Chapter 9 logarithms

Exercise 9.1

1. convert the following to logarithmic form :

(i) 52 = 25
(ii) a5 = 64
(iii) 7x = 100
(iv) 90 = 1
(v) 61 = 6
N AT IS
C N
PY
1
O C D

(vi) 3-2 =
9
O IO
D U AA

(vii) 10-2 = 0.01

O
3
ED PR

(viii) (81) = 27 4
T
©

Solution
(i) 52 = 25 = log 5 25 = 2
(ii) a5 = 64 = log 𝑎 64 = 5
(iii) 7x = 100 = log 7 100 = x
(iv) 90 = 1 = log 9 1 = 0
(v) 61 = 6 = log 6 6 = 1
1 1
(vi) 3-2 = = log 3 = −2
9 9

(vii) 10-2 = 0.01 = log10 0.01 = −2

 3
3
(viii) (81) = 27 = log 81 27 =
4
4

2. convert the following into exponential form :

(i) log 2 32 = 5
(ii) log 3 81 = 4
1
(iii) log 3 = −1
3
2
(iv) log 3 4 =
3
N AT IS
5
(v) log 8 32 =
3
C N
PY
O C D

(vi) log10 (0.001) = −3

O IO
D U AA

O
(vii) log 2 0.25 = −2
ED PR

1
(viii) log 𝑎 ( ) = −1
𝑎
T
©

Solution
(i) log 2 32 = 5 = 25 = 32
(ii) log 3 81 = 4 = 34 = 81
1 1
(iii) log 3 = −1 = 3-1 =
3 3
2
2
(iv) log 3 4 = = (8) 4
3
3
5
5
(v) log 8 32 = = (8) = 32
3
3

(vi) log10 (0.001) = −3 = 10−3 = 0.001

(vii) log 2 0.25 = −2 = 2-2 = 0.25
1 1
(viii) log 𝑎 ( ) = −1 = a-1 =
𝑎 𝑎

3. by converting to exponential form , find the values of :

(i) log 2 16
(ii) log 5 125
(iii) log 4 8
(iv) log 9 27
N AT IS
(v) log10 (.01)
C N
PY
O C D

1
O IO
(vi) log 7
D U AA

7 O
(vii) log 5 256
ED PR

(viii) log 2 0.25

T
©

Solution
(i) let , log 2 16 = x
= 2x = 16
= 2x = 2 ×2 ×2× 2
= 2x = 24
∴𝑥 =4
(ii) let log 5 125 = x = 5x = 125
= 5x = 5×5×5 = 5x = 53
x=3

(iii) let log 4 8 = 𝑥 = 4x = 8

= (2×2)x = 2×2×2 = (2)2x = (2)3
= 2x = 3
3
x=
2
N AT IS
(iv) log 9 27 = x
C N
PY
O C D

= 9x = 27
O IO
D U AA

= (3×3)x = 3×3×3 = (3)2x = (3)3

O
ED PR

= 2x = 3
3
T

∴𝑥=
2
©

(v) log10 (.01) = 𝑥 = (10)x = .01

1 1 1
= (10)x = = (10)x = ×
100 10 10
1
= (10)x = ( = (10)x = (10)-2
10)2

∴ x = -2
 1 1
(vi) log 7 = 𝑥 = (7)x =
7 7

= (7)x = (7)-1
x = -1

(vii) let log 5 256 = 𝑥

5 𝑥
x
= (.5) = 256 = ( ) = 256
10

1 𝑥
N AT IS
= ( ) =2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2
2
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

= (2)x = 28
O
= -x = 8
ED PR

x=-8
T
©

(viii) let , log 3 0.25 = x

= (2)x = 0.25
25 1
= (2)x = = (2)x =
100 4

= (2)x = (2)-2
X = -2
4. solve the following equations for x.
(i) log 3 𝑥 = 2
(ii) log 𝑥 25 = 2
(iii) log10 𝑥 = −2
1
(iv) log 4 𝑥 =
2

(v) log 𝑥 11 = 2.5

1
(vi) log 𝑥 = −1
4
3
(vii) log 81 𝑥 =
N AT IS
2

C N
PY
(viii) log 9 𝑥 = 2.5
O C D
O IO
D U AA

(ix) log 4 𝑥 = −1.5

O
ED PR

Solution
T

(i) log 3 𝑥 = 2
©

Let us simplify the expression

(3)2 = x
X=9

(ii) log 𝑥 25 = 2
Let us simplify the expression
(x)2 = 25
= 5× 5
= x2 = 52
Since the powers are same
So,
X=5

(iii) log10 𝑥 = −2
Let us simplify the expression ,
(10)-2 = x
1
N AT IS
X=
102
C N
PY
O C D

1
=
O IO
D U AA

100 O
= 0.01
ED PR

1
(iv) log 4 𝑥 =
©

Let us simplify the expression,

1
4 =𝑥
2

1
x = (2 × 2) 2

1
2×
=2 2

=2
(v) log 𝑥 11 = 2.5
Let us simplify the expression,
(x)1 = 11
X = 11

1
(vi) log 𝑥 = −1
4

Let us simplify the expression

1
(x)-1 =
4
N AT IS
x-1 = 4-1
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
since the powers are same,
D U AA

O
so,
ED PR

x=4
T
©

3
(vii) log 81 𝑥 =
2

Let us simplify the expression

3
81 = 𝑥
2

3
x = 81 2

3
= (34 )2
 3
4×
=3 2

= 36
=3×3×3×3×3×3
= 729
X= 729

(viii) log 9 𝑥 = 2.5

5
log 9 𝑥 =
2
N AT IS
Let us simplify the expression ,
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
5
D U AA

9 =𝑥
2 O
5
x= (32 )2
ED PR

5
T

2×
=3 2
©

= 35
= 3×3×3×3×3
= 234
X = 234

(ix) log 4 𝑥 = −1.5

3
log 4 𝑥 = −
2

Let us simplify the expression

 3
−
(4) 2 =𝑥
3
x = (22 )−2
3
2×−
= 2 2

= 2−3
1
=
23
1
=
2×2×2
1
=
8
N AT IS
1
=
C N
PY
8
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
5. given 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒂 = 𝒃 , express 102b-3 in terms of a .
ED PR

