Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

Chapter 2: Further Integration Techniques

Objectives:
1. Integrate functions of a linear function.
2. Integrate trigonometric functions using trigonometric identities.
3. Derive root-mean-square value of a given function.
4. Integrate rational functions by resolving into partial fractions.
5. Integrate by using an appropriate substitution.

2.1 Revision on Integration

2.1.1 Integration

Integration is the process of finding anti-derivatives:

d
If ( F ( x) ) = f ( x) ,
dx
then ∫ f ( x=
) dx F ( x) + C , where C is an arbitrary constant.

2.1.2 Standard Integrals

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

2.1.3 Properties of Indefinite integral

• ∫ k ⋅ f ( x) dx =
k ∫ f ( x) dx , where k is a constant.

• ∫ [ f ( x) ± g ( x)] dx = ∫ f ( x) dx ± ∫ g ( x) dx

Example 1:
⌠ 1  ⌠5 2x 
(a)   x − 2 − 3  dx (b)   + x − 5e  dx
⌡ x  ⌡ x 

∫ ( sin x − cos x + 3sec x ) dx ∫ tan x (1 + sec x ) dx

2
(c) (d)

2.1.4 Definite Integrals

b
If ∫ f ( x)dx =
F ( x) + C , then ∫
a
f ( x) dx =
F (b) − F (a )

Note that in definite integral, whenever trigonometric functions, such as sin x or cos x is involved,
the limits for x are measured in radians. Therefore, when evaluating a definite integral involving
trigonometric function, your calculator has to be in radian mode.

Example 2:
Evaluate the following:
2
(a)
∫ 0
( x + 2 ) dx

0.5 This is a wrong

⌠  −2t 1  Note
(b)  3e − cos π t  dt move!
⌡0  2 

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

2.2 Integration of Functions of a Linear Function

2.2.1 Linear Function

A function f ( x=
) ax + b , where a and b are constants and a ≠ 0, is known as a linear
x
function of x. For examples, 2x + 1 , −5x + 1 , − 3 are all linear functions of x .
2

2.2.2 Functions of a Linear Function

Functions of a linear function are functions that are expressed in terms of (ax + b). For examples:
• (5 x + 2)3 is a cubic function of the linear function 5x + 2
x π x π 1 π
• cos  −  is a cosine function of the linear function − , also written as x−
2 4 2 4 2 4

2.2.3 Integration of Functions of a Linear Function

By reversing the process of differentiation of functions of a linear function, the following results
can be obtained:

(ax + b) n +1
∫ (ax=
+ b) n dx
a (n + 1)
+ C , n ≠ −1

1 1
∫ ax + b=
dx
a
ln ax + b + C

1 ax +b
∫e =
ax + b
dx e +C
a

Let’s demonstrate with the first result.

Consider the differentiation of the function (ax + b) n +1 :
d d
(ax + b) n +1 = (n + 1) ⋅ (ax + b) n ⋅ (ax + b)
dx dx
= (n + 1) ⋅ (ax + b) n ⋅ a

= a (n + 1) ⋅ (ax + b) n

The reverse process (i.e. integration) gives:

∫ a(n + 1) ⋅ (ax + b) dx = (ax + b) n +1 + C 1

n

a (n + 1) ∫ (ax + b) n dx =(ax + b) n +1 + C 1

(ax + b) n +1
∴ ∫ (ax=
+ b) n dx + C , n ≠ −1
a (n + 1)

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

Example 3:
⌠ 1
∫ (3x + 1)
9
(a) dx (b)  2
dx
⌡ (3 x + 4)

(c) ⌠ 2
 du
⌡ 1 − 3u

Example 4:
1
⌠ 1 ⌠ 2 dx
(a)  dx (b) 
⌡0 3 x + 4 ⌡ 1− 4x

(c) ⌠ x + 2 dx

⌡ x +1

Example 5:
⌠ dx
∫e
7 x+2
(a) dx (b)  3+ x
⌡e

(c) ∫ e x +3 dx

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

2.2.4 Summary

Generally,
If ∫ f ( x ) dx= F ( x ) + C ← {Standard Integral}

1
Then ∫ f ( ax + b ) dx = a ⋅ F ( ax + b ) + C
That is, the steps to integrate function of a linear function are outlined as follow:
1. Apply the standard integral, replacing “ x ” with “ ax + b ”
1
2. Include the extra factor “ ” in the result
a

