11 Applications of

Definite Integrals

Definite integrals have a wide range of applications. In this chapter, we shall use definite
integrals in computing the areas of bounded regions.

11.1 AREAS OF BOUNDED REGIONS

If the function f is continuous and non-negative in the closed interval [a, b], then the area of
the region below the curve y = f (x), above the x-axis and between the ordinates x = a and
x = b or briefly the area of the region bounded by the curve y = f (x), the x-axis and the
b b
ordinates x = a, x = b is given by ∫ f (x) dx or ∫ y dx.
a a
Proof. Let AB be the curve y = f (x) between AC(x = a) and BD (x = b), then the required
area is the area of the shaded region ACDB.
Y
Let P(x, y) be a point on the curve y = f (x) and
Q(x + δx, y + δy) be a neighbouring point on the curve, B

then MP = y, NQ = y + δy and MN = δx. Let A be the S Q

area of the region ACMP and A + δA be the area of the A P R
region ACNQ, then δA = area of region PMNQ.
Area of rectangle PMNR = yδx and area of
x=b
x=a

rectangle SMNQ = (y + δy)δx.

From fig. 11.1, area of rectangle PMNR ≤ area of O C MN D X
region PMNQ ≤ area of rectangle SMNQ
⇒ yδx ≤ δA ≤ (y + δy)δx Fig. 11.1.
δA
⇒ y≤ ≤ y + δy …(i)
δx
δA dA
When P → Q, δx → 0, δy → 0 and → .
δx dx
δA
From (i), Lt y ≤ Lt ≤ Lt ( y + δy)
δx → 0 δx → 0 δx δy → 0
dA dA
⇒ y≤ ≤y⇒y= .
dx dx
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x between the limits a to b, we get
b b
= [A] a
dA
∫ y dx = ∫ dx dx
b

a a
= (value of area A when x = b) – (value of area A when x = a)
= area ACDB – 0 = area ACDB.
A-534 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS - XII

If a function f is continuous and non-positive in the closed Y

interval [a, b], then the curve y = f (x) lies below the x-axis and
b M δx N
the definite integral ∫ f (x) dx is negative. Since the area of a O X

x=b
a
region is always non-negative, the area of the region bounded y

x=a
by the curve y = f (x), the x-axis and the ordinates x = a, x = b is
b b
given by ∫ f ( x) dx or ∫ y dx
a
. P(x, y) Q
a
Fig. 11.2.
Hence, if the curve y = f (x) is continuous and does
not cross the x-axis, then the area of the region
bounded by the curve y = f (x), the x-axis and the
b
Y

ordinates x = a and x = b is given by ∫ f ( x) dx or y=d

a
b

∫ y dx . δy
P(x, y)
a

x = g(y)
Similarly, if the curve x = g (y) is continuous and
does not cross the y-axis, then the area of the region
bounded by the curve x = g (y), the y-axis and the
abscissae y = c, y = d is given by O X
d d
y=c

∫ g ( y ) dy or ∫ x dy . Fig. 11.3.
c c

b
Remark. It may be noted that when sign of f (x) is not known, then ∫ f (x) dx may not
a
represent the area enclosed between the curve y = f (x), the x-axis and the ordinates
b
x = a and x = b, whereas ∫ | f (x) | dx equals the area enclosed between the graph
a
of the curve y = f (x), the x-axis and the ordinates x = a and x = b.
1 1
For example, let us consider the integrals ∫ x dx and ∫ | x | dx.
–1 –1
1 1
⎡ x2 ⎤ 1
First integral = ∫ x dx = ⎢ ⎥ =
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ – 1 2
(12 – (– 1)2) = 0, whereas second integral
–1
1 0 1
= ∫ | x | dx = ∫ (– x) dx + ∫ x dx
–1 –1 0
(Common sense suggests this division as | x | = – x in [– 1, 0] and | x | = x in [0, 1]).
0 1
⎡ x2 ⎤ ⎡ x2 ⎤ 1 1
= ⎢– ⎥ +⎢ ⎥ = – 2 (0 – 1) + 2 (1 – 0) = 1.
⎣ 2 ⎦ – 1 ⎣ 2 ⎦0

