10-9kg / s.
Two large tanks, maintained at the same temperature and pressure are connected by a circular
0.15 m diameter direct, which is 3 k in length. One tank contains a uniform mixture of 60 mole
% ammonia and 40 mole % air and the other tank contains a uniform mixture of 20 mole % air
and the other tank contains a uniform mixture of 20 mole % ammonia and 80 mole % air. The
system is at 273 K and 1.013 105 pa. Determine the rate of ammonia transfer between the two
tanks. Assuming a steady state mass transfer. (13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.31- Dr.S.Senthil
We know, for equimolar counter diffusion,
ma D ab Pa1 Pa2
Molar flux,
A GT x 2 x1
Where,
J
G – Universal gas constant = 8314 (4 M)
6 kg mole k
Area, A = d2 (0.15)2
4 4
Dab = Diffusion coefficient of ammonia with air = 77.8 10-3 m2/h [From HMT data book,
Page: No.185]
77.8 103 m2
Dab
3600s (4 M)
5
Dab 2.16 10 2
m /s
ma 2.16 105 0.6 105 0.2 105
(1)
0.017 8314 273 3
kg mole
Molar transfer rate of ammonia, m a 2.15 109
s
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 115
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Mass transfer = Molar transfer rate Molecular of
rate of ammonia of ammonia ammonia weight
(5 M)
= 2.15 10-9 17
Mass transfer rate of ammonia = 3.66 10-8kg / s
Determine the diffusion rate of water from the bottom of a test tube of 25 mm diameter and 35
mm long into dry air at 25C. Take diffusion coefficient of water in air is 0.28 10-4 m2/s. (13
M)BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.35- Dr.S.Senthil
We know, for isothermal evaporation.
ma Dab P P Pw 2
Molar flux, in ....(1)
A GT (x 2 x1 ) P Pw1
[From equation (9)]
Where,
J
G - Universal gas constant - 8314
kg -mole-k
P Totalpressure 1 bar 1 105 N / m2 (5 M)
Pw1 Partial pressure at the bottom of the test tube
Corresponding to saturation temperature 25C
7
At 25C
Pw1 = 0.03166 bar
Pw1 0.03166 105 N / m2
Pw2 – Partial pressure at the top of the test tube, that is zero
Area, A = d2 (0.025)2
4 4
4
A 4.90 10 m 2
ma
Area A = (1)
4.90 104
0.28 10-4 1 105 1 105 0
= In 5
(5 M)
8314 298 0.035 1 10 0.03166 10
5
kg mole
Molar rate of water vapour ma 5.09 10 10 .
s
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 116
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Mass rate of = Molar rate of Molecular weight of
water vapour water vapour water vapour
We know that, (3 M)
[ Molecular weight of steam = 18 - Refer HMT data book]
Mass transfer rate of water = 9.162 10-9kg / s.
Estimate the rate of diffusion of water vapour from a pool of water at the bottom of a well
which is 6.2 m deep and 2.2 m diameter to dry ambient air over the top of the well. The entire
system may be assumed at 30C and one atmospheric pressure. The diffusion coefficient is 0.24
10-4 m2/s. (13 M)BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.38- Dr.S.Senthil
We know, for isothermal evaporation,
ma Dab P P Pw 2
in ....(1)
A GT (x 2 x1 ) P Pw1
Molar flux, where,
(5 M)
Area, A = d
2
(2.2) 2
4 4
A 3.80 m2
J
G – Universal gas constant – 8314
8 kg mole k
Pw1 – Partial pressure at the bottom of the test tube corresponding to saturation temperature 30C
At 30C
Pw1 = 0.04241 bar
Pw1 0.04241 105 N/ m2
Pw2 = 0
(1) ma / 3.80
0.24 10-4 1 105 1 105 0
in 5
8314 303 6.2 1 10 0.04241 10
5
kg mole (5 M)
ma 2.53 10 8
s
kg mole
Molar rate of water = 2.53 10-8
s
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 117
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
We know,
Mass rate of = Molar rate of Molecular weight
water vapour water vapour of steam
7
= 2.53 10 18 4.55 10 kg / s
-8
Diffusion rate of water = 4.55 10-7kg/ s. (3 M)
An open pan 210 mm in diameter and 75 mm deep contains water at 25C and is exposed to dry
atmospheric air. Calculate the diffusion coefficient of water in air. Take the rate of diffusion of
water vapour is 8.52 10-4 kg/h. (13 M) BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.40- Dr.S.Senthil
ma Dab P P Pw 2
in
A GT x 2 x1 P Pw1
Dab A P P Pw 2
ma in
GT x 2 x1 P Pw1
We know that,
Mass rate of = Molar rate of Molecular weight
water vapour water vapour of steam
Dab A P P Pw 2
2.36 10-7 in 18....(1)
9 GT x 2 x1 P Pw1
where,
A Area d2 (0.210)2 0.0346 m2
4 4 (8 M)
1
G Universal gas constant = 8314
kg-mole-k
P total pressure = 1 bar = 1 105 N / m2
Pw1 Partial pressure at the bottom of the test tube
corresponding to saturation temperature 25C
At 25C
Pw1 0.03166 bar
Pw1 0.03166 105 N/m2
Pw 2 Partial pressure at the top of the pan, that is zero
Pw2 = 0
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 118
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
(1) 2.36 107
Dab .0346 1 105 1 105 0
In 5
18
8314 298 0.075 1 10 0.03166 10
5
(5
Dab 2.18 10-5 m2 / s.