∫3
2 x+7
Example 6: Find dx .
Standard Integral (given in formulae card)
kx
∫k =
x
dx + C , where k is a constant
ln k

Example 7:
Find the following integrals:
(a) ∫ cos(2 x + π ) dx Standard Integral
(given in formulae card)

∫ cos (=
x ) dx sin ( x ) + C

1
sin ( 3 x + 1) dx
∫ sin ( x ) dx =
− cos ( x ) + C
(b) ∫0
∫ sec
2
x) dx tan ( x ) + C
(=

∫ 2sec
2
(c) (π t − 1) dt

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

2.3 Integration using Trigonometric Identities

2.3.1 Integrals of Product of Sine and Cosine Functions

Apply the following Product to Sum Identities so that linearity property can be used in
integration:
1
sin x cos
= y [sin( x + y) + sin( x − y)]
2
1
cos x sin
= y sin ( x + y ) − sin ( x − y ) 
2
1
cos x cos
= y [co s( x + y) + cos( x − y)]
2
1
sin x sin
= y [cos( x − y ) − cos( x + y )]
2

Remember also that:

sin(− A) =
− sin A and cos(− A) =cos A

Example 8: Find ∫ sin 2 x cos 3x dx .

2.3.2 Integrals of Even Powers of Sine and Cosine Functions

∫ sin
m
If the integral is of the form x cos n x dx such that both m and n are even numbers, we
use the Formulae for Reducing Power so that linearity property can be used in integration:

1 − cos 2 x
sin 2 x =
2
1 + cos 2 x
cos 2 x =
2

Note that one of the exponents, m or n , may be zero.

∫ 5sin
2
Example 9: Find 3x dx .

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

∫ sin
2
Example 10: Find x cos 2 x dx .

2.4 Application: Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Value

The root-mean-square (rms) value of a function y = f ( x) over an interval x = a to x = b is

defined as:
1 b
∫a [ f ( x)]
2
yrms = dx
b−a

Note that yrms is non-negative.

y 2 x + 1 over the interval x = 1 to x = 4.

Example 11: Find the rms value of the function =

Example 12: Find the rms value of the voltage v = 3sin 2t .

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

2.5 Integration of Rational Functions

2.5.1 Proper and Improper Fractions

A function of the form f ( x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 +  + an x n is a polynomial in x of degree n.

Given the polynomial f ( x) of degree n , and another polynomial g ( x) of degree m , then the
f ( x)
rational expression is a proper fraction if n < m, and an improper fraction if n ≥ m.
g ( x)

2.5.2 Partial Fractions

f ( x)
A proper fraction can be expressed as a sum of simpler fractions if the denominator g ( x)
g ( x)
can be factorised. These simpler fractions are called partial fractions. Each partial fraction
corresponds to a factor of g ( x) .

The rules of partial fractions are as follows:

f ( x)
Rule 1 The fraction must be a proper fraction. (If it is not, then first divide out by
g ( x)
long division.)
Rule 2 Factorise the denominator g ( x) into its prime factors. This is important since the
factors obtained determine the form of the partial fractions.
Rule 3 Corresponding to each linear factor ax + b in the denominator, there is a partial
A
fraction of the form .
ax + b
3x − 2 A B
For example, = + . The constants A and B can then be
( x + 1)(2 x − 1) x + 1 2 x − 1
determined by “Cover-up” method or substitution method.

Example 13:
Find the following integrals using partial fractions:
3 5x + 3
(a) ∫ ( x + 1)( x − 2 ) dx (b) ∫x 2
− 3x
dx

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

2.6 Integration by Substitution

Look at the following integrals:

∫ 3x
2
• ( x3 + 1)8 dx
2
⌠ 3x − 1
•  3 dx
⌡ x −x
2

∫ x e dx
x
•

These integrals might look complicated, but they can be integrated using the technique of
“Integration by Substitution”.

Integration by substitution enables us to reduce a given integral to one with which we are familiar.
The technique is very powerful and covers a great range of problems. Unfortunately, it is not
possible to give a general rule for choosing the required substitution, but this will come with
experience gained through practice.