Solution
©

Given :
log10 𝑎 = 𝑏
(10)𝑏 = 𝑎
Now ,
(10)2𝑏
102b-3 = (10)3
2
(10𝑏)
10×10×10

Substitute the value of (10)b = a , we get

𝑎2
=
1000
6. given 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 = 𝒂 , 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒚 = 𝒃 and 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒛 = 𝒄,
(i) write down 102a-3 in terms of x.
(ii) write down 103b-1 in terms of y.
𝑏
(iii) if log10 𝑝 = 2𝑎 + − 3𝑐 express p in terms of x, y and z
2

Solution
Given :
log10 𝑥 = 𝑎
 (10)a = x
N AT IS
log10 𝑦 = 𝑏
C N
PY
 (10)b = y
O C D
O IO
D U AA

log10 𝑧 = 𝑐
O
 (10)c = z
ED PR

(i) write down 102a-3 in terms of x.

©

2a-3 (10)2𝑎
10 = (10)3
(10)2𝑎
=
(10×10×10)
Substitute the value of (10)a = x , we get

𝑥2
=
1000

(ii) write down 103b-1 in terms of y.

(10)3𝑏
103b-1 = (10)1

(10)3𝑏
=
10
 Substitute the value of (10)b = y we get

𝑦3
10

𝑏
(iii) if log10 𝑝 = 2𝑎 + − 3𝑐, 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧
2

We know that ,
(10)a = x
(10)b = y
( 10)c = z

By substituting the values

N AT IS
𝑏
log10 𝑝 = 2𝑎 + − 3𝑐
C N 2

PY
O C D

1
= 2 log10 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑦 − 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑧
O IO
2
D U AA

O 1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥2 + log10 𝑦 − log10 𝑧 3
2
ED PR

1
= log10 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 ) - log10 𝑧 3
2
T
©

log10 𝑥 2 √𝑦
=
𝑧3

(𝑥 2 √𝑦 )
P=
𝑧3

7. if 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 = 𝒂 and 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒚 = 𝒃 , find the value of xy .

solution

given
log10 𝑥 = a
(10)a = x
log10 𝑦 = 𝑏
(10)b = y
Then ,
xy = (10)a × (10)b
= ( 10)a+b

𝒂𝟑
8. given 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒂 = 𝒎 and 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒃 = 𝒏, express 𝟐
𝒃
In terms of m and n

Solution
Given:
N AT IS
log10 𝑎 = m
C N
PY
O C D

(10)m = a
O IO
log10 𝑏 = 𝑛
D U AA

(10)n = b
O
So,
ED PR

𝑎3 (10𝑚 )3
=
T

𝑏2 (10𝑛 )2
©

103𝑚
=
102𝑛

= 103𝑚−2𝑛

𝒃
9. given 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒂 = 𝟐𝒂 and 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒚 = −
𝟐
𝑎
(i) write 10 in terms of x.
(ii) write 102b+1 in terms of y.
(iii) if log10 𝑝 = 3𝑎 − 2𝑏 express p in terms of x and y
solution
given :
log10 𝑎 =2a
(10)2a = a
𝑏
log10 𝑦 = −
2
𝑏
−
(10) 2 =𝑦

(i) write 10a in terms of x.

1
a
10 = (102𝑎 )2
N AT IS
1
=𝑥 2
C N
PY
O C D

= √𝑥
O IO
D U AA

O
(ii) write 102b+1 in terms of y .
102b+1 = 102b × 101
ED PR

𝑏
4( )
= 10 × 101
T

= y4 × 101
©

= 10y4

(iii) if log10 𝑝 = 3a – 2b , express p in terms of x and y.

log10 𝑝 = 3a – 2b
Substitute the values ,
3 𝑏
log10 𝑝 = (2𝑎) − 4 ( )
2 2
3
= log10 𝑥 − 4 log10 𝑦
2

3
𝑥2
= log10
𝑦4
 3
𝑥2
P=
𝑦4

10 . if 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙 and 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒛 = 𝒙, find 72x in terms of y and z

solution

Given
log 2 𝑦 = 𝑥
2x = y
log 3 𝑧 = 𝑥
N AT IS
3x = z
So, C N
PY
O C D

72x = (2×2×2×3×3)x
O IO
D U AA

O
= (23 × 32 )x
ED PR

= 23x × 32x
T
©

= (2x)3 × (3x)2

= y3 × z2

= y3z2
11. if 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒂 and 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝒚 = 𝒂, write 1002a-1 in terms of x
and y.

solution

given
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 = a
2a = x
log 5 𝑦 = a
5a = y
So,
1002a-1 = (2×2×5×5)2a-1
N AT IS
= (22 × 52)2a-1 C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

= 24a-2 × 5a-2
O
ED PR

(24𝑎 ) (54𝑎 )
= ×
22 52
T
©

(2𝑎 )4 ×(5𝑎 )4
=
4×25

𝑥4𝑦4
=
100
 Exercise 9.2

1. simplify the following

(i) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 2

(ii) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎3 ÷ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎2

𝑙𝑜𝑔4
(iii)
𝑙𝑜𝑔2

𝑙𝑜𝑔8 𝑙𝑜𝑔9
(iv)
𝑙𝑜𝑔27
N AT IS
𝑙𝑜𝑔27
C N
PY
O C D

(v)
𝑙𝑜𝑔√3
O IO
D U AA

𝑙𝑜𝑔9−𝑙𝑜𝑔3
O
(vi)
𝑙𝑜𝑔27
ED PR

Solution
(i) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 2
©

By using quotient law,

𝑎3
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎2 = log
𝑎2
= log a

(ii) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎3 ÷ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎2

By using power law,
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎3 ÷ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎2 = 3log a ÷ 2 log a
3log a
=
2log a
3
=
2
 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒
(iii)
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐
Let us simplify the expression ,
𝑙𝑜𝑔4 log(2×2)
=
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 log2
By using power law,
2𝑙𝑜𝑔2
=
𝑙𝑜𝑔2
=2

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟖 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟗
(iv)
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐𝟕
Let us simplify the expression
𝑙𝑜𝑔8 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 𝑙𝑜𝑔23 .𝑙𝑜𝑔32
=
N AT IS
𝑙𝑜𝑔27 𝑙𝑜𝑔33
C N
PY
By using power law,
O C D

(3𝑙𝑜𝑔2) . (2𝑙𝑜𝑔3)
O IO
=
D U AA

3𝑙𝑜𝑔3 O
𝑙𝑜𝑔2.2
ED PR

=
1
T

= 2 log 2
©

= log 22
= log 4

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐𝟕
(v)
𝒍𝒐𝒈√𝟑
Let us simplify the expression,
𝑙𝑜𝑔27 log(3×3×3)
= 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔√3
log32

𝑙𝑜𝑔33
= 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔32
= by using power law
3𝑙𝑜𝑔3
=1
𝑙𝑜𝑔3
2

3×2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔3
1( )
𝑙𝑜𝑔3

= (6)(1)
=6

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟗−𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑
(vi)
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐𝟕
N AT IS
Let us simplify the expression
C N
PY
𝑙𝑜𝑔9−𝑙𝑜𝑔3 log(3×3)−𝑙𝑜𝑔3
O C D

=
O IO
𝑙𝑜𝑔27 log(3×3×3)
D U AA

O
𝑙𝑜𝑔32 −𝑙𝑜𝑔3
=
ED PR

𝑙𝑜𝑔33
T

𝑙𝑜𝑔3
=
©

3𝑙𝑜𝑔3

1
=
3

2. evaluate the following

(i) log(10÷ 3√10)

1
(ii) 2 + log(10−3 )
2

1
(iii) 2log 5+ log 8 – log 4
2
 1 1
(iv) 2 log103 + 3 log10−2 – 𝑙𝑜𝑔5−3 + log 4
3 2

1 1
(v) 2 log 2 + log 5 - log 36 – log
2 30

1
(vi) 2 log 5 + log 3 + 3 log 2 – log 36 – 2 log 10
2

16 25 81
(vii) log 2 + 16 log + 12 log + 7 log
15 24 80

1
(viii) 2 log 105 + log 108 – log 104
2
N AT IS
C N
PY
Solution
O C D
O IO
D U AA

(i) log(10÷ 𝟑√𝟏𝟎)

O
Let us simplify the expression,
ED PR

1
3
log(10÷ √10) = log (10 ÷ 10 ) 3
T
©

1
1−
= log(10 3 )
2
= log(10 ) 3

2
= log 10
3

2
= (1)
3

2
=
3
 𝟏
(ii) 2 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )
𝟐
Let us simplify the expression ,
1 1
2 + log(10−3 ) = 2 + ×(-3) log 10
2 2

3
= 2 – log 10
2

3
= 2 – (1)
2

3
=2–
2
N AT IS
4−3
=
2
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
1
D U AA

= O
2
ED PR

𝟏
(iii) 2log 5+ log 8 – log 4
©

Let us simplify the expression

1 1
2 log 5 + log 8 – log 4 = log52 + log 8 – log 22
2 2

1
= log 25 + log 8 – 2log 2
2

= log 25 + log 8 – log 2

(25×8)
= log
2

= Log (25× 4)
= log 100
= log102
= 2 log 10
= 2(1)
=2

𝟏 𝟏
(iv) 2 log𝟏𝟎𝟑 + 3 log𝟏𝟎−𝟐 – 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓−𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒
𝟑 𝟐

Let us simplify the expression,

1 1
2 log103 + 3 log10−2 – 𝑙𝑜𝑔5−3 + log 4 = 2×3 log 10 +3
N AT IS
3 2
1 1
(-2)log 10 – (-3) log 5 + log 2
C N 2

PY
O C D

3 2
O IO
D U AA

1
O
= 6 log 10 – 6 log 10 + log 5 + 2 log 2
2
ED PR

= 6 log 10 – 6 log 10 + log 5 + log 2

T
©

= 0 + log 5 + log 2

= log(5×2)

= log 10

=1
 𝟏 𝟏
(v) 2 log 2 + log 5 - log 36 – log
𝟐 𝟑𝟎

let us simplify the expression ,

1 1 1
2 log 2 + log 5 - log 36 – log = log 22 + log 5 – log 62 – log
2 30 2
1
30

1
= log 4+ log 5 – log 6 – log
30

= log 4 + log 5 - log 6 –(log 1 – log 30)

= log4 + log 5 – log 6 – log1 + log 30

N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D

= log 4 + log 5 + log 30 – (log6 + log1)

O IO
D U AA

O
= log(4× 5 × 30) – log (6 × 1)
ED PR

4×5×30
= log
T

6×1
©

= log(4 × 5 × 5)

= log 100

= log 102

= 2 log 10

= 2 log 10

= 2(1)
=2
 𝟏
(vi) 2 log 5 + log 3 + 3 log 2 – log 36 – 2 log 10
𝟐
Let us simplify the expression ,
1
2 log 5 + log 3 + 3 log 2 – log 36 – 2 log 10 = log 52 + log 3 +
2
1
log 23 – log 62 – log102
2

= log 25 + log 3 + log 8 – log 6 – log 100

= log(25 × 3 × 8) − log(6 × 100)

25×3×8
= log
N AT IS
6×100

C N
PY
O C D

1×3×8
= log
O IO
6×100
D U AA

O
1×3×8
= log
ED PR

6×4
T

24
= log
©

24

= log 1

=0

𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟓 𝟖𝟏
(vii) log 2 + 16 log + 12 log + 7 log
𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝟒 𝟖𝟎
Let us simplify the expression,

16 25 81
log 2 + 16 log + 12 log + 7 log = log 2 + 16(log 16 – log
15 24 80
15) + 12(log 25 – log 24)+ 7(log81 – log 80)
= log 2 + 16(log 24 – log(3 × 5)) + 12( log 52 – log(3× 2 × 2 ×
2)) + 7 (log(3 × 3 × 3 × 3) - log(24 × 5))

= log 2 + 16(4 log2 –(log3 + log5)) + 12(2log5 – log(3×23)) +

7(log 34 –(log 24 + log 5))

= log 2 + 16(4log 2- log 3 – log 5) + 12(2log 5 –(log 3 + 3 log 2))

+ 7 (4 log 3 – 4 log 2 – log 5)

= log 2 + 64 log 2 – 16 log 3 – 16 log 5 + 24 log 5 – 12 log 3 –

36 log 2 + 28 log 3 – 28 log 2 – 7 log 5

= (log 2 + 64 log 2 – 36 log 2 – 28log 2) + (-16 log 3 – 12 log 3 +

N AT IS
28 log 3)+ (-16 log 5 + 24 log 5 – 7 log 5 )
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

= (65 log 2 – 64 log 2 ) +(-28 log 3 + 28 log 3) +(-23 log 5 + 24

O
log 5)
ED PR

= log 2 + 0 + log 5
T
©

= log(2× 5)

= log 10

=1
 𝟏
(viii) 2 log 105 + log 108 – log 104
𝟐
Let us simplify the expression
1
1 42
2 log 10 + log 10 – log 10 = log105 + log 10 - log10
5 8 4 2 8
2

1
2×2
= log1025 + log108 − log 10 2

= log 1025 + log108 − log102

25×8
= log10 2
N AT IS
=log1025×4 C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

= log10100
O
ED PR

2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔1010
T

= 2 log 1010
©

= 2(1)

=2

3. express each of the following as a single logarithm :

1
(i) 2 log 3 – log 16 + log 12
2

(ii) 2 log105 − log 102 + 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔104+1

1
(iii) log 36 + 2 log 8 – log 1.5
2
 1
(iv) log 25 – 2 log 3 + 1
2

1
(v) log 9 + 2 log 3 – log 6 + log 2 -2
2

Solution
1
(i) 2 log 3 – log 16 + log 12
2
Let us simplify the expression into single logarithm ,
1 1
2 log 3 – log 16 + log 12 = 2 log 3 – log 42 + log 12
2 2
N AT IS
= 2 log 3 – log 4 + log 12
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
= log 32 – log 4 + log 12
D U AA

O
= Log 9 – log 4 + log 12
ED PR

9× 12
= log
©

= log (9× 3)

= log 27

(ii) 2 log105 − log 102 + 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔104+1

Let us simplify the expression into single logarithm ,

2 3
2 log105 − log 102 + 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔104+1 = log105 - log102 +log104 +
log1010

= log 10 25- log 10 2 + log10 64 + log10 10

= log10(25× 64 × 10) – log10 2

= log10 (16000) – log 10 2

16000
= log10( )
2

= log10 8000

1
(iii) log 36 + 2 log 8 – log 1.5
2
N AT IS
Let us simplify the expression into single logarithm,
C N
PY
O C D

1
1
log 36 + 2 log 8 – log 1.5 = log36 + log 82 − log 1.5
O IO
2
D U AA

2 O
1
2×
ED PR

= log6 2 + log 64 − log 1.5

T

15
= log 6 + log 64 – log( )
©

10

= log 6 + log 64 – ( log 15 – log 10 )

= log ( 6× 64) – log 15 + log 10

= log(6 × 64 × 10)- log 15

6×64×10
= log
15

= log (4× 64)

= log 256
 1
(iv) log 25 – 2 log 3 + 1
2

Let us simplify the expression into single logarithm,

1
1
log 25 – 2 log 3 +1 = log 25 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔32 + log 10
2
2

1
2×
= log5 2 - log 9 + log 10

= log ( 5× 10 ) – log 9

5×10
= log ( )
9
N AT IS
50
C N
PY
= log
O C D

9
O IO
D U AA

O
1
(v) log 9 + 2 log 3 – log 6 + log 2 -2
ED PR

2
Let us simplify the expression into single logarithm,
T

1
1
log 9 + 2 log 3 – log 6 + log 2 -2 = log9 + log32 - log 6 + log 2
2
©

2
– log 100
1
2×
= log3 2 + log 9 – log 6 + log 2 – log 100

= log 3 + log 9 – log 6 + log 2 – log 100

3×9×2
= log
6×100

9
= log
100
4. prove the following :

(i) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 ÷ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟗

(ii) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟓 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟐𝟓

Solution
(i) log10 4 ÷ log10 2 = log 3 9

Let us consider LHS, log10 4 ÷ log10 2

log10 4 ÷ log10 2 = log10 22 ÷ 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 2
= 2 log10 2 ÷ 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 2
N AT IS
log 2
= 2 10
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 2
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

= 2(1) O
=2
ED PR

Now let us consider RHS,

log 3 9 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 32
©

= 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 3
=2(1)
=2
∴ LHS = RHS
Hence proved.

(ii) log10 25 + log10 4 = log 5 25

Let us consider LHS, log10 25 + log10 4
log10 25 + log10 4 = log10 (25 × 4)
= log10 100
= log10 102
= 2 log10 10
=2(1)
=2

Now let us consider RHS,

log 5 25 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 52
= 2log 5 5
= 2(1)
=2
LHS = RHS
Hence proved .

𝟏𝟎√𝒚
5. if x =(100)a , y = (10000)b and z = (10)c , express log [ ]
𝒙𝟐 𝒛𝟑
N AT IS
in terms of a,b, c.
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

Solution O
ED PR

Given :
x = (100)a = (102)a = 102a
T

y = (10000)b = (104)b = 104b

©

z = (10)c

10√𝑦
it is given that , log [ ]
𝑥2 𝑧 3
10√𝑦
log[ ] = (log 10 + log√𝑦) - (log x2 + log z3)
𝑥2 𝑧 3
1
= (1 + log𝑦 ) − (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 3 ) [ we know that , log 10 =1 ]
2

1
= (1 + log y) – ( 2 log x + 3 log z )
2
Now substitute the values of x,y, z we get

1
= (1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔104𝑏 ) − (2 𝑙𝑜𝑔102𝑎 + 3𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝑐 )
2
 1
= (1 + 4𝑏 log 10 ) − ( 2 × 2𝑎 log 10 + 3 × 𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑔10)
2

1
= (1 + 4𝑏) − ( 2 × 2𝑎 + 3𝑐 )[ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , log 10 = 1]
2

= (1 + 2b ) – (4a + 3c)

= 1 + 2b – 4a – 3c

6. if a = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 , find the following in terms of a :

(i) x
𝟓
N AT IS
(ii) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 √𝒙𝟐
(iii) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟓𝒙 C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