M)
Estimate the diffusion rate of water from the bottom of a test tube 10mm in diameter and 15cm
long into dry atmospheric air at 25C. Diffusion coefficient of water into air is 0.255 10-4 m2/s.,
(13 M) BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.28- Dr.S.Senthil
We know that for isothermal evaporation.
ma Dab P Pw 2
Molar flux, In .....(1)
A GT P Pw1
A Area d2 (.010)2 7.85 10 5 m2
4 4 (5 M)
J
G Universal gas cons tan t 8314
kg mole k
P - Total pressure = 1 bar = 1 105 N/m2
Pw1 – Partial pressure at the bottom of the test tube corresponding to saturation temperature 25C
10
At 25C,
Pw1 = 0.03166 bar
Pw1 = 0.03166 105 N/m2
Pw2 = Partial pressure at the top of the test tube that is zero.
Pw2 = 0
ma
(1)
7.85 10 5
0.255 10-4 1 105 1 105 0
= In 5
(5 M)
8314 298 0.15 1 10 0.03166 10
5
kg mole
Molar rate of water vapour, ma 1.73 10 11
s
We know that,
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 119
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Mass rate of = Molar rate of Molecular weight
Water vapour water vapour of steam
= 1.73 10 18
-11
[ Molecular weight of steam = 18. Refer HMT data book]
(3 M)
Mass rate of water vapour = 3.11 10-10kg / s.
Part*C
Explain FICK’s Law of Diffusion. (15 M)BTL2
Answer: Page: 5.3- Dr.S.Senthil
Consider a system shown in figure.
A partition separates the two gases a and b. When the partition is removed, the two gases
diffuses through one other until the equilibrium is established throughout the system.
(5 M)
The diffusion rate is given by the Fick’s law, which states that molar flux of an element per
unit area is directly proportional to concentration gradient.
ma dc a
A dx
ma dc
Dab a (5 M)
A dx
1 ma dc
Na Dab a
A dx
where,
ma kg-mole
Na Molar flux Unit is
A s-m2
(or)
kg
Mass flux unit is
s-m2
m2
Dab Diffusion coefficient of species a and b - (5
s
dc a
Concentration gradient
dx
M)
2 Hydrogen gases at 3 bar and 1 bar are separated by a plastic membrane having thickness 0.25
mm. the binary diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in the plastic is 9.1 10-3 m2/s. The solubility of
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 120
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
kg mole
hydrogen in the membrane is 2.1 10-3 . An uniform temperature condition of 20 is
m3 bar
assumed. (15 M)BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.19- Dr.S.Senthil
1. Molar concentration on inner side,
Ca1 = Solubility inner pressure
Ca2 = 2.1 10-3 3
kg - mole
Ca1 = 6.3 10-3
m3
Molar concentration on outer side
Ca1 = solubility Outer pressure
Ca2 = 2.1 10-3 1
kg - mole
Ca2 = 2.1 10-3 (5 M)
m3
2. We know
mo Dab
A
L
Ca1 Ca2
9.1 (6.3 103 2.1 103 )
Molar flux, =
.25 103
1.2 0
(5
ma kg-mole
1.52 106
A s-m2
M)
3. Mass flux = Molar flux Molecular weight
kg mole
1.52 10 6 2 mole
s m2
[ Q Molecular weight of H2 is 2] (5
kg
Mass flux = 3.04 10-6 .
s m2
M)
Explain steady state Equimolar counter diffusion. (15 M)BTL2
3
Answer: Page: 5.23- Dr.S.Senthil
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 121
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Consider two large chambers a and b connected by a passage as shown in figure.
Na and Nb are the steady state molar diffusion rates of components a and b respectively.
