Lesson 5

Chapter 5
Analog Transmission
5.1
5.1 Digital-to-Analog Conversion
o Amplitude shift keying
o Frequency shift keying
o Phase shift keying
o Quadrature amplitude modulation
5.2 Analog-to-Analog Conversion
o Amplitude modulation
o Frequency modulation
o Phase modulation
DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of

changing one of the characteristics of an analog
signal based on the information in digital data.
5.3
Digital-to-analog conversion
5.4
Types of digital-to-analog conversion
 Bit rate is the number of bits per second.

 Baud rate is the number of signal elements per second.
 In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud rate is
less than or equal to the bit rate.
5.5
Baud rate vs bit rate
S = N*1/r [baud]
r the number of data elements carried in one signal element r=log 2L
L: type of signal element (not a level)
An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If
1000 signal elements are sent per second, find the bit
rate.
5.6
An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud
rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements are
carried by each signal element? How many signal
elements do we need?
5.7
Carrier signal
A carrier signal is a transmitted electromagnetic pulse or
wave on which information can be imposed by varying
the base frequency, phase, or amplitude. This
modification is called modulation.
5.8
Binary amplitude shift keying
ASK → on/off keying (OOK). Bandwidth = (1+d) S

S is the baud rate
d is the modulation factor 0 ≤ d ≤ 1
In BASK baud rate = bit rate (L=2)
Minimum BW= N
5.9
Implementation of the binary ASK
5.10
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which
spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What are the carrier
frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by
using ASK with d = 1?
5.11
We normally use full-duplex links with communication in
both directions.
We need to divide the bandwidth into two with two
carrier frequencies.
The available bandwidth for each direction is now 50

kHz, which leaves us with a data rate of 25 kbps in each
direction.
12
Binary frequency shift keying
Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific

frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave
at a different frequency.
5.13
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which
spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What should be the carrier
frequencies and the bit rate if we modulated our data
by using FSK with d = 1?
5.14
Implement of BFSK
5.15
We need to send data 3 bits at a time at a bit rate of 3
Mbps. The center frequency is 10 MHz. Calculate the
number of levels (different frequencies), the baud rate,
and the bandwidth (d=0).
5.16
Bandwidth of MFSK
5.17
Binary phase shift keying
Phase-shift keying (PSK): the phase of a transmitted signal is varied
to convey information. There are several methods that can be used to
accomplish PSK.
PSK minimum bandwidth = ASK minimum bandwidth.

Advantages of PSK:
- Not susceptible to noise
- No bandwidth is wasted for separating 2 carrier signals
Disadvantages:
- Distinguishing small difference in phase depending on the equipment used.
5.18
Implementation of BPSK
The simplest PSK technique is called 2-PSK or BPSK. It uses

two opposite signal phases (0 and 180 degree).
5.19
QPSK and its implementation
5.20
Find the bandwidth for a signal transmitting at 12
Mbps for QPSK. The value of d = 0.
5.21
Concept of a constellation diagram
Signal element type
5.22
Show the constellation diagrams for an BASK (OOK),
BPSK, and QPSK signals.
5.23
Constellation diagrams for some QAMs
Quadrature amplitude modulation is a

combination of ASK and PSK.
Unipolar NRZ Polar NRZ Signal with 2 Signal with 4

positive levels positive and 4
negative levels
5.24
ANALOG TO ANALOG CONVERSION
Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of

analog information by an analog signal. One may ask
why we need to modulate an analog signal; it is
already analog. Modulation is needed if the medium is
bandpass in nature or if only a bandpass channel is
available to us.
5.25
Types of analog-to-analog modulation
5.26
Amplitude modulation
27
AM band allocation
The total bandwidth required for AM

can be determined from the bandwidth of
the audio signal: BAM = 2B.
28
Frequency modulation
29
FM band allocation
The total bandwidth required for FM can be

determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal:
BFM = 2(1 + β)B.
30
Phase modulation
31
PM band allocation
The total bandwidth required for PM can be

determined from the bandwidth and maximum
amplitude of the modulating signal:
BPM = 2(1 + β)B.
32

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Chapter 5

Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of

 Bit rate is the number of bits per second.

ASK → on/off keying (OOK). Bandwidth = (1+d) S

The available bandwidth for each direction is now 50

Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific

PSK minimum bandwidth = ASK minimum bandwidth.

The simplest PSK technique is called 2-PSK or BPSK. It uses

Signal element type

Quadrature amplitude modulation is a

Unipolar NRZ Polar NRZ Signal with 2 Signal with 4

Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of

The total bandwidth required for AM

The total bandwidth required for FM can be

The total bandwidth required for PM can be

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