2.6.1 Differential of a Function

The differential of y = f (x) is defined as:

dy
dy
= ⋅ dx or dy f ′( x) ⋅ dx
=
dx

Example 14: Find the differential of the following functions:

(a) y = 4 x 2 + 3x − 7 (b) u = 3sin 4t

Solution:
dy
(a) =
dx

Hence, the differential of y is

du
(b) =
dt

Hence, the differential of u is

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

n
2.6.2 Integration by Substitution of the form ∫ [ f ( x)] ⋅ f '( x) dx
We notice that one function of the product is the differential coefficient of the other function. We
can solve the problem by using a substitution so that the integral becomes a standard integral.

du
Let u = f ( x) , then = f '( x) .
dx
Expressing in differential form, we get : du = f '( x) dx
n
∫  f ( x ) ⋅ f ' ( x ) dx =
∫ u du (this is a standard integral)
n
Substitute x by u completely:

u n +1
= + C , where n ≠ −1
n +1
Finally, we substitute back u = f ( x) to get the following result:
n +1
n  f ( x ) 
∫  f ( x ) ⋅ f ' ( x ) dx = n + 1 + C , where n ≠ −1

∫(x )
2 5
Example 15: Find + 3 2 x dx .
Solution:
Choose substitution  Let u =

Find differential  du =

∫(x )
2 5
Substitute x by u completely  + 3 2 x dx =

(Integrate, then substitute x back)

Example 16: Find the following integrals by choosing appropriate substitutions:

∫ (e + 1)3 e x dx
x
(a) ∫ 3x 1 − 2 x 2 dx (b)

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

⌠ f '( x)
2.6.3 Integration by Substitution of the form  dx
⌡ f ( x )

Let us look at an integral in which the numerator is the differential of the denominator.
Let u = f ( x) , then du = f '( x) dx .
⌠ f '( x) ⌠ 1
Substitute x by u completely,  =dx 

du ln u + C
= (standard integral)

⌡ f ( x) ⌡ u

That is: ⌠ f '( x)

 = dx ln f ( x) + C

⌡ f ( x)

Example 17: Find the following integrals by choosing appropriate substitutions:

2 2x
⌠ 2x ⌠ e
(a)  3 dx (b)  2 x dx
⌡ x −4 ⌡ e +1

f ( x)
2.6.4 Integration by Substitution of the form ∫e ⋅ f '( x) dx

Let u = f ( x) , then du = f '( x) dx .

∫e
f ( x)
Substitute x by u completely, f '( x) dx= ∫ eu du= eu + C (standard integral)

That is:
∫e
f ( x)
e f ( x) + C
⋅ f '( x) dx =

∫
3
Example 18: Find 3 x 2 e x dx .

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

2.6.5 Summary of Steps

Integration by substitution can be summarised in the following steps:

Example: Example: Example:
Recommended
( ) ∫
7 2 3

Procedure ∫ 6 x 2 x − 3 dx
2 3
⌠ 6 x dx 6 x 2e2 x −3
dx
 3
⌡ 2x − 3
Step 1 Choose u as some
expression that appears
in the integrand.
u 2 x3 − 3
Let= u 2 x3 − 3
Let= u 2 x3 − 3
Let=
(This may require some
trial and error to find the
correct expression for u.)
Step 2 du du du du
Find and obtain the = 6x2 = 6x2 = 6x2
dx dx dx dx
differential of u.
6 x 2 dx
⇒ du = 6 x 2 dx
⇒ du = 6 x 2 dx
⇒ du =
Step 3 Substitute the values of 2
⌠ 6 x dx
∫ 6x ( 2x )
u and du into the original  3
∫ 6 x e dx
2 3 7 2 2 x −3
3

− 3 dx ⌡ 2x − 3
integral.
⌠ 1
= ∫ ( 2 x − 3) ⋅ 6= = ∫e
7 3
2 x −3 2
3
x dx  ⋅ 6 x dx 2 ⋅ 6 x dx 2

⌡ 2x − 3 3

= ∫ u du
7
1 = ∫ e du u
=⌠
 du
⌡u
Step 4 Integrate with respect to
u8
u (using standard = +C = ln u + C = eu + C
formulae). 8
Step 5 Write the answer in
( 2x )
3 8
−3
terms of x. = ln 2 x 3 − 3 + C = e 2 x −3 + C
3

= +C
8

The steps summarised above can also be applied to integration of trigonometric functions.

Example 19: Find ∫x

2
( )
cos 2 x3 − 3 dx .