Equimolar diffusion is defined as each molecule of ‘a’ is replaced by each molecule of ‘b’ and
vice versa. The total pressure P = Pa + Pb is uniform throughout the system.
P = Pa + Pb
Differentiating with respect to x
dp dpa dph
dx dx dx
Since the total pressure of the system remains constant under steady state conditions.
dp dpa dph
0
dx dx dx
(5
dpa dp
h
dx dx
M)
Under steady state conditions, the total molar flux is zero.
Na Nb 0
Na - Nb
A dpa A dpa
-Dab Dab .........(5)
GT dx GT dx
From Fick’s law,
A dpa
Na Dab
GT dx
A dpb
Nb Dba
GT dx
We know
dpb dpa
dx dx (5
substitute in Equation (5)
M)
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 122
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
A dpa A dpa
(5) -Dab Dba
GT dx GT dx
Dab Dba D
We know,
A dpa
Na = -Dab
GT dx
int eresting
ma Dab 2 dpa
A GT 1 dx
Na
ma Dab Pa1 Pa2
Molar flux, Na .....(6)
A GT x 2 x1
similarly,
mb Dab Pb1 Pb2
Molar flux, Nb ......(7) (5
A GT x 2 x1
M)
Solved Problems on Equimolar Counter Diffusion
Ammonia and air in equimolar counter diffusion in a cylindrical tube of 2.5 mm diameter and
15m length. The total pressure is 1 atmosphere and the temperature is 25C. One end of the
tube is connected to a large reservoir of ammonia and the other end of the tube is open to
atmosphere. If the mass diffusivity for the mixture is 0.28 10-4 m2/s. Calculate the following, a)
Mass rate of ammonia in kg/h, b) Mass rate of air in kg/h (15 M)BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.26- Dr.S.Senthil
Total pressure P = Pa1 + Pa2
4 1 bar = Pa1+ 0 [Q open to atmosphere. So, Pa2 = 0]
Pa1 1 bar
Pa1 1 105 N / m2
Pa2 0
For equimolar counter diffusion
ma Dab Pa1 Pa2
Molar flux, [From equation 6] ...(1) (5 M)
A GT x 2 x1
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 123
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
J
Where, G – Universal gas constant = 8314
kg mole k
A Area = d2
4
= (2.5 10 3 )2
4
A 4.90 10 6 m2 (5 M)
ma 0.28 10 4 1 105 0
(1) x
4.90 10-6 8314 298 15
kg mole
Molar transfer rate of ammonia, ma 3.69 10 13 .
s
We know,
Mass transfer rate = Molar transfer rate Molecular of
of ammonia of ammonia weight of ammonia
Mass transfer rate of ammonia = 3.69 10-13 17
Molecular weight of ammonia = 17,
[refer HMT data, Page: No.187]
Mass transfer rate of ammonia = 6.27 10-12kg/ s
kg
Mass transfer rate of ammonia = 6.27 10-12
// 3600h (2 M)
Mass transfer rate of ammonia = 2.25 10 kg / h
-8
We know,
kg mole
Molar transfer rate of air, mb 3.69 10 13
s
[Due to equimolar diffusion, ma mb ]
Mass transfe rate = Molar transfer rate Molecular weight
of air of air of air
3.69 1013 29
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 124
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
Mass transfer rate of air = 1.07 1011kg/ s
kg
1.07 1011
1/ 3600h (3
Mass transfer rate of air = -3.85 10-8kg / h
M)
An open pan of 150 mm diameter and 75 mm deep contains water at 25C and is exposed to
atmospheric air at 25C and 50% R.H. Calculate the evaporation rate of water in grams per
hour. (15 M)BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.50- Dr.S.Senthil
Diffusion coefficient (Dab) [water + air] at 25C
93 103 m2 / h
93 103 2
Dab m /s
3600 (5
5
5
Dab 2.58 10 m / s .2
M)
Atmospheric air 50% RH (2)
We know that, for isothermal evaporation,
Molar flux, At 25C, Pw1 = 0.03166 bar ,Pw1 = 0.03166 105 N/m2
Pw2 = Partial pressure at the top of the test pan corresponding to 25C and 50% relative humidity.
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 125
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
ma Dab P P Pw 2
In ......(1)
A GT x 2 x1 P Pw1
where,
A - Area = d2 (.150)2
4 4
Area 0.0176 m
2
(5 M)
J
G Universal gas constant = 8314
kg-mole-K
P Total pressure = 1 bar = 1 105 N/m2
Pw1 Partial pressure at the bottom of the test tube
corresponding to saturation temperature 25C
ma Dab P P Pw 2
In ......(1)
A GT x 2 x1 P Pw1
where,
A - Area = d2 (.150)2
4 4
At 25C Area 0.0176 m
2
J
G Universal gas constant = 8314
kg-mole-K
P Total pressure = 1 bar = 1 105 N/m2
Pw1 Partial pressure at the bottom of the test tube
corresponding to saturation temperature 25C
Pw 2 0.03166 bar = 0.03166 105 0.50
Pw 2 0.03166 105 0.50
Pw 2 1583 N/ m2
a
(1)
0.0176
2.58 105 1 105 1 105 1583
In 5
8314 298 0.075 1 10 0.03166 10
5
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 126
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
kg mole
Molar rate of water vapour, ma 3.96 10 9
s
Mass rate of = Molar rate of Molecular weight
water vapour water vapour of steam
= 3.96 10 -9 18 (5
Mass rate of water vapour = 7.13 10 kg/s. -8
1000g
= 7.13 10-8
1
3600h
Mass rate of water vapour = 0.256 g/h
M)
Air at 10C with a velocity of 3 m/s flows over a flat plate. The plate is 0.3 m long. Calculate the
mass transfer coefficient. (15 M)BTL4
Answer: Page: 5.57- Dr.S.Senthil
Properties of air at 10C [From HMT data book, Page: No.22]
Kinematic viscosity. V = 14.16 10-6 m2/s
We know that,
Ux
Reynolds Number, Re =
3 0.3
= (5
14.16 10-6
Re = 0.63 105 5 105
6
Since, Re < 5 105 , flow is laminar
M)
For Laminar flow, flat plate,
Sherwood Number (Sh) = 0.664 (Re)0.5 (Sc)0.333 ….(1)
[From HMT data book, Page: No.179]
Where,
Sc – Schmidt Number = ......(2)
Dab
Dab – Diffusion coefficient (water+Air) at 10C = 8C
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 127
REGULATION : 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018-19
m2
74.1 103
3600s (5 M)
5
Dab 2.50 10 m / s.
2
14.16 106
(2) Sc
2.05 105
Sc 0.637
Substitute Sc, Re values in equation (1)
(1) Sh 0.664 (0.63 105 )0.5 (0.687)0.333
Sh 147
We know that,
hm x
Sherwood Number, Sh = (5 M)
Dab
hm 0.3
147 =
2.05 10 5
Mass transfer coefficient, hm .01 m / s.
JIT-JEPPIAAR/MECH/Mr.S.BOOPATHI&J.RAVIKUMAR/IIIrd Yr/SEM 05/ME6502/HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/UNIT
1-5/QB+Keys/Ver1.0
2- 128
You might also like
- Microsoft Word - Lecture Notes On Heat and Mass TransferNo ratings yetMicrosoft Word - Lecture Notes On Heat and Mass Transfer493 pages
- ME8693-Heat and Mass Transfer - 01 - by WWW - Learnengineering.inNo ratings yetME8693-Heat and Mass Transfer - 01 - by WWW - Learnengineering.in170 pages
- ASE1003 - THERMAL-AND-HEAT-TRANSFER-FOR-AEROSPACE-ENGINEERING - LTP - 1.0 - 17 - Thermal and Heat Transfer For Aerospace EngineeringNo ratings yetASE1003 - THERMAL-AND-HEAT-TRANSFER-FOR-AEROSPACE-ENGINEERING - LTP - 1.0 - 17 - Thermal and Heat Transfer For Aerospace Engineering3 pages
- ME8693 Heat and Mass Transfer L T P C 3 2 0 4 ObjectivesNo ratings yetME8693 Heat and Mass Transfer L T P C 3 2 0 4 Objectives2 pages
- Heat Transfer Iv Year I Semester AY: 2020-21No ratings yetHeat Transfer Iv Year I Semester AY: 2020-2120 pages
- Gas Laws Chemistry Form 3 Topical Questions and Answers90% (10)Gas Laws Chemistry Form 3 Topical Questions and Answers8 pages
- R16 - HT 3-2 Mechanical Engineering SyllabusNo ratings yetR16 - HT 3-2 Mechanical Engineering Syllabus2 pages
- RTM Nagpur University-Mechanical Engineering 5 SEM-Heat Transfer-BEME501T Syllabus (Theory)No ratings yetRTM Nagpur University-Mechanical Engineering 5 SEM-Heat Transfer-BEME501T Syllabus (Theory)30 pages
- 1xyzvbyxtr6p6jo3xhcz - Syllabus Be Fire Engg IV Sem 01092021-3-5No ratings yet1xyzvbyxtr6p6jo3xhcz - Syllabus Be Fire Engg IV Sem 01092021-3-53 pages
