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Grade 9 Add Maths Notes On Cubic Functions

The document provides information on differential calculus and sketching cubic functions. It defines turning points as where the gradient of a function is equal to zero. Minimum turning points occur where the gradient changes from negative to positive, and maximum turning points occur where it changes from positive to negative. To sketch a cubic function f(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+d, one determines the shape based on signs of a, finds turning points by setting the derivative equal to zero, finds x-intercepts by setting f(x)=0, finds the y-intercept, finds the point of inflection, and sketches based on this information. Examples are provided to demonstrate this process.

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Mohammad Abdul Ohab
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87 views13 pages

Grade 9 Add Maths Notes On Cubic Functions

The document provides information on differential calculus and sketching cubic functions. It defines turning points as where the gradient of a function is equal to zero. Minimum turning points occur where the gradient changes from negative to positive, and maximum turning points occur where it changes from positive to negative. To sketch a cubic function f(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+d, one determines the shape based on signs of a, finds turning points by setting the derivative equal to zero, finds x-intercepts by setting f(x)=0, finds the y-intercept, finds the point of inflection, and sketches based on this information. Examples are provided to demonstrate this process.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Abdul Ohab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHEMATICS GRADE 12 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS PART 2

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

THE GRAPH OF THE CUBIC FUNCTION

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅

Turning Points (also called ‘Stationary Points’ or ‘Critical Points’)

 When we determine ( ) we are dealing with the gradient of which can be


increasing, decreasing or equal to zero.

m = 0 ∴Turning Point 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑


+ - +
+ - m =negative
+ - ∴ 𝒇 decreasing +
m = positive + - + m = positive
∴ 𝒇 is increasing+ - + ∴ 𝒇 is increasing
+ - +
+ - +
m = 0 ∴Turning Point

 Minimum turning points

At a minimum turning point the sign


𝑓 (𝑥) < 0 𝑓 (𝑥) > 0 of the gradient changes from negative
to positive.

𝑓 (𝑥) = 0

 Maximum turning points

𝑓 (𝑥) = 0
At a maximum turning point the sign
of the gradient changes from positive
𝑓 (𝑥) > 0 𝑓 (𝑥) < 0 to negative.

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MATHEMATICS GRADE 12 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS PART 2

TO SKETCH THE CUBIC FUNCTION

( )= 3 2
To sketch the graph of + + + , first determine the following:

1. SHAPE

If > 0 (positive), then

If < 0 (negative), then

2. TURNING POINTS

The x – coordinates: AND The y – coordinates:

Let ( )=0 Calculate ( ) and ( )


2
+ + =0

∴ = =

The turning points are ( ( )) and ( ( )).

3. THE x – INTERCEPT

*Let = 0, then factorize if possible (e.g. take out a common factor).


Otherwise….
* Let =0
* “Guess” the first factor, e.g.
If f (2) = 0 then (x – 2) is a factor of f
If f (–3) = 0 then (x + 3) is a factor of f
* long division / synthetic division
* factorize to get ( )( )( ) = 0
* solve for to get the – intercepts

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MATHEMATICS GRADE 12 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS PART 2

4. THE y – INTERCEPT (d – value)

Let = 0, then calculate y.

5. Point of INFLECTION

The x – coordinate: The y – coordinate:

*Let ( )=0 *Substitute the x – value into ( )

*Solve for x *Simplify

OR

( ) ( )
* Determine x =
2

CONCAVITY & THE POINT OF INFLECTION

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MATHEMATICS GRADE 12 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS PART 2

EXAMPLES:

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MATHEMATICS GRADE 12 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS PART 2

ACTIVITY 1

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MATHEMATICS GRADE 12 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS PART 2

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MATHEMATICS GRADE 12 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS PART 2

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MATHEMATICS GRADE 12 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS PART 2

FINDING THE EQUATION OF A CUBIC CURVE

The graphs of ( ) vs the graph of ( )

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MATHEMATICS GRADE 12 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS PART 2

MAKE SURE YOU UNDERSTAND…..

 Zeros at –5
 ‘Zeros’ = x – intercepts. In this case only one, at =
 Can also be given as ( ) = 0 or ( 0)

 Stationary points at x = – 4 and x = 0


 ‘Stationary points’ = Turning points
 Can also be given as ( ) = 0 (0) = 0

 f (–4) = 8 and f (0) = 1


 tell us that for the function ……
= at = and
= at =0
 Can also be given as ( ) (0 )

 Increasing on the interval (– ; – 4) and (0 ; )


 ’increasing’ means that the gradient will be positive for these intervals
 Can also be written as ( ) > 0 for these intervals

 Decreasing on the interval (– 4 ; 0)


 ’decreasing’ means that the gradient will be negative for the interval Can
also be written as ( ) < 0 for the interval

Now, a rough sketch of can be drawn:


(- 4 ; 8) 𝑓

(0 ; 1)
-5 0

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MATHEMATICS GRADE 12 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS PART 2

ACTIVITY 2

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MATHEMATICS GRADE 12 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS PART 2

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MATHEMATICS GRADE 12 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS PART 2

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