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

2.6.6 Integration by Substitution & the Definite Integral

When evaluating a definite integral involving substitution (i.e. change of variable from x to u), it is
necessary to change the limits for x to the corresponding values of u.

ln 2
Example 20: Evaluate ∫0 e x − 1 dx

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

Tutorial 2.1

Section A: Basic Integration

1. Find the following integrals:

⌠ 1  ⌠ 3  x
(a)   x − 2  dx (b)   e5 x + 3 x  dx (c) ⌠
 (2x + x ) dx
⌡ x  ⌡ e  ⌡3
1
∫(x ) ⌠  
(d) 2
+ 2 ( 4 x − 3) dx (e)  e x  2e x + 3 x  dx (f) ∫ 2 tan3x dx
⌡  e 
2
(g) ∫ cot 6x dx (h) ⌠
 dx
⌡ 9 + x2

2. Evaluate the following definite integrals:

10
3 3 5
⌠ 1 dx
(a) ∫1 x dx (b) ∫2 dx (c) 
⌡1 2 x

∫1 ( x )
1 π 4
∫0 ∫π 3
2
(d) e 2 x dx (e) cos 2x dx (f) + 3 x dx

2 −1
⌠  2 1  ⌠  3 1
(g)   x + − 3  dx (h)   4e −2 x +  dx (i) ∫0 (5 x − sin 3x) dx
⌡1  x  ⌡−2  x
4
π 3 ⌠  2
(j) ∫π 6 ( sin 3x − cos 4 x ) dx (k)   5sin 3x +  dx
⌡2  x

Section B: Integration of Functions of a Linear Function

1. Find the following integrals:

4 2
(a) ∫ ( 3x + 2 ) dx (b) ∫ (1 − 2x ) dx (c) ∫ 4 − 3x dx

⌠ 1 ⌠  π
(d) 
⌡ (2 x − 3)
5
dx (e) ∫ sin ( 2 x + 1) dx (f)  cos  3 x −  dx
⌡  6
x
+5 1
(g) ∫ e2 dx (h) ∫ 5e
3 x−2
dx (i) ⌠
 dx
⌡ 8x + 3
3 1 4
(j) ⌠
 dx (k) ⌠
 dx (l) ⌠
 dx
⌡ 2 x − 25 ⌡ 2− x ⌡ 25 − 4 x

2. Evaluate the following definite integrals:

10.5 0
1 2 ⌠ 2 ⌠ 1
(a) ∫−1 ( 4 x − 3) dx (b) 
⌡4.5 2x − 5
dx (c) 
⌡−2/3 e
3x+2
dx

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

Section C: Integration using Trigonometric Identities, Application: RMS Value

1. Find the following integrals:

⌠ 1
∫ 2 sin x cos x dx ∫ 2 tan
2
(a) (b)  2
dx (c) 2x dx
⌡ cos (2 x)
⌠ 3t 5t
∫ 2sin 3x cos 5 x dx ∫ sin
2
(d) (e)  3sin

sin dt (f) θ cos 3θ dθ
⌡ 2 2
π /2
*(g) ∫ cos 4 x dx *(h) ∫ sin 4 x dx
0

2. Find the root-mean-square (rms) value of:

(a) f (t ) = 1 + 3e −t from t = 0 to t = 2

(b)=y 2(sin x + cos x) from x = 0 to x = π

3. In an electrical circuit, the voltage across a capacitor at time t seconds (s) is given by
V = 1 − e −2t volts.
Find the root-mean-square (RMS) value of V from t = 1 s to t = 2 s.

*4. Using integration, derive the root-mean-square (RMS) value of the following sine form:

*5. If a and b are integers, find the integrals for each of the following 3 cases:
(i) a ≠ b , (ii) a= b ≠ 0 , (iii) a= b= 0

(a) ∫ cos ax cos bx dx

(b) ∫ sin ax sin bx dx
(c) ∫ sin ax cos bx dx

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

*6. If m and n are integers, use the results of question 5 to show that:
0 if m ≠ n
2π 
(a) ∫0 cos mx cos nx dx= π if m= n ≠ 0
2π if m= n= 0


0 if m ≠ n
2π  2π
(b) ∫0 sin mx sin nx dx= π if m= n ≠ 0 (c) ∫0 cos mx sin nx dx = 0
0 if m= n= 0


Miscellaneous Exercises

*1. Find the results of the following integrals:

2
⌠ ( x − 2) 2x
⌠ e + 2e
x
( )
2
(a)  dx (b) ⌠ 2e − x + e x dx (c)  dx
⌡ x ⌡ ⌡ e
2x

x
∫ (1 − e )
2
(d) −x
dx (e) ⌠
 dx (f) ∫ cot
2
π x dx
⌡ x −1

*2. If the current in an electric circuit is given by i = I p sin ωt Amperes, where I p is the peak
2π Ip
current, show that the rms value of the current from t = 0 to t = is Amperes.
ω 2

Multiple Choice Questions

d
1. Given that
dx
(3
sin= )
x tan x sin x tan 2 x + 3sin 3 x , which of the following is equivalent to

∫ 3sin
3
x dx ?

∫ sin sin 3 x tan x − ∫ sin x tan 2 x dx

3
(a) x tan x dx (b)

∫ ( sin )
3
(c) x tan x − sin x tan 2 x dx (d) sin 3 x tan x − sin x tan 2 x + C

( x)dx [ f ( x) ] + C , where C is an arbitrary constant, which of the

2
2. Given the expression ∫ f=
following could be f ( x) ?

(a) f ( x)= x + 1 (b) f ( x=

) 2x +1

1 1
(c) f (=
x) x +1 (d) f ( x)= x +
2 2

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

Tutorial 2.2

Section A: Integration of Rational Functions

1. Find the following integrals:

−x + 7 x 3 1
(a) ∫ ( x + 3)( 3x − 1) dx (b) ∫ x 2 − x − 2 dx (c) ∫2 ( x 2 + x ) ( x − 1) dx

Section B: Integration by Substitution

1. Find the following integrals, by using the given substitutions:

dx
∫ 2x ( x )
5
(a) 2
u x2 + 1
+ 1 dx , let = (b) ⌠
 , let u = ln x
⌡ x ln x

sin 2 x ⌠ sec
2
( )x
(c) ∫ e cos 2 x dx , let u = sin 2 x (d) 
x
dx , let u = x
⌡

2. Find the following integrals, by using the suitable substitutions.

2
⌠ 3x − 1
( )
4
3− 2t 2
(a) ⌠ x x 2 − 3 dx (b)  3 dx (c) ∫t e dt
⌡ ⌡ x −x
x ⌠ x
(d) ⌠
 dx (e)  dx (f) ∫ sin
2
θ cos θ dθ
⌡ 1 − 2x2 2 2
⌡ (4 − x )
⌠ 5e 2 x ⌠ x +1
(g) 
⌡ 1 − e2 x
dx (h) ∫t
3
( )
sin t 4 dt *(i) 
⌡ x+2
dx

3. Evaluate the following definite integrals.

1 2 1
2 x2 ⌠ 2 1 ⌠ e t
(a) ∫0 x e dx (b)  y − y 2 dy (c)  2 dt
⌡0 4 ⌡1 t
4
4x
(d) ⌠
 dx
⌡0 2x +1

4. A 1.25 F capacitor, that has an initial voltage of 25.0 V, is charged with a current i that
varies with time t according to the equation=i t t 2 + 6.83 Amperes. The formula for the
1
voltage across a capacitor is Vc = ∫ i dt Volts .
C
(a) Show that the general equation of the voltage across the capacitor is given by
3
Vc= 0.267 t + 6.83 ( 2
) 2 + k , where k is a constant .

(b) Find the value of k .

(c) Hence, find the voltage across the capacitor at 1.00 s.

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

5. If a circular disk of radius r carries a uniform electrical charge, then the electric potential on
the axis of the disk at a point a from its centre is given by the equation:
r
⌠ x
dxV = k
x2 + a2 ⌡0
where k is a constant depending on the charge density. Integrate to find V as a function of
r and a.

1 2
6. Find the root-mean-square (rms) value of i = t 2 e −t Amperes from t = 1 s to t = 2 s.

Miscellaneous Exercises

*1. Find the results of the following integrals:

∫ sin
3
(a) x dx (Hint: use sin 2 x = 1 − cos 2 x and let u = cos x .)