Solution
O
Given :
ED PR

a = log10 𝑥
T

(i) x
©

10a = x
x = 10a
5
(ii) log10 √𝑥 2
1
5
log10 √𝑥 2 = log10 (𝑥 2 )5
2
= log10 𝑥 5
2
= log10 𝑥
5

2
= (𝑎)
5
 2𝑎
=
5
(iii) log10 5𝑥
x = (10)a

= log10 5𝑥

=log10 5(10)𝑎

= log10 5 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 10

= log10 5 + 𝑎(1)
N AT IS
= a + log10 5
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

𝟐 𝟑 𝟓
7. if a = log , b = log and c = 2 log √ . find the values of
𝟑
O 𝟓 𝟐
(i) a+ b + c
ED PR

(ii) 𝟓𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
T
©

Solution

Given:
2
a = log
3
3
b = log
5

5
c = 2 log √
2

(i) a + b + c
Let us substitute the given values we get
2 3 5
a + b + c = log + log + 2 log √
3 5 2

1
52
= (log 2 – log 3) + ( log 3 – log 5) + 2 log
2

1
= log 2 – log 3 + log3 – log 5 + 2 × (𝑙𝑜𝑔5 − log 2)
2

= log 2 – log 3 + log 3 – log 5 + log 5 – log 2

=0
N AT IS
(ii) 5𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
5𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 = 50
D U AA

=1
O
ED PR

𝟑 𝟓 √𝟑
8. if x = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 , 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 , find the value of
T

𝟓 𝟒 𝟐
©

(i) x + y – z
(ii) 3x+y-z

Solution
Given
3
X = log = log 3 − log 5
5
5
Y = log = log 5 − log 4
4
2
√3 √3 3
Z = 2 log = log ( ) = log = log 3 − log 4
2 2 4
(i) x + y – z

Let us substitute the given values we get

x + y – z = log 3 – log 5 + log 5 – log 4 – ( log 3 – log 4)
= log 3 – log 5 + log 5 – log 4 – log 3 + log 4
=0

(ii) 3x+y-z
3x+y-z = 30
=1

9. if x = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟐 × 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟒,

N AT IS
find the values of
C N
PY
O C D

(i) x- y – z
O IO
D U AA

( ii) 7x-y-z O
ED PR

Solution
Given
T

X = log10 12
©

Y = log 4 2 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 9
Z = log10 0.4

(i) x – y – z
Let us substitute the given values we get
x- y –z = log10 12 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 2 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 9 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 0.4
1
4
= log10 (3 × 4) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 4 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 32 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10
2
10

1
= log10 3 + log10 4 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 4 × 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 3 − (𝑙𝑜𝑔10 4 −
2
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 10)
1
=𝑙𝑜𝑔10 3 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 4 − × 1 × 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 3 − (𝑙𝑜𝑔10 4 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 10)
2
 1
= log10 3 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 4 − × 1 × 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 4 + 1
2

= log10 3 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 4 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 4 + 1

=1

(ii) 7x-y-z
7x-y-z = 71
=7

10. if log V + log 3 = log 𝝅 + log 4 + 3 log r , find v in terms of

N AT IS
other quantities .
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
Solution
D U AA

Given
O
Log v + log 3 = log 𝜋 + log 4 + 3 log r
ED PR

Let us simplify the given expression to find V,

Log(v × 3 ) = log (𝜋 × 4 × 𝑟 3 )
T

Log 3v = log4𝜋𝑟 3
©

3V = 4𝜋𝑟 3
4𝜋𝑟 3
V=
3

11. given 3( log 5 – log 3) – ( log 5 – 2 log 6) = 2 – log n , find

n.

Solution
Given :
3(log 5 – log 3 ) – ( log 5 – 2 log6 ) = 2 – log n
Let us simplify the given expression to find n,
3 log 5 – 3 log 3 – log 5 + 2 log 6 = 2 – log n
2 log 5 – 3 log 3 + 2 log 6 = 2(1) – log n
Log 52 – log33 + log 62 = 2 log 10 – log n [ since , 1 = log 10 ]
Log 25 – log 27 +log36 – log 102 = - log n
Log n = - log 25 + log 27 – log 36 + log 100
= (log 100 + log 27 ) – ( log 25 + log 36)
= log ( 100 × 27 ) – log ( 25 × 36 )
(100 × 27 )
= log
25× 36
= log n = log 3
n=3

12. given that 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟐, express y in terms of

x.
N AT IS
Solution
C N
PY
O C D

Given :
O IO
log10 𝑦 + 2 log10 𝑥 = 2
D U AA

O
Let us simplify the given expression,
log10 𝑦 + log10 𝑥 2 = 2(1)
ED PR

log10 𝑦 + log10 𝑥 2 = 2 log10 10

©

log10 (𝑦 × 𝑥 2 ) = log10 102

yx2 = 100
100
y= 2
𝑥

13. express 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 + 𝟏 in the form 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙.

Solution
Given
log10 2 + 1
Let us simplify the given expression
log10 2 + 1 = log10 2 + log10 10 [ since 1 = log10 10]
= log10 (2 × 10)
=log10 20

𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
14. if a2 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 , b2 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒚 and − = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒛 .
𝟐 𝟑
express z in terms of x and y .

Solution
Given
a2 = log10 𝑥
b2 = log10 𝑦
𝑎2 𝑏2
− = log10 𝑧
2 3
N AT IS
C N
PY
Let us substitute the given values in the expression we get
O C D

𝑥 𝑦
O IO
log10 − log10 = log10 𝑧
D U AA

2 O 3
1 1
log10 𝑥 − log10 𝑦 = log10 𝑧
2 3
ED PR

log10 √𝑥 − log10 3√𝑦 = log10 𝑧

T

√𝑥
©

log10 3 = log10 𝑧
√𝑦

√𝑥
3 =𝑧
√𝑦

√𝑥
Z =3
√𝑦
15. given that log m = x + y and log n = x – y , express the
value of log m2n in terms of x and y.

Solution
Given :
Log m = x + y
Log n = x –y
Log m2n

Let us simplify the given expression,

Log m2n = log m2 + log n
= 2 log m + log n
N AT IS
By substituting the given values, we get
C N
PY
O C D

= 2( x+ y ) +( x- y )
O IO
D U AA

= 2x + 2y + x – y
O
= 3x + y
ED PR

16. given that log x = m + n and log y = m – n , express the

T

𝟏𝟎𝒙
value of log( 𝟐 ) in terms of m and n .
©

Solution
Given
Log x = m + n
Log y = m –n
10𝑥
log( 2 )
𝑦
let us simplify the given expression,
10𝑥
log( 2 ) = log 10x – log 𝑦 2
𝑦
= log 10 + log x – 2 log y
= 1 + log x – 2 log y
= 1 +( m +n ) – 2(m –n)
= 1 + m + n – 2m + 2n
= 1 – m + 3n

𝒙 𝒚 𝒚𝟒
17. if log = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 find the value of
𝟐 𝟑 𝒙𝟔

Solution
Given :
𝑥 𝑦
Log = log
2 3
Let us simplify the given expression ,
By cross multiplying , we get
N AT IS
3 log x = 2 log y
Log x3 = log y2
C N
PY
O C D

So , x3 = y2
O IO
D U AA

O
Now square on both sides we get
(𝑥 3 )2 = (𝑦 2 )2
ED PR

x6 = y4
©

𝑦4
=1
𝑥6

18. solve for x :

(i) log x + log 5 = 2 log 3

(ii) log3 x – log3 2 = 1

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟐𝟓
(iii) x =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝟓
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟖 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑
(iv) ( ) ×( ) = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈√𝟑
Solution

(i) log x + log 5 = 2 log 3

Let us solve for x,

Log x = 2 log 3 – log 5
= log 32 – log 5
= log 9 – log 5
9
= log ( )
5
9
x=
5

(ii) log3 x – log3 2 = 1

N AT IS
Let us solve for x ,
C N
PY
O C D

Log3 x = 1 + log3 2
O IO
D U AA

= log3 3 + log3 2 [ since , 1 can be written as log3 3 = 1]

O
= log3 (3× 2)
ED PR

= log3 6
x=6
T
©

log 125
(iii) x =
log 25
log53
x=
log 52
3 log 5
=
2log 5
3 𝑙𝑜𝑔5
= [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , =1
2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 5
3
∴𝑥=
2

𝑙𝑜𝑔8 𝑙𝑜𝑔3
(iv) ( ) ×( ) = 2 log 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑙𝑜𝑔√3
log 23 log 3
( )×( 1 ) = 2 log 𝑥
log 2
log 32
 3 log 2 log 3
( ) × (1 ) = 2 log 𝑥
log 2 log 3
2
3×1
1 = 2 log 𝑥
2

3 × 2 = 2 log x

6 = 2 log x
6
Log x =
2
Log x = 3
x = (10)3
= 1000
N AT IS
x = 1000
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
19. given 2 log 10 x+ 1 = log 10 250 , find
D U AA

O
(i) x
ED PR

(ii) log 10 2x
©

Solution
Given :
2 log10 x+1 = log10 250
(i) let us simplify the above expression ,
Log 10 x2 + log10 10 = log10 250 [ since 1 can be written as log10
10]
Log 10 (x2 × 10 ) = log10 250
(x2 × 10) = 250
250
x2 =
10
2
x = 25
x = √25
=5
∴𝑥=5

(ii) log 10 2x

We know that , x = 5
So log 10 2x = log10 2×5
= log 1010
=1

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟗

20 . if = = 𝟏 find x and y
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝟑
Solution
N AT IS
Given :
log x log 𝑦 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔9
C N
PY
= =
O C D

1
log 5 log 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
O IO
3
D U AA

O
Let us consider,
ED PR

log x 𝑙𝑜𝑔9
= 1
log 5 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
T

3
(log 9 ×log 5)
Log x =
©

1
log( )
3
log 32 ×log 5
=
log 1−log 3

(2 log3×log 5)
= [ log 1 = 0]
− log 3

= - 2× log 5
= log 5-2
x = 5-2
1
= 2
5

1
=
25
Now,
log 𝑦 2 log 9
= 1
log 2 log( )
3
log 9 × log2
Log y2 = 1
log( )
3
𝑙𝑜𝑔32 ×𝑙𝑜𝑔2
=
𝑙𝑜𝑔1−𝑙𝑜𝑔3
2𝑙𝑜𝑔3×𝑙𝑜𝑔2
= [ log1 = 0]
−𝑙𝑜𝑔3
= -2 × log 2
= log 2-2
y2 = 2-2
1
= 2
N AT IS
2
1
=
C N
PY
O C D

4
O IO
1
D U AA

=√ O
4
1
=
ED PR

2
21. prove the following
T

(i) 3log4 = 4log 3

©

(ii) 27log 2 = 8log 3

Solution
(i) 3log 4 = 4log 3
Let us take log on both sides,
If log 3log4 = log 4log3
Log4 . log 3 = log 3. Log 4
Log 22 . log 3 = log 3. Log 22
2log 2 . log 3 = log 3 . 2log 2
Which is true
Hence proved.

(ii) 27log 2 = 8log 3

Let us take log on both sides,
If log27log2 = log 8log3
Log 2 . log 27 = log 3 . log 8
Log 2 . log 33 = log 3 . log 23
Log 2 . 3 log 3 = log 3 . 3 log 2
3 log 2 . log 3 = 3 log 2 . log 3
Which is true.
Hence proved.