Y Y

x
= 0
y >
y

x
=

x,
x,

–1 =
x

y
<

O 1 X
0

–1 O 1 X

Fig. 11.4.
APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS A-535

Clearly, the area enclosed between y = x, the x-axis and the ordinates x = – 1 and
x = 1 is not zero.
It follows that if the graph of a function f is continuous in [a, b] and crosses the
x-axis at finitely many points in [a, b], then the area enclosed between the graph of the
b
curve y = f (x), the x-axis and the ordinates x = a, x = b is given by ∫|f ( x )|dx or
b a

∫ |y|dx .
a
11.1.1 Area bounded between curves Y

If f (x), g (x) are both continuous in [a, b] and y = f (x)

0 ≤ g (x) ≤ f (x) for all x ∈ [a, b], then the area of

x=a
the region between the graphs of y = f (x),
y = g (x) and the ordinates x = a, x = b is given by

x=b
b b
y = g (x)
∫ f (x) dx – ∫ g (x) dx
MO N X
a a

b
Fig. 11.5.
= ∫ ( f (x) – g (x)) dx. Y
y=d
a

x = f (y)
Similarly, the area of the region between the graphs x = g (y)
of x = f (y), x = g (y) and the abscissae y = c, y = d is
d
given by ∫ ( f (y) – g (y)) dy.
c
O X
y=c
Fig. 11.6.
Remarks
1. If f (x), g (x) are both continuous in [a, b] and g (x) ≤ f (x) for all x ∈ [a, b], then the
above formula also holds when one or both of the curves y = f (x) and y = g (x)
lie partially or completely below the x-axis.
2. If the graphs of the curves y = f (x) and y = g (x) cross each other at finitely many
points, then the area enclosed between the graphs of the two curves and the
b

∫
ordinates x = a and x = b is given by | f ( x ) − g ( x ) | dx .
a

3. Similarly, the area of the region between the graphs of x = f (y), x = g (y) and the
b

∫
abscissae y = c, y = d is given by | f ( y ) − g ( y )| dy .
c

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1. Find the area of the region bounded by y2 = 4x, x = 1, x = 4 and the x-axis in
the first quadrant.
Solution. The given curve is y2 = 4x which represents a right hand parabola with vertex
at (0, 0). The area bounded by y2 = 4x, x = 1, x = 4 and the x-axis is shown shaded in the
figure.
A-536 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS - XII

4 4 Y
Required area = ∫ y dx = ∫ 2 x dx
P(x, y)
y2 = 4x
1 1

(Q y2 = 4x ⇒ y = 2 x in the first quadrant)

x=4
y

x=1
4
⎡ ⎤
⎢ x 3/2 ⎥ 4 ⎡ 3/2
= 2. ⎢ ⎥ = 4 − 13/2 ⎤⎦ sq. unis O δx X
⎢ 3 ⎥ 3 ⎣
⎣ 2 ⎦1

4 28
= [8 – 1] sq. units = sq. units.
3 3
Fig. 11.7.

Example 2. Draw a rough sketch of the curve x2 + y = 9 and find the area enclosed by the
curve, the x-axis and the lines x + 1 = 0 and x – 2 = 0. (I.S.C. 2009)
Solution. The given curve is x2 + y = 9 …(i)
It can be written as x2 = 9 – y Y
A(0, 9)
⇒ (x – 0)2 = – (y – 9)
which represents a downward parabola with
vertex at (0, 9).
The parabola meets the x-axis i.e. y = 0 at x2 = 9 i.e.
at x = – 3, 3.
A rough sketch of the curve is shown in fig. 11.8.

x = –1
The given lines are x + 1 = 0 and x – 2 = 0 i.e.

x=2
x = – 1 and x = 2.
(–3, 0) O (3, 0) X
The area enclosed by the curve, the x-axis and the
given lines is shown shaded in fig. 11.8. Fig. 11.8.
2 2
∴ Required area = ∫ y dx = ∫ ( 9 − x 2 ) dx (using (i))
–1 –1

2
⎡ x3 ⎤ ⎛⎛ 8⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
= ⎢9x − ⎥ = ⎜ ⎜ 18 − ⎟ − ⎜ − 9 + ⎟ ⎟ sq. units
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ – 1 ⎝ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠

⎛ 8 1⎞
= ⎜ 27 − − ⎟ sq. units = 24 sq. units.
⎝ 3 3⎠

Example 3. Determine the area enclosed between the curve y = 4 x – x2 and the x-axis.
Solution. Given curve is y = 4 x – x2.
It can be written as x2 – 4 x = – y ⇒ (x – 2)2 = – (y – 4)
which represents a downward parabola with Y
vertex at (2, 4). A (2, 4)

The parabola meets x-axis i.e. y = 0 at 4 x – x2 = 0

i.e. at x = 0, x = 4.
∴ The area enclosed between the curve and the x-axis
4 4 4
⎡ x2 x3 ⎤
= ∫ y dx = ∫ (4 x – x2) dx = ⎢ 4 .
⎣ 2
− ⎥
3 ⎦0 B
0 0
O C (4, 0) X
= ⎛⎜ 32 − ⎞⎟ – (0 – 0) =
64 32
sq. units. Fig. 11.9.
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS A-537

Alternatively. Since the parabola is symmetrical about the line x = 2,

2 2
⎡ x2 x3 ⎤
required area = 2 ∫ (4 x – x2) dx = 2 ⎢4 .
⎣ 2
−
3 ⎥⎦ 0
0

⎡⎛ 8⎞ ⎤ 16 32
= 2 ⎢⎜ 8 – ⎟ – ( 0 – 0)⎥ sq. units = 2. sq. units = sq. units.
⎣⎝ 3⎠ ⎦ 3 3

Remark. In case of symmetrical closed area, find the area of the smallest part and multiply the
result by the number of symmetrical parts.
Example 4. Draw a rough sketch of the curve y2 + 1 = x, x ≤ 2. Find the area enclosed by the
curve and the line x = 2. (I.S.C. 2008)
Solution. Given curve is y2 + 1 = x.
Y
It can be written as y2 = x – 1, which represents a (2, 1)
right hand parabola with vertex at A(1, 0).
The parabola meets the line x = 2 at when y2 = 1
i.e. y = 1, – 1.
O A X
A rough sketch of the curve y2 + 1 = x, x ≤ 2 is shown (1, 0)
in fig. 11.10. The area bounded by the curve y2 = x – 1
and the line x = 2 is shown shaded in the figure. Since
(2, – 1)
the given area is symmetrical about x-axis,
required area = 2(area of the region bounded by Fig. 11.10.
the curve y2 = x – 1, the x-axis and the line x = 2)
2 2
=2 ∫ y dx = 2 ∫ x − 1 dx ( Q y2 = x – 1 ⇒ y = x − 1 in the first quadrant)
1 1
2
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ( x − 1)3/2 ⎥ 4 3/2 4
=2. ⎢ 3 ⎥ = [1 – 0] sq. units = sq. units.
⎢ ⎥ 3 3
⎣ 2 ⎦1

Example 5. Draw a rough sketch of the curve y = x2 – 5x + 6 and find the area bounded by
the curve and the x-axis. (I.S.C. 2010)
Solution. The given curve is y = x2 – 5x + 6. Y
25 1
It can be written as x2 – 5x + =y+
4 4
2
⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
⇒ ⎜x − ⎟ = y – ⎜ − ⎟ , which represents an
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 4
⎛5 1⎞
upward parabola with vertex at ⎜ , − ⎟ .
⎝ ⎠ 2 4
A rought sketch of the curve is shown in fig. 11.11.
O 1 2
The parabola meets the x-axis i.e. y = 0 at • 1 3 X
⎛5 ⎞
⎜ , − ⎟
x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 i.e. at (x – 2) (x – 3) = 0 ⎝2 4⎠
i.e. at x = 2, x = 3. Fig. 11.11.
As the required portion of the curve lies below x-axis, y is negative.
3 3
∴ Required area = ∫ y dx = ∫ ( x 2 − 5 x + 6)dx
2 2
3
⎡ x3 x2 ⎤ ⎛ 45 ⎞ ⎛8 ⎞
= ⎢ − 5. + 6x⎥ = ⎜9 − + 18⎟ − ⎜ − 10 + 12⎟ sq. units
⎢⎣ 3 2 ⎥⎦ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠
2

9 14 1 1
= − sq. units = − sq. units = sq. units.
2 3 6 6
A-538 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS - XII

Example 6. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = 4x, y-axis and the line y = 3.
Solution. The given curve is y2 = 4x which represents Y
a right hand parabola with vertex (0, 0). The area y2 = 4x
y=3
bounded by the curve y2 = 4x, y-axis and the line y = 3
is shown shaded in fig. 11.12.
P(x, y)
3 3
y2
Required area = ∫ x dy = ∫ 4
dy
0 0
O X
y2
( Q y 2 = 4x ⇒ x = )
4
3
1 ⎡ y3 ⎤ 1
= .⎢ ⎥ = [27 – 0]
4 ⎣ 3 ⎦ 12
0