3
∫ ( 27e )
1/3
(b) 9x
+ e12 x dx (c) ⌠
 dx (d) ∫x 4 − x dx
⌡ x ln x

∫e ∫ tan ∫ sec
2x 3 6
(e) 1 + 4e x dx (f) x dx (g) t dt

(h) ∫ tan
3
x sec x dx (i) ∫ sin
2
x cos 4 x dx (j) ∫ cos
4
2 x sin 3 2 x dx

(k) ∫ sin
3
θ cos3θ dθ

*2. Integrate the following:

⌠ 1 ⌠ x3 3
(a) 
⌡ x+x
dx (b) 
⌡ 1 − x2
dx (c) ∫ x ( 2 x − 5) dx

⌠ dx ⌠ 2x +1
∫ t 1 − t dt
3 2
(d) (e)  (f)  6
dx
⌡ 3+ x + 2 ⌡ ( x − 3)

⌠ x3 − 4
(g)  dx
⌡ x

π
cos 2 x
*3. Evaluate ⌠
4
 dx .
⌡0 1 + sin 2 2 x

⌠ 1
*4. By using the substitution x = tan θ , or otherwise, find  dx .

( )
2 2
⌡ 1+ x

2
*5. By using the substitution t − 1 =sin θ , or otherwise, find ∫ 1 − ( t − 1) dt .

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

Multiple Choice Questions

⌠ x−2
1. To find the integral  dx by substitution method, we should let
⌡ x2 − 4 x + 1
(a) u= x − 2 (b) u = x 2 − 4 x + 1

u 2x − 4
(c) = (d) u = x

2. Which of the following integrals cannot be found using the substitution method?
1 x
(a) ⌠
 dx (b) ⌠
 dx
⌡ 1 + x2 ⌡ 1 + x2

∫ ∫ 4cos x sin x dx
3
(c) x 2 e x dx (d) 2

3. To find ∫x x 2 + 1 dx ,

(a) let u = x (b) let u = x

(c) let u= x + 1 u x2 + 1
(d) let =

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

Answers to Selected Lecture Examples

cos 5 x cos x 5 sin 6 x 
Example 8: − + +C Example 9: x− +C
10 2 2 6 
1 1 3
Example 10: x − sin 4 x + C Example 12:
8 32 2
Example 13: (a) ln x − 2 − ln x + 1 + C (b) 6 ln x − 3 − ln x + C
1 2
( )
6
Example 15: x +3 +C
6
1 1 x
( ) ( )
3/2 4
Example 16: (a) − 1 − 2x2 +C (b) e +1 + C
2 4
2 1
Example 17: (a) ln | x3 − 4 | +C (b) ln | e 2 x + 1| +C
3 2
3  π
Example 18: e x + C Example 20: 2 1 −  or 0.43
 4

Answers to Tutorial 2.1

Section A
5
x2 1 1 1 2 3 2 2
1. (a) + +C (b) e5 x − 3 x + C (c) x + x +C
2 x 5 e 9 15
1 2
(d) x 4 − x3 + 4x 2 − 6x + C (e) e 2 x − e −2 x + C (f) − ln cos 3 x + C
2 3
1 2 x
(g) ln sin 6 x + C (h) tan −1 + C
6 3 3
2. (a) 20 (b) 3 (c) 1.15 (d) 3.195
3
(e) − (f) 43.5 (g) 0.026 (h) 92.34
4
(i) 1.84 (j) 0.766 (k) 1.58

Section B
1 1 2 3
1. (a) (3 x + 2)5 + C (b) − (1 − 2 x)3 + C (c) − (4 − 3 x) 2 + C
15 6 9
1 1 1  π
(d) − +C (e) − cos(2 x + 1) + C (f) sin  3 x −  + C
8(2 x − 3) 4 2 3  6
x
+5 5 3 x−2 1
(g) 2e 2 +C (h) e +C (i) ln 8 x + 3 + C
3 8
3
(j) ln 2 x − 25 + C (k) − ln 2 − x + C (l) − ln 25 − 4 x + C
2

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

2. (a) 86/3 (b) 4 (c) 0.2882

Section C
1 1
1. (a) − cos 2 x + C (b) tan 2 x + C (c) tan 2 x − 2 x + C
2 2
cos 2 x cos8 x 3 1  sin 3θ sin 5θ sin θ
(d) − +C (e)  sin t − sin 4t  + C (f) − − +C
2 8 2 4  6 20 4
1 1  3π
(g)  3 x + 2sin 2 x + sin 4 x  + C (h)
8 4  16
3
2. (a) 2.41 (b) 2 3. 0.942 volts 4. f (t ) = 3sin ( 2π t ) ,
2
1  sin[(a − b) x] sin[(a + b) x]  1 sin 2ax 
5. (a) (i) +  + C (ii) x+ +C (iii) x + C
2  a −b a+b 2 2a 
1  sin[(a − b) x] sin[(a + b) x]  1 sin 2ax 
(b) (i) −  + C (ii) x− +C (iii) 0
2  a −b a+b 2 2a 
1  cos[(a − b) x] cos[(a + b) x]  cos 2ax
(c) (i) −  +  + C (ii) − +C (iii) 0
2 a −b a+b 4a

