CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING AS FOUND IN LIVY

RENATA’S YOUTUBE CHANNEL VIDEO

PROPOSAL

Presented to Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Scientific Writing Course

By

Rera Rayhannisa

SID: 33200082

Program Studi Sastra Inggris

Fakultas Komunikasi dan Bahasa

Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika

Jakarta

2022

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 Table of Content

Table of Content................................................................................................................II
CHAPTER I......................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................3
1.1 Background of Research........................................................................................3
1.2 Scope of Limitation...............................................................................................4
1.3 Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................5
1.4 Goal and Function..................................................................................................5
1.5 Research Methods..................................................................................................5
1.6 Systematical Presentation......................................................................................6
CHAPTER II....................................................................................................................7
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK..................................................................................7
2.1 Definition of Sociolinguistics................................................................................7
2.2 Definition of Code Switching................................................................................8
2.2.1 Types of Code-switching....................................................................................9
2.2.2 Reasons of Code-switching..............................................................................11
2.3 Definition of Code-mixing...................................................................................11
2.3.1 Types of Code-mixing......................................................................................12
2.3.2 Reasons of Code-mixing...................................................................................14
BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................17

II
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Research

People use language as a communication tool to express their thoughts and

feelings directly or indirectly with others, both verbally and in writing. Language and

society are two things that are inherent in human life. Language forms society and

society forms language which is related to sociolinguistics.

P. Trudgill (1974: 32) stated "sociolinguistics is that part of linguistics which

is concerned with language as a social and cultural phenomenon. It investigates the

field of language and society and has close connections with the social sciences,

especially social psychology, anthropology, human geography and sociology". It

means, the study of this phenomenon is closely related to all aspects of humanity in

social interaction, which is a fundamental feature of social life. So, in the field of

sociolinguistics, we study how language is used in all kinds of human interactions in

everyday life.

In this era of globalization, many people have the skills to use multiple

languages. This phenomenon is called "bilingual" for people who are fluent in two

languages, and "multilingual" for people who speak multiple languages. These

people tend to speak more than one language to communicate. They like to switch or

mix their first language into another language, for example English as a "lingua

franca".

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The frequently cited definition of Lingua franca is defined as "a language

which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to

facilitate communication between them" by UNESCO (1953; 46). In a multilingual

community, this sociolinguistic event can occur in various moments. The practice of

English as a lingua franca has spread globally, especially in Indonesia, where it is

common for people to switch and mix Indonesian into English and possibly other

languages. This phenomenon is called code switching and code mixing, they are

characteristics of well-known speech patterns. Both are widely spoken in different

languages in all human societies around the world. First, code-switching is the ability

to change elements, use full phrases, and switch between two or more languages. On

the other hand, code mixing refers to the transfer of words from one language to

another.

In this case, I use vlogs as an object of interest because vloggers have huge

fans on Youtube, as well as their diverse content. One of them, Livy Renata, she's

currently being discussed by the public in Indonesia. Her figure went viral because of

her innocent attitude as a crazy rich kid and unique speaking style. The use of code-

mixing and code-switching English-Indonesian in her everyday life is an aspect that

can be used as a reason to make observations regarding this phenomenon. This

analysis leads to finding code mixing and switching used by Livy Renata in her vlog.

More or less the video can influence or help improve English skills of the viewers.

1.2 Scope of Limitation

In this study, researchers will focus on the analysis the types of code

switching and code mixing used in 2 vlogs from Livy Renata's Youtube channel;
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"Getting lost in the Macquarie Campus - Sydney University Tour" and "Grocery

Shopping in Australia. MAHAL YA"

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Based on this research, the problem that will be discussed are the following

questions below:

1. What are the types of code switching and code mixing used by Livy Renata in her

vlogs?

2. Why are the types of code switching and code mixing used by Livy Renata?

1.4 Goal and Function

The goal of this research is to provide information about the types and

reasons Livy Renata uses code switching and code mixing in her daily life or her

vlogs. And its main goal is to explore the types of code switching and code mixing

and their uses.

The function of this research is to convince the readers that code switching

and code mixing are interesting and essential as a way to communicate. On the other

hand, this research is also one of the requirements to pass the Scientific Writing

study.

1.5 Research Methods

This research used a descriptive qualitative method. It focuses on the

realization of code switching and code mixing contained in Livy Renata's Youtube
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vlogs. The researcher collects data from the internet and library research. The object

of this research were vlogs from Livy Renata's Youtube channel.

1.6 Systematical Presentation

This research consists of two chapters. Chapter I is Introduction, it is an

initial discussion of an idea; it sets the scene and puts the research in context. This

chapter includes; Background of Research, Scope and Limitation, Goal and Function,

Research Methods and Systematical Presentation.