9
= sq. units. Fig. 11.12.
4
Example 7. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x2 and the line y = 4.
Solution. The given curve is y = x2 which
represents an upward parabola with vertex at (0, 0). Y
The area bounded by the curve and the line y = 4 is y=4
shown shaded in fig. 11.13.
Since the area is symmetrical about y-axis,

x2
required area = 2 (area of the region bounded by

y=
y = x2, the y-axis and the line y = 4)
4 4
= 2 ∫ x dy = 2 ∫ y dx
0 0 O X

( Q x2 = y ⇒ x = y in the first quadrant)

Fig. 11.13.
4
⎡ ⎤
⎢ x 3/2 ⎥ 4 ⎡ 3/2 4 32
=2. ⎢ ⎥ = ⎣4 − 0 ⎤⎦ = [8 – 0] = sq. units.
⎢ 3 ⎥ 3 3 3
⎣ 2 ⎦0

Example 8. Sketch and shade the area of the region lying in the first quadrant and bounded
by y = 9 x2, x = 0, y = 1 and y = 4. Find the area of the shaded region. (I.S.C. 2004)
Solution. The given curve is y = 9 x2. It can be written
y
as x2 = which represents an upward parabola with
9
vertex at (0, 0). The area lying in the first quadrant and
bounded by y = 9 x2, x = 0, y = 1 and y = 4 is shown
shaded in fig. 11.14.
y=4
4 4
y
The required area = ∫ x dy = ∫ 9
dy
x=0

1 1

y y
( Q x2 = ⇒ x= in the first quadrant.)
9 9
4
⎡ ⎤
1 ⎢ y3 2 ⎥ y=1
= ⎢
3⎢ 3
⎥ =
⎥
2 3
9
4 [ 2 − 13 2
]
⎣ 2 ⎦1
2 14 Fig. 11.14.
= (8 – 1) = sq. units.
9 9
APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS A-539

Example 9. Find the area bounded by the curve x = 8 + 2 y – y 2, the y-axis and the lines
y = – 1, y = 3.
Solution. The given curve is x = 8 + 2 y – y 2.
It can be written as
y2 – 2 y = – x + 8
⇒ (y – 1)2 = – (x – 9) which represents a left hand y=3
parabola with vertex at (9, 1).
Required area
3 3
= ∫ x dy = ∫ (8 + 2 y – y2) dy y=–1
–1 –1
3
⎡ y2 y3 ⎤ Fig. 11.15.
= ⎢8 y + 2 . –
⎣ 2 3 ⎥⎦ – 1

= (24 + 9 – 9) – ⎛ – 8 + 1 + ⎞ =
1 92
sq. units.
⎝ 3⎠ 3

Example 10. Draw a rough sketch of the graph of the function y = 2 1 − x 2 , x ∈ [0, 1] and
evaluate the area enclosed between the curve and the axes.

Solution. The given curve is y = 2 1 − x 2

Y
y2 x2 y2
⇒ = 1 − x2 ⇒ + = 1, which represents an (0, 2)
4 1 4
ellipse of the second standard form. Hence, the given
equation y = 2 1 − x 2 represents the portion of the
ellipse lying in the first quadrant. Its rough sketch is
O (1, 0)
shown in fig. 11.16. X
The required area = the area of the shaded region
1 1
= ∫ y dx = ∫ 2 1 − x 2 dx
0 0
1
⎡ x 1 − x2 ⎤
[ ]
1 1
=2⎢ + sin –1 x ⎥ = x 1 − x 2 + sin −1 x Fig. 11.16.
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦ 0 0

π
= (0 + sin–1 1) – (0 + sin–1 0) = sq. units.
2
x2 y2
Example 11. Find the area bounded by the ellipse + = 1 and the ordinates x = 0 and
a2 b2
x = ae where b2 = a2 (1 – e2) and 0 < e < 1.
x2 y2 Y
Solution. The given ellipse is 2
+ 2
=1
a b
B
y2 x2
⇒ = 1 –
x = ae

b2 a2
b 2
⇒ y=± a − x2 A′ O A
a X
The required area is shown shaded in fig. 11.17.
Since the area is symmetrical about the x-axis, B′

required area = 2 (area of the region bounded by the given

ellipse, x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = ae) Fig. 11.17.
ae ae
b
=2 ∫ y dx = 2 ∫ a
a 2 − x 2 dx ( Q y ≥ 0 in the first quadrant)
0 0
A-540 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS - XII

ae
b ⎡ x a2 − x 2 a2 x⎤
=2 ⎢ + sin −1 ⎥
a ⎢ 2 2 a⎥
⎣ ⎦0

= (
b ⎡
⎢ ae
a ⎢⎣ ) ⎛
a 2 − a 2 e 2 + a 2 sin −1 e − ⎜ 0 +
⎝
a2
2
⎞⎤
sin −1 0⎟ ⎥
⎠ ⎥⎦

= ab ( e 1 − e 2 + sin −1 e . )
Example 12. The area between x = y2 and x = 4 is divided Y
into two equal parts by the line x = a, find the value of a.
y2 = x
Solution. The given curve is y2 = x which represents

x=4
x=a
a right hand parabola with vertex (0, 0).
The area bounded by the parabola and the line x = 4
is shown shaded in the fig. 11.18. O X
4 4
This area = 2 ∫ y dx = 2 ∫ x dx
0 0
4
⎡ ⎤
⎢ x 3/ 2 ⎥ 4 4 32
=2. ⎢ ⎥ = ( 4 3/ 2 − 0 ) = (8 – 0) = .
⎢ 3 ⎥ 3 3 3
Fig. 11.18.
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 0
Since the line x = a divides this area into two equal parts, therefore,
a a
1 32 8
2 ∫ x dx = .
2 3
⇒ ∫ x dx =
3
0 0
a
⎡ ⎤
⎢ x 3/ 2 ⎥ 8 2 8
⇒ ⎢ 3 ⎥ = ⇒ ( a 3/ 2 − 0 ) =
⎢ ⎥ 3 3 3
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 0
⇒ a3/2 = 4 ⇒ a = 42/3
⇒ a= 3 16 .
x2 y2
Example 13. Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse + 2 = 1 and the
a2 b
x y
straight line + = 1.
a b
x2 y2 y2 x2 Y
Solution. The given ellipse is 2
+ 2 = 1 ⇒ 2
= 1– 2
a b b a
B(0, b)
b
⇒ y= a2 – x 2 ( Q In first quadrant, y ≥ 0)
a
A(a, 0)
x y
The given line is + = 1 O X
a b
y x a− x
⇒ = 1 − =
b a a
Fig. 11.19.
b
⇒ y = ( a − x)
a
The area of the smaller region bounded by the given ellipse and the given line is shown
shaded in the figure.
a
⎛b
( a − x )⎞⎟ dx
b
Required area = ∫ ⎜⎝ a a2 − x 2 −
a ⎠
(Article 11.1.1)
0
a
b ⎡⎢ x a − x x 2 ⎥⎤
2 2 2
a x
= + sin −1 − ax +
a ⎢ 2 2 a 2⎥
⎣ ⎦0
APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS A-541

b ⎡⎛ a2 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎤
2 2
a a
= ⎢⎜ 0 + sin −1 1 − a 2 + ⎟ − ⎜0 + sin −1 0 − 0 + 0⎟ ⎥
a ⎢⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
b ⎡⎛ a a2 ⎞ ⎤
2
π 1
= ⎢⎜ . − ⎟ − 0⎥ = (π – 2) ab sq. units.
a ⎢⎝ 2 2 2⎠ ⎥ 4
⎣ ⎦

Example 14. Find the area of the region included Y

between the curve 4 y = 3 x2 and the line 2y = 3x + 12. Q(4, 12)
12
+
3x
Solution. The given curve is 4 y = 3 x2 …(i) 2
=
3 2 y
It can be written as y = x , which represents an
4
upward parabola with vertex at (0, 0).
y = 3 x2
4
The given line is 3 x – 2 y + 12 = 0
3 x + 12 P
⇒ y= …(ii) (–2, 3)
2
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
3 x + 12 3
= x2 O X
2 4
⇒ 6 x + 24 = 3 x2 Fig. 11.20.
⇒ x2 – 2 x – 8 = 0 ⇒ (x + 2) (x – 4) = 0
⇒ x = – 2, x = 4.
∴ The points of intersection are P (– 2, 3) and Q (4, 12).
∴ Required area = area of the shaded region
4
⎛ 3 x + 12 3 2 ⎞
= ∫ ⎜⎝ 2
– x ⎟ dx
4 ⎠
[Article 11.1.1]
–2
4
⎡ 3 x2 3 x3 ⎤
[ 3 x 2 + 24 x – x 3 ]– 2
1 4
= ⎢ . + 6x − . ⎥ =
⎣2 2 4 3 ⎦ –2 4
1
= [(48 + 96 – 64) – (12 – 48 + 8)]
4
1
= . 108 = 27 sq. units.
4
Example 15. Find the area enclosed by the parabola y2 = x and the line y + x = 2.
Solution. The given parabola is y2 = x …(i)
It represents a right hand parabola with vertex
at (0, 0). Y

