B.Tech.

1" year
HYSICS
ATUENGINEERING
PH

DIFFRACTION
3

FRESNEL D I F F E R E N T

FRAUNHOFERDIFFRACTION
FRESNEL DIFFERENT

FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION
th are at finite
or screen both distance from 1.Source and screen both are at
I.Sourc
the obstacles.
from the obstacles. infinite distances

2,Distance a r e i m p o r t a n t 2. Inclination is important.

Incident wavefront is either spherical or | 3.ncident wavefront is
eylindrical.
generally plane.
RESULTANTOF NHARMONIC WAVES:
tn simple harmonic vibration
on, having equal amplitude 'a' and common
Let n

successive vibrations. phase difference ô between

To the find resultant

amplitude of a polygon is constructed.
Reducing the amplitude parallel and
perpendicular the first vibration, we
******-

get
Rcos a +a cos +a cos 20 +
D .....
+a cos (n - 18
Rsind=a sin
ô + a sin28 + ..+asin (n - 1)8
c 2
Multiplying equation 1 by 2 sin, we get
----

B2
2
Rcos sin5: a
|2 sinz
A
+2 sin- 8 + 2
cos
sin cos 2 8+..... +2 sin cos (n
- 1)8

sing trigonometrical form

A cos B =
sin (A +B) + sin (A + B).
2 Rcos sin
Rcos sin,= 2 sin+ sin ( 56 30
sin5)+(sin-sin+
2

stinn-- sin(n-
a sn sin(-
nð
2a (n- 1)88
sinCoS 2
89
on Papers (Utt
2017,
 ERING PHYSICS B.Tech
AKTUENGINEERING PHYS
year

FER
FRAUNHOF DIFERACTION AT SINGLE SLIT:

Diverging
Wavefronts X

Source

Lens
Leis.
Sht
Screen
chromatic source oflight,Li =lens, AB:
narrow slit of
S=1 width e.
Sas light is incider plane as a
Fromsource plane wave-front
on slit
ABsends Out seconda waves all the directions. The
in AB.From Huy2e
s c r e e n by
lens L2, while the rays diffracted undevwated.rays
through an angle 8 are focused firom AB are foCused at
C on C in same phase, hence intensity max1mum,
is at
P. Rays from endsA
andB reach at
between extreme rays is
Path difference
BN AB sin6 =

e sine
AB== slit width
phase difference =e sin 8
Let AB is divided into 'n' equal parts there may be infinitely large number of point sources of secondar
WAvelets between A and B. The phase ditference between any consecutive parts 15

/ e sin 0 88

In order to find the resultant amplitude ofn such vibrationseach of amplitude a and phase differences
between successive vibrations. The resultant is given by

sin sin
R=a sin
sin sin }
te sin 6
= a, then
put
Sin a
R =a
sin(
For the large value of nis very smal, therefore sin * Hence.
Sin a
sin naa
R aa

Putting na A, we get
=

sina 9
R A
 AKTU
ENGINEERING PHYSICS B.Tech.
1s" year AKTUENGINEERINGPHYSICS B.Tech. 1 year

esuitant
intensity at P is proportional to the square of
amplitude. Hence, 1s

CONDITION FOR MAXIMA AND MINIMUM:

R=4Sna a a a
7t

l De
maximum, if negative term in the above equation vanishes. n i s 15 pOSsTtble when a
=0 m
0,t77 ****

0.
the
position Principal Maxima while the value ofa
of Principal
of
e sin = 0. , or =

a=0,
gives
secondary maxima,secondary maxima,.
=
4+
/The sntant intensity at P will be maximum for 0 = 0 and is called the Principal Maxima positionoffirst 2 gves the
maxima is
first:secondary
intensity of the Principal Maxima= A. Hence Intensity of
sin
POSITION OF MINIMA
Intensity will be minimum when sin a = 0 but a* 0, i.e.a =tmt.
,-
Where m =1,2,3,. the intensity
of principal maxima,.
**** Wherelo is
TTesinB second secondary maxima is given by
mi Intensity of
5TT

(7m = 1,2,3,..)
e sin 0 =tma|
SECONDARY MAXIM consists of a bright Central Maxima f lowed by minima of zero intensity and
The condition Secondary Maxima may be obtained by diffe ntiating Hence diffraction pattern
maxima ot decreasing intensity on either side of it.
then secondary
I= A* w.r.to
' Hence relative intensities of successive maxima are nearly

and equating it to zero. Hence,

Central Maximum

=0, o r a cos a
-

sin a = 0 ora =
tan a
Either
The condition 0 gives the position of principal Maxima except a = 0. Position of secondar
tan
Maxima is given bya
=
a.