- Conduction - Part 1 - Heat and Mass TransferNo ratings yetConduction - Part 1 - Heat and Mass Transfer39 pages
- (Cambridge Series in Chemical Engineering) Daniele L. Marchisio, Rodney O. Fox - Computational Models For Polydisperse Particulate and Multiphase Systems (2013, Cambridge University Press)100% (1)(Cambridge Series in Chemical Engineering) Daniele L. Marchisio, Rodney O. Fox - Computational Models For Polydisperse Particulate and Multiphase Systems (2013, Cambridge University Press)548 pages
- Estimating Process Design Gold Extraction, Leach Residence Time and Cyanide Comsumption100% (2)Estimating Process Design Gold Extraction, Leach Residence Time and Cyanide Comsumption10 pages
- Gujarat Technological University: W.E.F. AY 2018-19No ratings yetGujarat Technological University: W.E.F. AY 2018-193 pages
- III/IV B.Tech. (Mech), II Semester Me-351 Heat and Mass Transfer L-T-P (4-0-0) 4No ratings yetIII/IV B.Tech. (Mech), II Semester Me-351 Heat and Mass Transfer L-T-P (4-0-0) 44 pages
- Study of Vedas - GTU-Bhishma - March 2022No ratings yetStudy of Vedas - GTU-Bhishma - March 202227 pages
- Rotating Disk Electrode: - A Hydrodynamic MethodNo ratings yetRotating Disk Electrode: - A Hydrodynamic Method15 pages
- 2020-Ghadi-A Review On The Modeling of Gaseous Reduction of Iron Oxide PelletsNo ratings yet2020-Ghadi-A Review On The Modeling of Gaseous Reduction of Iron Oxide Pellets16 pages
- Transport Across The Cell Membrane - Lecture 2-3 Pty2721No ratings yetTransport Across The Cell Membrane - Lecture 2-3 Pty272150 pages
- Diffusion Coefficients of Small Gas Molecules in Amorphous Cis-1,4-Polybutadiene Estimated by Molecular Dynamics SimulationsNo ratings yetDiffusion Coefficients of Small Gas Molecules in Amorphous Cis-1,4-Polybutadiene Estimated by Molecular Dynamics Simulations8 pages
- Quesion Bnak 2 - Study of Vedas - GTU-Bhishma - March 2022No ratings yetQuesion Bnak 2 - Study of Vedas - GTU-Bhishma - March 202230 pages
- 2021-Low-Temperature 70C Cu-to-Cu Direct Bonding by Capping Metal LayersNo ratings yet2021-Low-Temperature 70C Cu-to-Cu Direct Bonding by Capping Metal Layers4 pages
- TimeResolvedExtractionOfCaffeine Kuhn2017No ratings yetTimeResolvedExtractionOfCaffeine Kuhn201754 pages
- Water Flow and Heat Transport Including Icewater Phase Change in Porous Media Numerical Simulation and ApplicationNo ratings yetWater Flow and Heat Transport Including Icewater Phase Change in Porous Media Numerical Simulation and Application11 pages
- FALLSEM2019-20 CHE3003 TH VL2019201001107 Reference Material I 07-Aug-2019 Interphase Mass TransferNo ratings yetFALLSEM2019-20 CHE3003 TH VL2019201001107 Reference Material I 07-Aug-2019 Interphase Mass Transfer25 pages
- Intrinsic Kinetics of MTBE Synthesis From Methanol and Isobutene Using A Synthesised MFI Type ZeoliteNo ratings yetIntrinsic Kinetics of MTBE Synthesis From Methanol and Isobutene Using A Synthesised MFI Type Zeolite7 pages
- Mechanisms and Main Parameters Affecting N2 Distribution in The Gas Cap of The Supergiant Akal Reservoir in The Cantarell ComplexNo ratings yetMechanisms and Main Parameters Affecting N2 Distribution in The Gas Cap of The Supergiant Akal Reservoir in The Cantarell Complex5 pages
- Difgsion of Oxygen in A Simultaneous Absorption Sphere WithNo ratings yetDifgsion of Oxygen in A Simultaneous Absorption Sphere With8 pages
- Treatise on Irreversible and Statistical Thermodynamics: An Introduction to Nonclassical ThermodynamicsFrom EverandTreatise on Irreversible and Statistical Thermodynamics: An Introduction to Nonclassical ThermodynamicsNo ratings yet
- Removing CO2 from the atmosphere would lower the temperature from 15°C to 14.994°CFrom EverandRemoving CO2 from the atmosphere would lower the temperature from 15°C to 14.994°CNo ratings yet