The given line is y + x = 2

y2 = x
i.e. x=2–y …(ii)
P(1, 1)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
y2 = 2 – y ⇒ y2 + y – 2 = 0
O x X
⇒ (y – 1) (y + 2) = 0 ⇒ y = 1, – 2 +
y
=
When y = 1, x = 1, when y = – 2, x = 4 2

The points of intersection are P (1, 1) and Q(4, – 2)

Q (4, – 2).
The required area = area of the shaded region
1
Fig. 11.21.
1
⎡ y2 y3 ⎤
∫
= ((2 − y) − y 2 ) dy = ⎢2 y −
⎣ 2
− ⎥
3 ⎦ –2
–2
A-542 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS - XII

⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 8⎞
= ⎜2 – − ⎟ – ⎜− 4 – 2 + ⎟
⎝ 2 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠

1 1 8 1
= 2 – − + 6 − = 4 sq. units.
2 3 3 2

Example 16. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 2x – x2 and the line y = x.
(I.S.C. 2013)
Y
Solution. The given curve is y = 2x – x2 …(i)
It can be written as y = – (x2 – 2x + 1) + 1
i.e. (y – 1) = – (x – 1)2, which represents a
downward parabola with vertex at (1, 1).
P(1, 1)
The given line is y = x …(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
x = 2x – x2 ⇒ x2 – x = 0
⇒ x = 0, 1. (0, 0)
O
X
∴ The points of intersection are O (0, 0) and
P (1, 1).
∴ Required area = area of the shaded region Fig. 11.22.
1 1
= ∫ ((2x − x 2 ) − x) dx = ∫ (x − x 2 ) dx
0 0
1
⎡ x2 x3 ⎤
= ⎢ − ⎥ = ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟ − (0 − 0) = sq. units.
1 1 1
⎣ 2 3 ⎦ 0 ⎝ 2 3⎠ 6

Example 17. Find the area enclosed by the curve y = – x2 and the line x + y + 2 = 0.
Solution. The given curve is y = – x2 …(i) Y
It represents a downward parabola with
vertex O(0, 0).
O
The given line is x + y + 2 = 0
X
⇒ y = – (x + 2) …(ii)
(–1, –1) P y = –x2
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
– x2 = – (x + 2) ⇒ x2 – x – 2 = 0
⇒ (x + 1) (x – 2) = 0 ⇒ x = – 1, 2.
x
+

When x = – 1, y = – 1 and when x = 2, y = – 4.

y
+
2

∴ The points of intersection are P(– 1, – 1)

=

Q (2, –4)
0

and Q (2, – 4).

The required area is shown shaded in
fig. 11.23. We note that the required area lies
below the x-axis, therefore, Fig. 11.23.
2
required area = ∫ (− (x + 2) − (−x 2 )) dx [Article 11.1.1]
−1
2
⎡ ⎛ x2 ⎞ x3 ⎤
= ⎢ − ⎜ + 2 x⎟ + ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3 ⎥⎦
−1

⎛ 1⎞
= ⎛⎜ − 6 + ⎞⎟ − ⎜ − ⎛⎜ − 2⎞⎟ − ⎟ = sq. units.
8 1 9
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3⎠ 2
APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS A-553