This solved graphically by plotting the curves

y = 1an a.

The equation y = gives straight line passing through the origin and making an angle of 45*witn n
1 a

is. The equation y tan grves discountinous curve. The

=
x a
point of intersection of these two -3T -T
aives the value gt satistying the equation tan These points
a
a =
a.
correspond to
4 4
19772574972
 AKTU
ENGINE£

year

Tech.
1
PHYSICS B. O.5
NARTOWER:
ENGINEERING
in the dire egiven by
AKTU SLIT iximum
occurs

200
max
MAKING
t2

a-5
central
6=
OF the
sideof a sin
EFFECT
Oincreases which means that
on
either

of
diffraction
the = 5000 x
10-cm
First
minima

la
the
angle

centma 1=500 A°
5000 x 10
reducing Given

by
narowed
a x 200
slit is
When
the
m a x i m u m b e c o m e sw i d e r .

Fraunhofe
diffraction: 0.5 = 0.02 cm
due to
distributi ution
mm. Calcul
aleulate the tota Example:Calcu the which the first dark
angle at
of Watn
0.10
A iffraction pattern of a slit 0.3mm band and the
a slit
angular
intensity
Fraunhoferdiffi
Wide. (
5890A next bright band are
the on
for normally
=

centralmaximum(AKTU2017
expression
falls
an hu
a r e given by fomed in the
Obtain
Obtain

wavelength
60004

of
minima
Solution:
a sind =n
ightof
direcion

tne band n
=
1,
widthof
the
difraction
pattern,
first
dark

sit For
In a single a sind = or sin0 4- 5890x10-3
=
1,2,3,.. a 0.03 0.00196
wheren
tn,
asine=
minimum,
n =l
asind=

sin (0.00196) =
0.112
first order
Forthe

Ifoissmall,
sinß=0 FRAUNHOFERDIPFRACTION DUET

sin6=
maximum.
central
of the
width
is the angularhalf 6000x10""cm
6000A"=
and A
=
0.01cm
= 0.10mm=
Given a e+d

6 =
60:10=6x 10- radian
Angularhalfwidth 0.01

29=2x6x 103= 1.2 x 10 rad Lens

Thetotalangular half width Screen

Double Slit
0.D
The linear half width
= =
x

=
2x =
20D
Total linear width of central maximum and S2 of width e and separate by d. The
Let plane wavefront it be incident normally on the two slit Si dark
100 2.4cm difiracted light is focused on the screen XY. Diffraction patem
consists ofequally spaced bright and
Linear width =2x 1.2x10* x
=

minimum of ditfracin figures due to interference of light from both the slits.
a slit. The first
ue
waves moving along
Example: Light of wavelength 5000A° is incident normally on all directions. All secondary
placed at a distan and S2 you will send secondary waves in
is observed to lie at a distance of Smm from the central maximum in a dI
screen P.
pattem waves will be focused at
CIaent wave will be focused at P and diffracted
of 2m from the slit. Calculate the width of the slit. Stna
R=A
Solution: asin 6 tnd where n = 1,2,3,. Amplitude at P is the resultant from two slits each ofamplitude
at P.
sin WO Waves from two slits S1 and S2 will interfere
=S2M

If is small, sinbe6, : ratn difference between waves from Si and

0 =
* = (e+d)cost
Liner seperation between the first minimum and central
Distance of screen from slit= 2m=
maximum =
Smm
. Corresponding difference ="(e + d)sin0 =28
200cm 5
Kesultant amplitude at P is obtained by
0.5
200 a d
 ot amgpltade. he mtensry at p
anRensity
is proporthonai
aD
HE S«qIre
line8

1-4 co
whecsa d B-ed)sin
the coeztruitnutacti of foiliowng fachors
Intemsiry Phtsers
*s u s
#ience resatant intemsity n inkerereme
tsj Fackor ch soprosent the antemsity dastrsbnutaom due to atry atadirsvaduail silts
(9) Thefactonc nepresent the imerferenceE patlem dhue to the Waves strom t o praulie its aterfierm
The ser ges the central maxamauamo om fihe durectaon = 0 a d Koilkoraed by
mnimu &
seKondary maeuma of decteSung untCmsuty om erher sade of
weres sungnn
Minima s t mà e sin The widethof
sin t where m = 1.2.3.
Ther isremaiey ef aid mnina rnges) is sme
Secondary Maaima obtaincd im the directison

InterferemcE termco grwes maxtmum an the directao

iraon Due To Plame Diffraction Grating

Driratian grating comsists od a
e dyain) mi. anether by egad apaE
large umiber af garailieil sins af squai wdti amu aaaiend feot on
- 10 . spac
oethec dateiao -0, the central maxumum due o terferemue and daffrac taon coumcade
Mmuma duar to interference trm gven
B (2+ 1)
e d)sin® =
(Zm+
1)5
AKTU ENGINEERING PHYSICS B.Tech.
1"t year AKTUENGINEERINGA
ERING
PHYSICS B.Tech. 1 year

number of parallel and equidistans

Diffraction grating is constructed by ruling a large li per on
glass plate with the help of diamond pencil. Generally, there are 10,000 to 15,000 lines inchlane I=R12Asin?z sin?
2 Ng
plane transmission grating8 Aina sin?R
TheoryA plane diffraction grating is an Nslit arangement, the ditfraction patterm due
combined diffraction effect of all such slits. Let a plane waveront of monochromatic it will be 2N2
normally on N- parallel slits of the grating. Each point on the slits sends out secondar Condition
forprincipal

ncipal Maxima issinß =0 or B-

directions.
ncidem
s in al
tT.

Let e be width of each slit and d be separation between any two consecutive slits, then (e+
grating element. Diffacted rays from each slit are focused at point P on the screen XY.LetS.ow
e+d) sin 90= tm
be the middle point of each slit and S Mi, S2 Ma,..Sn1 M- be the
e+d)
sin8 =tn
waves diffracted from each slit is equivalent to a single wave of amplitude. perpendicular
drawn t0=
weget
0 00 =

and this gives the direction of

a

zero
Ihe
direction of first, order priincipal mamak1mum.
=1,2,3,. givestthe directior
Forn=0

A sin a ofn

R = The
value
second, thir.
ordet
Path difference between waves from S1 and S2 1S maximum, when
pincipal maxima
The intensity
Maxin

S2 Mi=(e + dJsin6 sin Np =0but sinß= 0

Path difference between waves from S2 and Ss Np mt
Ss M2-le+ dsine
Path difference between waves from S-1 and
N.e +d) sin 8 =
tmm
S, Mn-1-(e + d)sine N(e+d) sin G= tmm
wherem takes
values expert 0, N, 2N,.
Hence, corresponding path difference is equal to(e + d)sine. because for all these
the position of principal maxima values of
which gives
Coresponding phase difference = ( e + d)sin6 = 28 ARY MAXIMA: To find the condition of
secondary maNIma equation for
The resultant amplitude at P is given by differentiated with respect to Band equates to zero. intensiry 15

Rsin
2NG dI Asin'a 2 sin
(Sin Ng Ncos NB sin ß-sinNGcos
R 2 dßa2 Stn
sin N cos NBsinß -sinNßcosß = 0
sin N A sin a sin Nß
R =R=".
-
sin
.
sin B
tan
Nß=Nta
Let us construct a triangle with sides according to equation
Resultant intensity at P is given by
From these triangle
=R2A"sinfa sin2NB N tanp
a2 sin2 sinNß=
1+N tanp
Note:FactorAsin a given the intensity pattern due to single slit. Putting this value in expression for intensity

Factorstn2gives distribution of intensity due to interference from all the N slits. A sin'asin' Ng
a sin-
PRINCIPAL MAXIMA:Intensity will be maximum when sinß =0 or B= enm (n 0, 1,2, 3,.
=