Chapter II is Theoretical Framework, it contains theories related to the

research title described in the form of sub-chapters and sub-sub-chapters of the

theories obtained.
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Definition of Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is the study of the way language is used and its influence on

society. Below are some definitions from some experts, among others:

According to Holmes (2013; 1) "Sociolinguistic is study the relationship

between language and society". This means, both language and society are strongly

related, language forms social interaction and social interaction forms language.

Sociolinguistics is defined as “the study that is concerned with the interaction

of language and setting” (Carol M. Eastman, 1975; 113). Setting itself refers to the

time and geographic location. That is, language interaction varies depending on the

region and time period.

According to Joshua A. Fishman, sociolinguistics as he sees it, “the study of

the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the

characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact, change, and change

one another within a speech community”. That is, sociolinguistics is about the social

context of speech, and how language becomes a reference and dimension of social

behavior.

From the theory and definitions above, the writer concludes that

sociolinguistics is the study of the influence of the sociological aspect on language.

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2.2 Definition of Code Switching

Code switching is the act of switching from one language to another

language. Below are some definitions according to several experts:

Hymes (1974) as cited in (Clemenciana Mukenge, 2012; 583) defined "code

switching as a common term for alternative use of two or more languages, varieties

of a language or even speech styles." It means, using two or more languages is

common. It is usually used by multilinguals because they think it is easier to convey

what they want to say.

Also, according to Hoffman (1991) in (Clemenciana Mukenge, 2012; 583)

"code switching is the situation in which two languages are used in the same

utterance." In other words, the speaker switches two languages in the same situation

with the same expression.

According to Valdes-Fallis (1978) in (Macswan, 2013; 52) "Code-switching

is a speech style of bilinguals which has been especially stigmatized in schools,

before looking more closely at some of the forces that lead to this stigma for

bilinguals, a general consideration of prescriptivism may be useful." That is, this

style of speaking is often used in general, especially in the school environment.

From the definitions above, the writer concludes that code-switching is the

act of switching two or more languages as an alternative to communicate.

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2.2.1 Types of Code-switching

Hoffman (1991:112) shows some types of code switching based on the

juncture or the scope of switching where language take place, among others:

1. Inter sentential code switching

This kind of code switching occurs between clause or sentence boundary,

where each clause or sentence is in one language or other, as when a French-English

bilingual says: "Je veux aller dormir, can you turn down the volume of the tv?"

In this example, the speaker speaks in French and then switches the code using

English clause in the end of the conversation.

2) Emblematic code switching

In this kind of code switching, tags, exclamation and certain set phrases in

one language are inserted into an utterance otherwise in another, as when a Spanish-

English says: "It's not cold at all, está?" (está? It is). The word "está" in Spanish is a

tag.

3) Establishing continuity with the previous speaker

This kind of code switching occurs to continue the utterance of the previous

speaker, as when one Indonesian speaker speaks in English and then the other

speaker tries to respond in English too.

For example:

Speaker 1: What a beautiful scenery! I love Bali.

Speaker 2: Yeah, You're right. Aku juga.

In these types of code switching, the changes of language occur in the

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structure of clause or sentence boundary, insertion with tags, exclamation and certain

set of phrases, even the switch occurs to continue the utterance of the previous

speaker.

Another discussion about types of code switching according to Poplack in

Romaine (1995:122-123), defined three main types of code switching there are:

1. Tag switching: simply the insertion of a tag in one language in an utterance which

is entirely in the other language. Example: He’s like that, tú sabes. (tú sabes, you

know).

2. Inter sentential switching: involves a significant amount of syntactic complexity

and conformity to the rules of both languages; therefore, speakers performing this

kind of switching are usually fairly proficient in the participating languages.

3. Intra sentential switching: refers to the switching that occurs inside the same

clause or sentence which then contains elements of both languages.

This type of switching seems to involve specific principles that govern how

the syntax and morphology of the two languages can interact and consequently only

adopted by bilingual with high level smoothness.

It is clear that in code switching there is no adaptation or integration of words

or clauses from one word language to another. What happened was just a switch in

the language.
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2.2.2 Reasons of Code-switching

The reasons of using code switching in language can also be listed according

to the functions of code switching that try to accomplish. There are basically ten

reasons for using code switching in communication according to (Malik, 1994:20);

(1) Lack of facility

(2) Lack of register

(3) Mood of the speaker

(4) To emphasize a point

(5) Habitual experience

(6) Semantic significance

(7) To show identity with a group

(8) Pragmatic reasons

(9) To address a different audience

(10) To attract attention.

From ten reasons proposed by expert in using code switching, the writer

concludes that people have many reasons to use code switching in a multilingual

society. This sometimes becomes their habit. Also, the tendency to use code

switching influences the way people speak in society.

2.3 Definition of Code-mixing

According to Maschler in Grin, seminar paper (2006), defined code mixing as

"using two languages such a third, new code emerges, in which elements from the

two languages are incorporated into a structural definable pattern". That is, when two
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code changes language, a third code appears, it has structural characteristics specific

to the new code.