EXERCISE 11.1
1. (i) Find the area bounded by the curve y = x2 , the x-axis and the ordinates x = 1 and
x = 3.
(ii) Find the area of the region bounded by y2 = x – 2 and the lines x = 4 and x = 6.
(iii) Find the area of the region bounded by x2 = 4y, y = 2, y = 4 and the y-axis in the
first quadrant.
(iv) Find the area of the region bounded by x2 = y – 3 and the lines y = 4 and y = 6.
2. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded between the line x = 2 and the
parabola y2 = 8 x.
3. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the line 2 y = – x + 8, x-axis
and the lines x = 2 and x = 4.
4. Make a rough sketch of the graph of the function f (x) = 9 – x2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 and determine
the area enclosed between the curve and the axes.
5. Draw a rough sketch of the curve y = 3 x + 4 and find the area under the curve,
above the x-axis and between x = 0 and x = 4.
6. Sketch the rough graph of y = 4 x – 1 , 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 and compute the area between the
curve, x-axis and the line x = 3.
7. Find the area enclosed between the curve y = 2 x – x2 and the x-axis.
8. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = 2 y – x and the y-axis.
9. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x2 – 7x + 6, the x-axis and the lines x = 2,
x = 6.
10. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve x = 4y – y2 and the y-axis.
(I.S.C. 2012)
11. Sketch the graph of the curve y = x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 and determine the area of the
region enclosed by the curve, x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 4.
12. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y2 = 4ax and its latus-rectum.
13. (i) Find the area lying between the curve y2 = 4x and the line y = 2x.
(ii) Find the area enclosed by the parabola y2 = 4ax and the chord y = mx.
14. Find the area lying in the first quadrant and bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and
the lines x = 0 and x = 2.
15. Sketch the region {(x, y) ; 4 x2 + 9 y2 = 36} and find its area, using integration.
x2 y2
16. Make a rough sketch of the curve + = 1 and find
4 9
(i) the area under the curve and above the x-axis.
(ii) the area enclosed by the curve.
x2 y2
17. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1.
a b
18. (i) Find the area of the smaller part enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and the line
x + y = 2.
(ii) Find the area of the smaller part of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 cut off by the line
a
x= .
2
19. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x-axis, the line
y = x and the curve x2 + y2 = 16.
APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS A-561

12. Find the area of the region enclosed by the curves y = x2, y = x2 – 2x and the lines
x = 1, x = 3.
π
13. Draw a rough sketch of the curves y = sin x and y = cos x as x varies from 0 to
2
and find the area of the region enclosed by them and the x-axis.
14. Find the area enclosed by the curve y = x3, the x-axis and the ordinates x = – 2 and
x = 1.
15. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x3 and the line y = x.

ANSWERS

EXERCISE 11.1
26 8 8
1. (i) sq. units (ii) (4 – 2 ) sq. units (iii) (4 – 2 ) sq. units
3 3 3
4
(iv) (3 3 – 1) sq. units.
3
32
2. sq. units. 3. 5 sq. units. 4. 18 sq. units.
3
112 16 2 4
5. sq. units 6. sq. units. 7. sq. units.
9 3 3
4 56 32 28
8. sq. units. 9. sq. units. 10. sq. units. 11. sq. units.
3 3 3 3
8 2 1 8 a2
12. a sq. units. 13. (i) sq. units (ii) sq. units. 14. π sq. units.
3 3 3m3
15. 6 π sq. units. 16. (i) 3 π sq. units (ii) 6 π sq. units.
a2
17. π ab sq. units. 18. (i) (π – 2) sq. units (ii) (π – 2) sq. units.
4
3 1 9
19. 2π sq. units. 20. (π – 2) sq. units. 21. (i) sq. units. (ii) sq. units.
2 6 8
2 2
22. 18 sq. units. 23. (π – 2) sq. units 25. a sq. units.
3
16 16 2
26. (i) sq. units (ii) a sq. units.
3 3
23 ⎛ π 1⎞ 1
27. (i) sq. units (ii) ⎜ – ⎟ sq. units (iii) sq. units.
6 ⎝ 4 2⎠ 3
16 ⎛ 2π 3⎞ 13
28. sq. units. 29. ⎜ − sq. units. 30. sq. units.
3 ⎝ 3 2 ⎟⎠ 3
π
31. 4 sq. units. 32. sq. units. 33. 4 sq. units.
4

EXERCISE 11.2
1. 9; it represents the area below the graph, above the x-axis and bounded by the lines x = – 4
and x = 2.
16 3
2. a sq. units. 3. (i) sq. units (ii) 6 sq. units.
3 2
4. (8π – 3 ) : (4π + 3 ). 5. 15 : 49.
5 2 ⎛4− 2 5 3⎞
6. 20 sq. units; 10 sq. units. 7. ⎜ − log 2 + ⎟ sq. units.
6 3 ⎝ log 2 2 2⎠