22. solve the following equations:

(i) log(2x+3) = log 7
(ii) log(x+1) + log(x-1) = log 24
(iii) log (10x+5) –log(x – 4) =2
N AT IS
(iv) log10 5 + log10(5x +1) = log10(x + 5) + 1
C N
PY
O C D

(v) log(4y -3) = log(2y +1) – log 3

O IO
D U AA

(vi) log10 (x+2) + log10 (x – 2) = log103 + 3 log104

O
ED PR

(vii) log (3x+2) + log(3x -2) = 5 log 2

T

Solution
©

(i) log(2x+3) = log 7

Let us simplify the expression ,
2x + 3 = 7
2x = 7 – 3
2x = 4
4
X=
2
=2

(ii) log(x+1) + log(x-1) = log 24

Let us simplify the expression,
Log [(x +1)(x-1)] = log 24
Log(x2 -1) = log 24
(x2 -1) = 24
x2 = 24 + 1
= 25
X = √25
=5
(iii) log (10x+5) –log(x – 4) =2
Let us simplify the expression ,
10x + 5
Log = 2 log 10
x−4
10x + 5
log = log 102
x−4
10𝑥+5
= 100
𝑥−4
10x + 5 = 100(x -4)
10x + 5 = 100x – 400
N AT IS
5 + 400 = 100x – 10x
C N
PY
O C D

90x = 405
O IO
405
D U AA

X=
90
81
O
=
18
ED PR

9
=
2
T

= 4.5
©

(iv) log10 5 + log10(5x +1) = log10(x + 5) + 1

Let us simplify the expression
Log10[ 5×(5x+1)] = log10 (x + 5) + log10 10
Log10[ 5×(5x+1)] = log10 [(x + 5) ×10 ] [ 5×(5x + 1)] = [(x +
5)×10]
25x + 5 = 10x + 50
25x – 10x = 50 -5
15x = 45
45
X=
15
=3
(v) log(4y -3) = log(2y +1) – log 3
Let us simplify the expression ,
2y +1
Log(4y -3) = log
3
2y +1
(4y -3) =
3
By cross multiplying we get
3(4y -3) = 2y +1
12y – 9 = 2y + 1
12 y – 2y = 9 +1
10 y = 10
10
Y=
10
=1
N AT IS
C N
(vi) log10 (x+2) + log10 (x – 2) = log103 + 3 log104

PY
O C D
O IO
Let us simplify the expression,
D U AA

3
Log10 [ (x +2)× (𝑥 − 2)] = log103 + log104
O
Log10[(x + 2) × (x -2)] = log10( 3× 43)
ED PR

[(x + 2) × (x -2)] = ( 3× 43)

T

(x2 – 4) = ( 3×4×4×4)
(x2 -4) = 192
©

x2 = 192 + 4
= 196
x = √196
= 14

(vii) log (3x+2) + log(3x -2) = 5 log 2

Let us simplify the expression
Log(3x +2) + log( 3x -2) = log 25
Log[(3x + 2) × (3x -2)] = log 32
Log(9x2 -4) = log 32
(9x2 – 4) = 32
9x2 = 32 + 4
9x2 = 36
36
x2 =
9
2
x =4
x = √4
=2

23. solve for x :

Log3(x+ 1) – 1= 3 + log3(x -1)

Solution :
Given :
Log3(x + 1) – 1 = 3 + log3(x -1)
N AT IS
Let us simplify the expression,
C N
PY
Log3( x+1) – log3(x -1) = 3 +1
O C D
O IO
x+1
D U AA

Log3 = 4 log3 3 [ since log3 3 =1 ]

x −1
x+1
O
Log3 = log3 34
x−1
ED PR

𝑥+1
= 34
𝑥−1
T
©

By cross multiplying , we get

(x +1) = 81(x -1)

X +1 = 81x – 81
81x – x = 1 + 81
80x = 82
82
X=
80
41
=
40
1
=1
40
24. solve for x :
5log x + 3log x = 3 log x +1 – 5 log x – 1

Solution
Given
5log x + 3log x = 3 log x +1 – 5 log x – 1
Let us simplify the expression,
5log x + 3log x = 3 log x . 31 - 5 log x . 5-1
1
5log x + 3log x = 3.3log x – . 5 log x
5
1
5log x + . 5 log x = 3.3log x - 3log x
5
1
(1 + ) 5 log x = ( 3-1 ) 3log x
5
N AT IS
6
( ) 5 log x = 2(3log x)
C N
PY
5
O C D

5𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 2×5
O IO
=
D U AA

3𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 6O
5 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 10
ED PR

( ) =
3 6
5 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
T

5
( ) =
3 3
©

5 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 5 1
( ) =( )
3 3

So , by comparing the powers

Log x = 1
Log x = log 10
x = 10
 𝒙−𝒚 𝟏
25. if log = (log x + log y) , prove that x 2 + y2 = 6xy
𝟐 𝟐

Solution
Given
𝑥−𝑦 1
Log = (log x + log y)
2 2
Let us simplify
𝑥−𝑦 1
Log = ( log x × y)
2 2
𝑥−𝑦 1
Log = log xy
2 2
1
𝑥−𝑦
Log = log (𝑥𝑦) 2
2
1
𝑥−𝑦
= 𝑥𝑦
N AT IS
2
2
C N
By squaring on both sides we get

PY
O C D

2
𝑥−𝑦 2 1
O IO
D U AA

[ ] = [𝑥𝑦 ] 2
2
(𝑥−𝑦)2
O
= 𝑥𝑦
ED PR

4
By cross multiplying , we get
T

(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 4𝑥𝑦
x2 + y2 – 2xy = 4xy
©

x2 + y2 = 4xy + 2xy
x2 + y2 = 6xy
hence proved

𝒙+𝒚 𝟏
26. if x2 + y2 = 23xy , prove that log = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚)
𝟓 𝟐

Solution
Given
x2 + y2 = 23xy
so the above equation can be written as
x2 + y2 = 25xy – 2xy
x2 + y2 + 2xy = 25xy
(x+y)2 = 25xy
(𝑥+𝑦)2
= xy
25
Now by taking log on both sides we get
(𝑥+𝑦)2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 = log xy
25
𝑥+𝑦 2
log [ ] = log xy
5
𝑥+𝑦
2 log = log x + log y
5
x+y 1
Log = log x + log y
5 2
Hence proved .