According to Nancy Bounvillain in (Kurniati, 2014; 9), "code mixing is a

linguistic process that incorporates material from a second language into a base

language, adding morphological markers of the base to introduced elements." It

means, this speech style is a process that combines from a second language into a

basic language, and morphological markers are added from the introduced elements.

Mayerhoff in (Nuryanto, 2014; 6), stated "Code mixing generally refers to

alterations between varieties or codes within a phrase or clause. Code mixing is as

consequence of bilingualism." In other words, code mixing is mixing code in the

form of phrase or clause. And that's the consequence of being bilingual or

multilingual.

From the definitions above, the writer concludes that code mixing is the

transition of one word from one language to another in one sentence.

2.3.1 Types of Code-mixing

Meanwhile, in code mixing, there are several types that are conveyed by

several experts. Below are the theories from several experts:

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Hoffman in (Saleh, 2017; 13), shows that “there are three types of code

mixing based on syntactical patterns. Those are intra-sentential code mixing, intra-

lexical code mixing, and involving a change of pronunciation.” there are:

1. Intra-sentential code mixing

This kind of code mixing occurs within a phrase, a clause or a sentence

boundary, for example English-Indonesian:

Speaker 1: Never mind, sudah aku kerjakan. (Never mind, I've done)

Speaker 2: You pasti bisa, karena kamu kan smart. (You certainly can, because you

are smart).

In the example above, the speakers 1 and 2 mix the language between

Indonesian and English, the mixing is called intra-sentential code-mixing because

they mix the languages in a sentence boundary where the speaker 1 mix “never

mind” in she/he utterance, and speaker 2 says “you” and “smart” in she/he

utterance.

2. Intra-lexical code mixing

This kind of code mixing occurs within a word boundary. For example:

English-Indonesian:

Speaker 1: Saya suka nge-stalk instagram artis hollywood. (I like stalking hollywood

artist instagram.)

Speaker 2: Saya tidak tahu cara meng-update foto profil. (I don't know how to update

my profile picture.)

In the example above, the speakers 1 and 2 mix the language between English

and Indonesian at the level of word, so it is called intra-lexical code-mixing.

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3. Involving a change of pronunciation

This kind of code mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when

Indonesian people say an English word, but modify it to Indonesian phonological

structure. For example, the word “coffee” is said “kopi” or the word “television” is

said “televisi” in Indonesia.

2.3.2 Reasons of Code-mixing

According to Hoffman (1991:116) as cited in (Saleh, 2017; 15), there are

number of reasons for bilingual or multilingual person to switch or mix their

languages. Those are:

(1) Talking about a particular topic

People often prefer to talk about certain topics in one language than in others.

Sometimes, the speaker feels free and more comfortable in expressing his thoughts

and emotional situations by using language that is not their everyday language.

(2) Quoting somebody else

Code mixing occurs when the speaker changes the code to quote a famous

phrases, proverbs, or sayings of some famous figures. That switch only involves

words that the speaker claims to be quotes people say.

(3) Being emphatic about something (express solidarity)

It is common, when someone speaks using language and suddenly want to

empathize about something, whether they did it on purpose or intentionally, they will

switch from one language to another. On the other hand, they switched from their
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second language to their first language because they feel more comfortable to

empathize in their second language than in their first language.

(4) Interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors)

People can sometimes be indicated by an interjection or

sentence connector. Interjections are words or expressions, which put in a sentence to

convey surprise, strong emotion, or to get attention. Interjections are short

exclamations such as: Duh!, Hey!, Ouch!, et cetera. Interjection has no grammatical

value, but speakers usually use them in a conversation.

(5) Repetition used for clarification

When a speaker wants to clarify his speech so that it becomes better

understood by the listeners, they can sometimes use both language (code) that they

mastered to convey the same message. When a bilingual wants to clarify his speech

so that it is better understood by the listeners, he can sometimes use both languages

or he mastered by saying the same utterance (the speech is pronounced many times).

Repetition is not only to clarify speech but also to emphasize massage.

(6) Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor

This happens when the speaker will repeat a message in one language to

another with the aim of making speech goes smoothly or clarify ideas to make

conversation more understandable.

(7) Expressing group identity

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(8) To soften or strengthen request or command

(9) Because of real lexical need

This due to lack of equivalent lexicon in language. When an English-

Indonesian bilingual has the word less in English, they will be easier to pronounce in

Indonesian. When they had a word that is lacking in Indonesian, they will use

English terms.

(10) To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited

audience

To avoid other communities or interfere object to their communication by

people, they might try to exclude them people by using a language that not everyone

knows.

From the explanation of the reasons for code mixing using Hoffmans theory,

the writer concludes that there are 10 reasons for code mixing, respectively reason

has explanation and function. From the explanation of reasons for code mixing, the

writer analyzes that any data used in Livy Renata's Youtube Channel Video have

several types and reasons.

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