N tan'p
Asin'a
sin NG) (1+Ntan-B)sin<ß
lim
sinNB l i m dß N cos NB
N2
Lim
Bt n Sin f
tnn(sin B) Btna cos B A-sina

a2 (1+N2 tan B)cos*

Putting the value of Sin Nn
s i nB quation

98
 AKTUENGINEERING PHYS

equation 2 we
get
1 bby
tion 1
equation

PHYSICS
B
Tech.
1tyear

A"SIn'a
N2
cos2B+ N2 sin?B
pividing
(e+ d)-
e
ENGINEERING

AKTU N2
+N2 sin2ß
1 - sin2B
A*sin"a

a N2 o f orders possible in grating

urmber of
orde
number

Asinta
1+(N2- 1)stn B Maximum

(e+ dsind n

m a x i m a
n=etd sin9
Intensity
of
secondary

maxima
ma 1(N-1) sin? value of 0 is 9o
Henc principal possible
Intensityof Maxima

it is
clear
that
N increases,
the intensity of secondary
maxima
Tmax -tsin 90-
expression
If number of lines per inch is written on the grating. it N Is the number of lines per mch, then the gating
ahove
distribution in diffraction
From
the
intensity
transmission grating is
pattern due t
decreases plane element.
2.54
The
(e+d)
Differences
between gating Spectra and prism spectra.

GRATING SPECTRA PRISMSPECTRA

1.Produced due to dispersion
1.Produced due to diffraction.
WITH GRATING ained
FORMATION OF SPECTRA 2. Gives many orders of spectra. 2.Only one order of the spec
maxima is given are given by
Direction of principla 3.More bright specta
( e d ) sint = n 3.Spectra is less brighter.
curved
Note (0 For fixed values of(e-d) and n, 8 is different for different wavelengths. Since, Aav, then 4.Spectral ines are are slhghtly
|4.Spectral lines are straight .

(u) Forfixed value of(e + d) and , 0 is different for different order n. DISPERSIVE POWER OF APLANE DIFFRACTION GRATNG with
of change of
diffraction grating is defined
as the rate the angie dittraction
changes trom
(in)
For n=0, 6=0 for all values of.. Hence, zeroth order principal maxima is always white. Spensive power of a Atoà dh and angie of diffraction
wavelength changes from
(N Most of the intensity of light is concentrated in zeroth order principla maxima and it decreases I n wavelength. If
incTeas1ng order to (6+
d0) thenis called dispensive power of gratng incidence Is

cONDITION FOR ABSENT SPECTRA: e grating equation for a plane transmission grading
from normal

n
Direction of principal (e+ dsind
=

maxima due to a
grating is given by for spectrum
of n" order
diffraction
here (etd) is of
(e+dsin= na and 0 is the angle by
Where n is order of grating element
for a
nomal
incidence is given

principal max1ma. The grating equation for transmission grating

Direction of maxima due a plane
to a
singleslit is given by
esin = mn Differe Awe have
crentiating equation 1 w.r. to
de 101
(m =0, 1,2, 3,.
(e+ d)cos8
 obtained
as AKTU

li.
dispensive
poweris of
n u m ber
er of lines is one centimetre
hence
Hence,

a (e+d) cos
1

e+a101060
n

dh (e+ d)W1-sin20 The separatio of sodium

rample:

lines in 2.5
mes in
Bn
containing
5000
5000 per cm the
normmalsecond
attes for
tting this
value we get lines.
order
ord
incidenCe. spectrum
two
Alsesin 62 ofthe
de Solution:1Dispensive powe is given by What is the of a
(e+1- de
åiferetrnamcessniesnionwaubehqprao
d6 d

-
Note:
dh=+d?
aDispensive power is directly proportional to the order ofspectrum (n). -1d
Given
cDispensivepower is inversely proportional to the grating element (etd
(i) Dispensive power is inversely proportional tocos.
(e+d) 5000 2x 10' cmn =
=5893 A =
5893 2
x
10 cm= 0.5893 x
10 cm
In grating spectrum which spectral line in 4" order will
a
overlap with 3rd order lino d 2.5=
314
5461A
4AKTU2019) line of
1.27 d
Example: A parallel beam of
x
10 radian
monochromatic
diffraction grating having 5000 lines
light is allowed to be
incident normally
per cm. The second order on
through Calculate the wavelength of the spectral line
a
30.
spectral line.
is observed
to be
-

(0.5893 x 10- 2x727 x

Solution: deviated 10
(e+ dsin6= nd =
v0.6527 x7.27 x 10 =
0808 x 7.27 x
10
(e+d)=a5000 30°., n =
2
dh =
5.87 x
10- cm =
5.87*
d sin 9

Example:in plane transmission5000

a x2*= 0.0005m 5000 A*
for the wavelength 5000A is 30.grating, the angle of diffraction for the
Calculate the number of second order
Solution: principal
lines in one
centimeter of the gratingmaim
Given (e+dhsind= ni
n-2,9 30°.i= 5000A® =
5
10cm
(e+d) 2x5x 10 2x5x 107
Stn G
Sin 30
0.5
10 cm
103
AKTUE a y
lake
CACept, N, 2N,...
"maxima in the N,...*
7

adjacer to the
Where

Instruments t hf
ei r s t
minima

Resolving
Power ofOptical
to torm
separate
images of
two
ced very
obiecte

close to
d) sin (O, t dO,) = (nN+1)
direction (8,+
instrument
imum separation between two cach othe dda)
of an optical The r
objects that ofthe
maxima
diffraction pattem ddue to 1sossble omily when
instrument.

The ability
Hence

ofthe the optical instrument

resolving power of ofthe
resolution
ofprincipal
called the
is
optical
Is called
instrument
the limit
can be
wavelength'ta inm* he
resolved by an Venb y
m
Resolution
of
For Limit
Rayleigh
Criteria
said to be just reso (et d) sin
Two nearby pointobject if the (Gnt directhom (9.-
N(e+ d) sin ddn)= nia
"

As per Rayleigh
eriteria

diffraction pattern of
one coincides with the first position
minimum of the ofof the
disfractioy his
entral maximum of
the other"
etlon deigh criteria, principal maxima of
(9,+ dhb,)= Nri
pattern of
wavelength
FromRayleigh

avelengthà inthesame direction (0, + ta should

AB d0,).
B
Comparingequation (3) csiandnci(4d)e wewth the inst mnamoma
IetA,2*dA, A2==da (nN+1)Nia we ge of

M W (nN+1))=Nni.+da Thn
Resolved Just Resolved Nndh
Not Resolved Resolving problem of grating
Tuo spectral lines of wavelength and +d are taken and A ,
and B are the
them respectively. When the difference in the angle of diffraction is central maximium
Separale. large, the two imaces due to
seen as
R.P. N
Central maxma RP =
order of spectrum x
total number
and cannot be
corresponds to wavelength A and à+ dA are very close of lines on grating
distinguished as separate. and therefore
two images Overla
The position of central maxima of A
(e+ d) sin0 =n, n dsn
coresponding to wavelength àt dh. coresponding A, coincides with to
the
The resultant
intensity curve Similarly, central maxima of B position of first
minima :R.P.= - ANe +d sin6
shows a dip at C in the coincides with the first
atCis about 20% less
than that at A or B. middle of A and B. It is minima of A. d
minima of the The ositionof estimated that the intensity Example: A plane transmission
just resolved.
diffraction pattem of each
other and it
central maxim of A
and B coincides grating as 15,000 lines per inch. Find
satisfies the with the first (a) Resolving
Rayleigh criteria. Images are said power grating.a
Resolving Power of Plane (6) Smallest
Difraction Grating to be wavelength differences that be
order. can resolved with a light of
The
resolving power of wavelengh 6OMA n nd
TwO
Wavelengths grating, is defined as its Solution:
is given by which are very close to ability to form
separate
direction of nh diffraction principal maxinaa of
each othe. The () RP.=
(et dhsinen =nd nN =2x
principal maxima for (i) 15,000 30,000 =
3 x 10"
N(e+d)sine, =Nnà waveieug nN 3000
=

Where N is total
number of lines (1) 6X 10
N(e+ d) sin (B,+ on

dô,)= mi grating. First minima

in the dA30 000 30,000
= 2x 10cm

direction (Bn t d8n)

-(2)
13
Example: Aggrating has 60000 dh = 20A

w idth is 10cm,
calclaie
(a) the neslines per
per cm drawn on it. If its
104 resolvingpower in the second order. 105