THE COLLEGE OF MAASIN FB: The College of Maasin

“Nisi Dominus Frustra” Website: www.cm.edu.ph

Maasin City, So. Leyte Email: [email protected]
Contact No: 09300839111

Name: ________________________________ Course: __________________ Date: _____________ Score: ___________

MODULE 4:
Data Management: Measures of Central Tendency of Ungrouped Data
March 8-13, 2021

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, you must be able to:

1. Constuct a frequency distribution table in a given set of data,

2. Use variety of statistical tools to process and manage numerical data.
3. Advocate the use of statistical data in making important decisions.

INTRODUCTION:
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the concepts on how to
perform the different statistical tools to process and manage numerical data. It is here where you can perform in
constructing Frequency Distribution Table and the three Measures of Mentral tendency of Ungrouped Data.

The module presents the topic on:

 Frequency Distribution Table

 Measures of Mentral tendency of Ungrouped Data

Engage Review:

 As a BSA student, how important statistics in your daily life?

Explore  How to organize set of data?

 Compare and contrast the three measures of central tendency.
Explain Gathering and Organizing of Data

The data (Asaad, 2004) are the quantities (numbers) or qualities (attributes) measured or observed that
are to be collected and/or analyzed. A collection of data is called data set.

Two Categories of data:

1. Categorical Data – use non-parametic statistics
a. Nominal Scales – consists of finite set of possible values having no particular order.
Ex: gender, mode of transportation, nationality, occupation, civil status
b. Ordinal Scales – is a set of possible values having a specific order.
Ex: pain level, social status, attitude toward a subject
2. Continuous Data – parametic statistics
a. Interval Scales – are measured on continuum and difference between any two numbers
on the scale are known size.
Ex: temperature, tons of garbage, number of arrests, income, age
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 b. Ratio Scales – bears all the characteristics of an interval scales.

The data gathered shall be presented, analyzed and interpreted that can be easily understood by the
reader. The data may be presented in this following form:
1. Textual Presentation – uses statements with numerals in order to describe the data for the
concrete information and in expository form.
2. Tabular Presentation – uses statistical table to directly display the quantities or values collected
as data.
3. Graphical Presentation – illustrates data in a form of graphs aiding readers to understand text
easily. A graph is the most attractive, effective and convincing way. There various types of graphs
we can prepare like bar graph, circle graph, line graph or pictograph.

The data gathered should be properly organized in to grouped data called Frequency Distribution.

Question: How to construct an FDT/ Frequency Distribution Table?

Consider this example 1:

Construct a frequency distribution of the Scores of Students in a Calculus Test.

11 19 11 15 16 10
16 16 15 17 10 27
21 11 13 21 10 16
11 19 24 12 22 13
19 13 18 20 21 11
19 15 11 25 29 23
16 23 10 17 11 27
16 24 12 21 13 12
26 15 11 14 10 12
11 15 18 12 20 13

1st step: Determine as to estimate number of classes k, k = 1 + 3 log n, where n is the number of
population.
Solution: n = 60
k = 1 + 3 (log n)
k = 1 + 3 (log 60)
k = 1 + 3 (1.77815125)
k = 1 + 5.3344536
k = 6.3344536
k=6
2nd step: Determine the range, r = highest value – lowest value
Solution: Given: highest value is 29
Lowest value is 10
r = highest value – lowest value
r = 29 – 10
r = 19
3rd step: Obtain the clss size, c = range ÷ k
Solution:
class size = 19/6 = 3.16 or 3

4th step: Set the lowest value as the first lower limit and get the upper limit which is equal to the first
lower limit + class size – 1 .

BS Accountancy - MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

 Table 1. Scores of Students in Calculus Test
Scores Frequency
10 – 12 19
13 – 15 11
16 – 18 10
19 – 21 10
22 – 24 5
25 – 27 4
28 – 30 1
n = 60

Measures of Central Tendency (Ungrouped Data)

Central Tendency - detemines a numerical value in the central region of the distribution of scores.
- refers to the center of a distribution of observation
The three measures of central tendency: the mean, the median and the mode.

1. Mean of Ungrouped Data

- The mean (Mn) is also called the arithmetic mean or average. It is the most useful and the most
widely used measure of central tendency. It can be affected by extreme scores. The mean is the
balance point of the distribution.

𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 ∑ 𝑓𝑋

Formulas: a. 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛, 𝑀𝑛 = b. 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛, 𝑊𝑀𝑛 =
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑁

where: 𝑊𝑀𝑛 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑋 = 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
∑ 𝑓𝑋 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑁 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

Example 1: Jeffrey has been working on programing and updating a Web site for his company for the past
24 months. The following numbers represent the number of hours Jeffrey has worked on this Web site for
each of the past 7 months: 24, 25, 31, 50, 53, 66, 78. What is the mean (average) number of hours that
Jeffrey worked on this web site each month?

24+25+31+50+53+66+78
Solution: 𝑀𝑛 =
7
329
𝑀𝑛 =
7
𝑀𝑛 = 47
Therefore, 47 was the average number of hours that Jeffrey worked on this web site each month.

Example 2: There are 1,000 notebooks sold at Php10 each; 500 notebooks at Php20 each; 500 notebooks
at Php25 each, and 100 notebooks at Php30 each. Compute the weighted mean.

Solution:
Prepare a frequency distribution
Notebook’s Price (X) f fX
Php 10 1000 Php 10,000
20 500 10,000
25 500 12,500
30 100 3,000
𝑁 = 2,100 ∑ 𝑓𝑋 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 35,500

BS Accountancy - MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

 ∑ 𝑓𝑋 35,500
𝑊𝑀𝑛 = = = 16.90
𝑁 2,100

Therefore, the weighted mean is 16.90.

2. Median of Ungrouped Data

- The median, Md , is the value in the distribution that divides an arranged
(ascending/descending) set into two equal parts. It is the midpoint or middlemost of a
distribution of scores. Fifty percent falls above it and 50% falls below it. It is also known as the
50th percentile. It is not affected by extreme scores.

Example 1: Find the median of the following set of scores:

23, 15, 9, 30, 27, 10, 18, 14, 13
Solution: Arrange first each score in ascending or descending order
9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18, 23, 27, 30
Therefore, the median, Md is 15.

Example 2: Determine the median of the set of measures: 12.6, 15.0, 19.8, 17.9, 11.7, 18.6, 14.1, 13.4
Solution: Arrange first each score in ascending or descending order
11.7, 12.6, 13.4, 14.1, 15.0, 17.9, 18.6, 19.8
14.1+15.0
𝑀𝑑 =
2
𝑀𝑑 = 14.55
Therefore, the median, Md is 14.55.

3. Mode of Ungrouped Data

- The mode, Mo , is the value with the largest frequency. It is the value that occurs most frequently
in the distribution. This is used when the quickest estimate of typical performance is wanted.
- A distribution can be unimodal with one mode value, bimodal with two mode values and trimodal
with three mode values.

Example: Give the mode for each set of scores.

a. 9, 7, 8, 9, 7, 4, 6, 5, 5, 7
b. 82, 83, 80, 88, 85, 80, 83
c. 21, 18, 16, 19, 20, 23
Solution:
a. The mode is 7.
b. The modes are 80 and 83.
c. There is no mode.

LET’S TRY THIS EXERCISE: Write your answer in a short bondpaper. Show your solution.
a. Contruct a FDT for the following data. The scores of students in a Math Exam
55 63 44 37 50 57 44 57 42 46
58 40 54 65 39 27 28 56 38 45
30 35 56 78 55 27 50 28 44 28
39 37 65 43 33 70 60 61 60 44

b. Compute for the mean, median and mode of each set of ungrouped data.
1. 36, 43, 37, 41, 50, 34, 40, 38, 45, 29, 44
2. 3.2, 1.5, 4.8, 2.6, 1.5, 2.6, 0.2, 1.2, 1.1, 0.1, 0.4, 0.6
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 c. Find the weighted mean of fernando in the First Semester.
SUBJECT GRADE WEIGHT
Calculus 1.25 5
Chemistry 2.00 5
English 1.75 3
Filipino 2.00 3
Philosophy 2.00 3

INSTRUCTOR’S FEEDBACK:

RESOURCES:
 Daligdig, Romeo M., Mathematics in the Modern World (2019), Lorimar Publishing Inc.

BS Accountancy - MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD