Series Compensation

TCSC
SSSC
 Series Compensation =
Transmission Line Impedance Control

V 1 δ1 P V 2 δ2

Transmission Line X

1
P = V1V2 sin (δ1-δ2)
X

Line Impedance control

 Changing Line Impedance
Sending-end XC XL Receiving-end VC
I I I

VS VL Vr
Generator VC
Sending-end XLcomp XL Receiving-end
I

VS VL Vr
-

+
Generator VC
TCSC
Sending-end XL Receiving-end
I XC V dc

S ta tic S y n c h ro n o u s
VS VL Vr S e rie s C o m p e n s a to r
Generator - SSSC -

XLTCSC/2
VC

Optional Means Power electronics-Based Controllers = FACTS Controllers

Fixed Series Capacitor- Decrease Line Impedance

Fixed Series Reactor-Increase Line Impedance
Thyristor Switched or Controlled Series Capacitor- Variable Change
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)-Both Increase and Decrease
Of Line impedance
 Comparison of SSSC with other Series
Compensation
VC SSSC operating area
VCmax

Inductive
Sending-end Capacitive
XC XL Receiving-end compensation
I characteristics
Imax
P
VS VL Vr I

Capacitive
Generator VC Xc3
Xc2

VCmax Xc1
Fixed Series Capacitor Xc1 > Xc2 > XC3
VC SSSC operating area
VCmax XLcomp1
Sending-end Receiving-end

Inductive
XLcomp XL XLcomp2
I
XLcomp3
VS VL Vr
Generator VC P
Imax
I
Inductive
Capacitive

Fixed Series Reactor compensation

characteristics

VCmax
XLcomp1 > XLcomp2 > XLcomp3
 Comparison of SSSC with other Series
Compensation
VC SSSC operating area
VCmax
TCSC TCSC inductive

Inductive
Sending-end XL Receiving-end operation line
I XC Zind

VS Vr Imax
VL P
Generator I

Capacitive
Zmin
XLTCSC/2
VC TCSC capacitive
operation area Zmax
VCmax
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
VC SSSC operating area
GCSC VCmax
Sending-end XL Receiving-end
XC

Inductive
I

VS VL Vr
Generator
Imax
P
Capacitive I

VC
GCSC operation
GTO Controlled Series Capacitor VCmax
area Zmax
 Operating Principles of
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
c 2.0 2.0
XORDER = 1.0 XORDER ~ 2.0

VC 1.5 1.5
IC = IL +ITH
IL
1.0 1.0
IL

Varistor 0.5 0.5

IC IL

Normalized Units (Peak

Normalized Units (Peak

σ
0.0 0.0
Series capacitor (C) α α

ITH -0.5 -0.5

Bi-directional ITH
-1.0 -1.0
thyristor VC at α = 180
0
0
VC at α = 145
valve Thyristor
-1.5 -1.5
reactor (L)
-2.0 -2.0
0 90 180 270 360 0 90 180 270 360
Time (degrees) Time (degrees)
TCSC Control Capability
5
(Capacitive range)
4
XM
3

2
XC

X(α) - (Per Unit Reactance of XC)

1 Control angle α
(degrees) αM
0
90 105 120 135 150 165 180
(1) XB

(2)

(3)

αO
(4)
(Inductive range)
(5)
 TCSC Current Capability
2.0

System Swing

1.6 Emergency Loading

(In per unit of rated)

1.2
Bank Current

Continuous Loading
0.8

0.4

Fault

0.0
0 |<----- Seconds
5 10
----->|<----- 15
Minutes 20
---->|<----- 25 ----->| 30
Hours
 Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor

3 PU
25 CONT.

T30MIN.
20
T10SEC 5 Hz - 60 Hz Firing Logic

15
YSSR ∆X SSR Open-Loop
O XDCR SSR
H Control Signal
10
M
S 0.2 Hz - 2 Hz
5
YPSDC ∆X PSDC
PSDC
0

YSCHED Several
-5 Seconds
XR
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
REG
CURRENT IN AMPERES
Dispatch
Setpoint

Reactance-Loading Characteristics TCSC Control Modes

TCSC High Level Control System
Compensated
Transmission Line

Local
Signal

Ref Main Firing

Control Control
XORDER
Power Equipment Elements
Supplementary
Control

Remote
Signals
High-level Control Elements
GTO-Controlled Series Capacitor

GCSC VC VC TCSC

ZC ZC
0

Zmin
ZC

Zmax

-190 180 90 180

Turn - off angle, γ (degrees) Firing angle
Static Synchronous Series Compensator
(SSSC)
SSSC Characteristics
 Applications of Controlled Series
Compensation
• Compensation of long transmission lines

• Equalization of power flow in lines and prevention of

loop-flows of real power.

• End of voltage regulation of a radial line

• Improvement of transient stability and dynamic

stability (power oscillation damping)