This document discusses different methods for measuring the dryness fraction of wet steam using calorimeters:
1) A throttling calorimeter measures the pressure and temperature of steam before and after throttling through an orifice to calculate its dryness fraction using enthalpy relationships.
2) A separating calorimeter removes water from very wet steam by changing its flow direction, then calculates dryness fraction from the masses of dry steam and separated water.
3) A combined calorimeter uses both a separating and throttling calorimeter in series to first remove water, then superheat and calculate dryness when steam is too wet for throttling alone.
This document discusses different methods for measuring the dryness fraction of wet steam using calorimeters:
1) A throttling calorimeter measures the pressure and temperature of steam before and after throttling through an orifice to calculate its dryness fraction using enthalpy relationships.
2) A separating calorimeter removes water from very wet steam by changing its flow direction, then calculates dryness fraction from the masses of dry steam and separated water.
3) A combined calorimeter uses both a separating and throttling calorimeter in series to first remove water, then superheat and calculate dryness when steam is too wet for throttling alone.
This document discusses different methods for measuring the dryness fraction of wet steam using calorimeters:
1) A throttling calorimeter measures the pressure and temperature of steam before and after throttling through an orifice to calculate its dryness fraction using enthalpy relationships.
2) A separating calorimeter removes water from very wet steam by changing its flow direction, then calculates dryness fraction from the masses of dry steam and separated water.
3) A combined calorimeter uses both a separating and throttling calorimeter in series to first remove water, then superheat and calculate dryness when steam is too wet for throttling alone.
This document discusses different methods for measuring the dryness fraction of wet steam using calorimeters:
1) A throttling calorimeter measures the pressure and temperature of steam before and after throttling through an orifice to calculate its dryness fraction using enthalpy relationships.
2) A separating calorimeter removes water from very wet steam by changing its flow direction, then calculates dryness fraction from the masses of dry steam and separated water.
3) A combined calorimeter uses both a separating and throttling calorimeter in series to first remove water, then superheat and calculate dryness when steam is too wet for throttling alone.
Throttling Calorimeter The dryness fraction of a wet vapor (usually steam) can be calculated by using a throttling calorimeter.
This device uses the fact that throttling is a constant enthalpy process. Hence, h1=h2 No work is done (W=0) The process is adiabatic, Q=0 A sample of steam is taken from the steam pipe and allowed to expand through an orifice (throttling) to a lower pressure at which the expanded steam will be superheated.
Measurements are made of the pressure (p1) before throttling, and the pressure (p2) and temperature (t2) after throttling.
The dryness fraction (x1) of the steam at p1 can be calculated as
follows: Since throttling is a constant enthalpy process, it implies:
enthalpy before throttling = enthalpy after throttling
hx,1 = hsup,2 hf,1 + x1hfg,1 = hg,2 + Cp (tsup,2 – ts,2) The throttling calorimeter has a limited use in the sense that if the steam is initially too wet, it might not be superheated after throttling. Example 11.1 A throttling calorimeter receives a sample of steam from a steam main, in which the pressure is 700 kPa gauge. After throttling, the steam is at 10 kPa gauge and 115 oC. If the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa, using the steam table, calculate the dryness fraction of the steam in the main. For superheated steam Cp = 3.94 KJ/Kg K. Separating Calorimeter If the steam is too wet to become superheated after throttling, a separating calorimeter is used.
This device works on the mechanical principle
whereby allowing the very wet steam to strike a mesh cup suddenly changes its direction resulting in most water particles being thrown out. The separating calorimeter only gives an approximation of the dryness fraction since some water remains in the steam leaving.
If M is the mass of the apparently dry steam leaving the calorimeter (obtained by condensing the steam and weighing it) and m is the mass of water separated and collected in the calorimeter, then the dryness fraction of wet steam entering calorimeter:
mass of dry steam
dryness fraction = mass of wet mixture Example 11.2 Estimate the dryness fraction of the steam entering a separating calorimeter if the water collected from the separator is 0.24 Kg/min and the condensate leaving the separator is 13.8 Kg in a period of 5 minutes. Combined Calorimeter A combination of a separating and throttling calorimeter are used when the steam in the steam pipe is too wet to become superheated after throttling.
The two calorimeters are arranged in
series as shown below. The separating calorimeter removes most of the water thus ensuring superheating after throttling. Since the separating calorimeter only gives an approximation of the dryness fraction entering, the real dryness fraction of steam in the pipe x is given by
Where and x2 is the dryness fraction given by throttling calorimeter.
Example 11.3 The following readings were taken during a dryness fraction test using a combined separating and throttling calorimeter: Steam pressure in main 700 kPa gauge Water collected in separator 1.32 Kg Temperature after throttling 120oC Pressure after throttling 8 kPa gauge Steam condensed after throttling 10.56 Kg Cp for superheated steam 2.24 kJ/Kg K Atmospheric pressure 100 kPa
Using steam tables determine:
(a) Dryness fraction of the steam leaving the separator/entering throttling calorimeter (b) Dryness fraction of steam in steam main.