27. if p = log10 20 and q = log10 25 , find the value of x if 2

N AT IS
log10(x+1) = 2p-q
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

Solution O
Given
ED PR

P = log10 20
Q = log10 25
T

Then ,
©

2 log10 (x +1) = 2p – q
Now substitute the values of p and q we get
2 log10 ( x+ 1) = 2 log10 20 – log10 25
= 2 log1020 – log10 52
= 2 log10 20 – 2 log10 5
2 Log10 (x +1) = 2( log1020 – log105)
Log10 (x +1) = ( log1020 – log105)
20
= log10( )
5
= log10(x +1) = log104
(x +1) = 4
x = 4 -1
=3
28. show that :
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(i) + + =𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟒𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟒𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕 𝟒𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(ii) + + =𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖 𝟑𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟗 𝟑𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟖 𝟑𝟔

Solution
1 1 1
(i) + + =1
log2 42 log3 42 log7 42
Let us consider LHS:
1 1 1
+ +
log2 42 log3 42 log7 42
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚
By using the formula , logn m =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛
1 1 1 1 1 1
N AT IS
+ + = log42 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔42 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔42
log2 42 log3 42 log7 42 ( ) ( ) ( )
C N
PY
log 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔 7
O C D

𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑙𝑜𝑔7

+ +
O IO
=
D U AA

𝑙𝑜𝑔42 𝑙𝑜𝑔42O 𝑙𝑜𝑔42

𝑙𝑜𝑔2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔7
=
𝑙𝑜𝑔42
ED PR

𝑙𝑜𝑔 2×3×7
=
𝑙𝑜𝑔42
T

𝑙𝑜𝑔42
=
©

𝑙𝑜𝑔42
=1
= RHS
1 1 1
(ii) + + =2
log8 36 log9 36 log18 36
Let us consider LHS:
1 1 1
+ +
log8 36 log9 36 log18 36
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚
By using the formula , logn m =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + = 𝑙𝑜𝑔36 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔36 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔36
log8 36 log9 36 log18 36
𝑙𝑜𝑔8 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 𝑙𝑜𝑔18
 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 𝑙𝑜𝑔18
= + +
𝑙𝑜𝑔36 𝑙𝑜𝑔36 𝑙𝑜𝑔36

𝑙𝑜𝑔8 +𝑙𝑜𝑔9 +𝑙𝑜𝑔18

=
𝑙𝑜𝑔36
𝑙𝑜𝑔8×9×18
=
𝑙𝑜𝑔36
𝑙𝑜𝑔362
=
𝑙𝑜𝑔36
2𝑙𝑜𝑔36
=
𝑙𝑜𝑔36
=2
= RHS
N AT IS
29. prove the following identities :
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
C N
PY
(i) + + =𝟏
O C D

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 𝒂𝒃𝒄

O IO
D U AA

(ii) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂 . 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 𝒃 . 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒅 𝒄 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒅 𝒂

O
Solution
ED PR

1 1 1
(i) + + =1
T

log𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log𝑏 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐

Let us consider LHS:
©

1 1 1
+ +
log𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log𝑏 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚
By using the formula , logn m =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + = log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎𝑏𝑐
log𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log𝑏 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐

log 𝑎 log 𝑏 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐

= + +
log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎𝑏𝑐

log 𝑎+log 𝑏+log 𝑐

=
log 𝑎𝑏𝑐
 (log 𝑎×𝑏×𝑐 )
=
log 𝑎𝑏𝑐
log 𝑎𝑏𝑐
=
log 𝑎𝑏𝑐
=1
RHS

(ii) log 𝑏 𝑎 . log 𝑐 𝑏 . log 𝑑 𝑐 = log 𝑑 𝑎

Let us consider LHS
log 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐
log 𝑏 𝑎 . log 𝑐 𝑏 . log 𝑑 𝑐 = × ×
log 𝑏 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑑
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎
=
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑑
= logd a
N AT IS
= RHS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
D U AA

30. given that loga x = , logb x = , logc x = , find logabc x.

𝜶 𝜷 𝜸
O
ED PR

Solution
It is given that :
T

1 1 1
loga x = , logb x = , logc x =
©

𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
so,
1 log 𝑥 1
loga x = = = = log 𝑎 = 𝛼 log 𝑥
𝛼 log 𝑎 𝑎
1 log 𝑥 1
logb x = = = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 = 𝛽 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝛽 log 𝑏 𝛽
1 log 𝑥 1
logc x = = = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 = 𝛾 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝛾 log 𝑐 𝛾
now ,
log 𝑥
logabc x =
log 𝑎𝑏𝑐
log 𝑥
=
log 𝑎+log 𝑏+log 𝑐
 log 𝑥
=
𝑎 log 𝑥 +𝑏 log 𝑥+𝑦 log 𝑥

log 𝑥
=
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥(𝛼+𝛽+𝛾)

1
=(
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾)

31. solve for x :

𝟕
(i) log3 x + log9 x + log81 x =
𝟒
𝟐𝟑
(ii) log2 x + log8 x + log32 x =
𝟏𝟓
N AT IS
Solution
C N
PY
O C D

7
(i) log3 x + log9 x + log81 x =
O IO
4
D U AA

Let us simplify the expression ,

O
1 1 1 7
+ + =
ED PR

log𝑥 3 log𝑥 9 log𝑥 81 4

T

1 1 1 7
1 + 2 + =
©

log𝑥 3 log𝑥 3 log𝑥 34 4

1 1 1 7
+ log 𝑥 3 + log 𝑥 3 =
log𝑥 3 2 4 4

1 7
1 1 =
log𝑥 3[1+ + ] 4
2 4

1 7
4+2+1 =
log𝑥 3[ ] 4
4
7 7
log 3 𝑥 =
4 4
log 3 𝑥 = 1
log 3 𝑥 = log 3 3 [ since 1 = log 𝑎 𝑎]
On comparing we get
x=3
23
(ii) log2 x + log8 x + log32 x =
15
Let us simplify the expression ,
1 1 1 23
+ + =
log𝑥 2 log𝑥 8 log𝑥 32 15
1 1 1 23
+ + =
log𝑥 21 log𝑥 23 log𝑥 25 15
1 1 1 23
+ log 𝑥 2 + log 𝑥 2=
log𝑥 2 3 5 15
1 1 1 23
[1 + + ] =
log𝑥 2 3 5 15
15+5+3 23
Log2 x =
15 15
N AT IS
23 23
Log2 x =
15 15
C N
PY
O C D

23 15
Log2 x = ×
O IO
15 23
D U AA

Log2 x = 1
O
Log2 x = Log2 2 [ since , 1 = loga a]
ED PR

On comparing , we get
T

X=2
©
 ©
ED PR
D U AA
O C D
N AT IS
O IO
T
C N
O
PY