Miscellaneous Exercises
x2 e2 x
1. (a) − 4x + 4 ln|x| + C (b) −2e −2 x + 4 x + +C (c) x − 2e − x + C
2 2
1
(d) x + 2e − x − e −2 x + C (e) x + ln x − 1 + C
2
1 1 1 1 
(f)  x − sin 6 x − sin 4 x + sin 2 x  + C
16  12 4 4 
1  3 1 1 1 
(g)  − cos 2 x − cos 6 x + cos10 x + cos14 x  + C
32  4 4 20 28 
1  3 1  1
(h)  − cos 2θ + cos 6θ  + C (i) − cot π x − x + C
32  2 6  π

MCQ
1. (b) 2. (c)

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

Answers to Tutorial 2.2

Section A
2 2 1
1. (a) − ln x + 3 + ln 3 x − 1 + C (b) ln x − 2 + ln x + 1 + C (c) 0.0849
3 3 3

Section B
( x 2 + 1)6 1 sin 2 x
1. (a) +C (b) ln ln x + C (c) e +C (d) 2 tan x + C
6 2
1 2 1
( )
5
(b) ln x3 − x + C
2
2. (a) x −3 +C (c) − e3− 2 t + C
10 4
1 1 1 3
(d) − ln 1 − 2 x 2 + C (e) +C (f) sin θ + C
4 2 ( 4 − x2 ) 3

1 2
( ) ( x + 2) 2 − 2 ( x + 2) 2 + C
3 1
(g) − 5 1 − e 2 x + C (h) − cos t 4 + C (i)
4 3
3. (a) 26.80 (b) 1/24 (c) 1.07 (d) 13.33
4. (b) 20.2 (c) 26.0 V

5. V k
= ( r 2 + a 2 − a Volts ) 6. 0.18 A

Miscellaneous Exercises
4
cos3 x 1
1. (a) − cos x +
3
+C (b)
4
(
27 + e3 x ) 3 +C

2 5 8 3
(c) 3ln ln x + C (d) (4 − x) 2 − (4 − x) 2 + C
5 3
1 5 1 3 1
(e) (1 + 4e x ) 2 − (1 + 4e x ) 2 + C (f) tan 2 x + ln cos x + C
40 24 2
1 5 2 1 3
(g) tan t + tan 3 t + tan t + C (h) sec x − sec x + C
5 3 3
x sin 4 x sin 3 2 x 1 1
(i) − + +C (j) − cos5 2 x + cos 7 2 x + C
16 64 48 10 14
1 1 1 4 1
(k) cos 6 θ − cos 4 θ + C or sin θ − sin 6 θ + C
6 4 4 6
3 1
2. (
(a) 2 ln 1 + x + C ) (b)
1
3
(
1 − x2 ) − (1 − )
2 x 2 2
+C

1 5 1
(c) ( 2 x − 5 )5 + ( 2 x − 5 ) 4 + C or ( 2 x − 5)4 ( 8 x + 5) + C1
20 16 80
5 3
1 1
(d)
5
(
1− t2 ) 2 −
3
(1− t2 ) 2 +C

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Engineering Mathematics II: Further Integration Techniques Chapter 2

( ) ( ) (
(e) 2 3 + x + 2 − 6 ln 3 + x + 2 + C or 2 x + 2 − 6 ln 3 + x + 2 + C1 )
−1 7 1 − 5x
(f) ( x − 3)−4 − ( x − 3)−5 + C or 5
+ C1
2 5 10 ( x − 3)
1
2 3 4 x3 − 4
(g)
3
(
x −4 ) 2 − tan −1
3 2
+C

π 1  −1 x 
3. 4.  tan x + +C
8 2 1 + x 2 
1  −1
sin ( t − 1) + ( t − 1) 1 − ( t − 1)  + C
2
5.
2 

MCQ
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d)

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