Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

12
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
2 nd Semester – Module 5
DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
General Physics 2 - Grade 12 (STEM)
Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE)
Module 5: Direct Current Circuits
First Edition, 2021

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Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jeovanny A. Marticion
Editor: Zyhrine P. Mayormita
Reviewers: Leo Martinno O. Alejo, Zyhrine P. Mayormita
Layout Artist: Chris Raymund M. Bermudo
Management Team: Virgilio P. Batan Jr. - Schools Division Superintendent
Lourma I. Poculan - Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Amelinda D. Montero - Chief Education Supervisor, CID
Nur N. Hussien - Chief Education Supervisor, SGOD
Ronillo S. Yarag - Education Program Supervisor, LRMS
Zyhrine P. Mayormita - Education Program Supervisor, Science
Leo Martinno O. Alejo - Project Development Officer II, LRMS
Janette A. Zamoras - Public Schools District Supervisor
Joselito S. Tizon - Principal, Zamboanga del Norte NHS

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Region IX– Dipolog City Schools Division

Office Address: Purok Farmers, Olingan, DipologCity

Zamboanga del Norte, 7100
Telefax: (065) 212-6986 and (065)212-5818
E-mailAddress: [email protected]
 What I Need to Know
This module will help you understand the concepts of current, resistance,
and electromotive force. At the end of this module, you should be able to:

(1) Evaluate the equivalent resistance, current, and voltage in a given

network of resistors connected in series and/or parallel
STEM_GP12EM-IIIg-48;
(2) Calculate the current and voltage through and across circuit elements
using Kirchhoff’s loop and junction rules (at most two loops only)
STEM_GP12EM-IIIg-49; and
(3) Solve problems involving the calculation of currents and potential
differences in circuits consisting of batteries, resistors, and capacitors.
STEM_GP12EM-IIIg-51.

What’s In

In the previous module, we have studied the principles of electric

currents within a simple circuit. However, if you take a closer look at a
computer, TV, radio, or any appliance, you will discover that these devices
have a complicated network of circuits. These circuits contain resistors,
capacitors, sources, transformers, motors, etc.
For this module, you will be studying the methods in analyzing
networks from computing the unknown values of resistors, voltages,
currents, and capacitors. Series and parallel connections can be represented
by equivalent resistance. However, general networks can also be solved using
Kirchhoff’s two rules based on energy conservation and charge moving
around the loop.
You will also deal with circuits that combine capacitors and resistors
where the current varies with time.
These principles are needed to understand electrical wiring systems in
our homes.

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 What’s New

Critical Reading
Transmission lines and power plants were built to provide every
home and business establishment with electrical energy. There
was a hesitation when it was first introduced. Today, the country
is very dependent on electrical energy in every industry. However,
the energy crisis is currently a problem in the Philippines. This
pressing public concern leads to power interruption and causes
commerce and industry to stop. Hence, there is a need to
upgrade the electric grid to meet the recent demands on energy.
The plan for SMART GRID is being pushed to achieve sustainable
development. The figure below shows the difference between a
smart grid and a standard grid.

Image Source: https://thoughtsprudencestrategy.blogspot.com/2020/03/smart-grid-vs-traditional-grid.html

Activity 1. Towards A Smart City
Direction: Answer the following questions based on the material read and
the illustration given

(1) What are the three (3) features of a smart grid?

_________________________________________________________________________

2
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

(2) How will you define a smart city? Is the characteristic of a smart city
similar to smartphones? In what way(s)?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(3) The following characteristics of a smart grid are necessary to build a
smart city. Provide reason/s why these characteristics must be present in
every smart grid and how they will help sustain development?

Why is this important in How will it help create a

Characteristics
building a smart grid? smart city?

Efficiency

Reliability

Affordability

Security

Green Friendly

3
(4) Is it possible to build a smart grid in the Philippines? What
necessary actions are needed to fulfill this goal? (You may answer
from the perspective of a government leader or as an ordinary citizen.)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

What Is It
Resistors in Series
R1 R2 R3

The figure above shows the series combination of three

resistors with resistance R1, R2, and R3. In a series connection, the
path between points a and b is considered a single path. In this case,
the current across the circuit is always the same. Since the current is
the same throughout the resistors and by applying Ohm’s law to each
resistor, the potential difference for each resistor is:

You can always check if the source of potential difference was

distributed throughout the components by getting the sum of V1, V2,
and V3.

From the expression, we can say that

In accordance with Ohm’s law, R = V/I. Thus, the equivalent

resistance is just the sum of the resistance of every resistor expressed
as:

4
Resistors in Parallel

The figure above shows the parallel combination of three resistors

with resistance R1, R2, and R3. In a parallel connection, alternative paths
are given between points a and b. In this case, the potential difference
across the circuit is always the same. Since the potential difference is the
same throughout the resistors and by applying Ohm’s law to each
resistor, the current for each resistor is:

The total current I must be equal to the sum of the three currents. Thus,

( )

( )

In accordance with Ohm’s law, R = V/I. In this case, .

Thus, the equivalent resistance is just the sum of the resistance of every
resistor expressed as:

Example 1:
Compute the equivalent resistance for the
network below:

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A What is/are given? V = 18 V; R1 = 4Ω; R2 = 6 Ω; R3 = 3 Ω
B What is asked? (a) equivalent resistance
(b) potential difference for each resistor
C Are the units Yes
consistent with the
formula?
E What strategy must We use the formula for series and parall
be employed? connection. We need to find the equivalent
capacitance for 6 and 3 Ω resistors. If we have
the equivalent capacitance, we can now solve for
the equivalent capacitance of series combination.
F Solution
equivalent capacitance

Since R2 and R3 are in parallel connection, we will compute the

reciprocals of their resistance.

( ) ( )
We were able to combine R2 and R3 leaving us a series connection of R1
and R23.

Since they are now in series, we can now solve for sum of individual
resistances.

Since resistors are now in series, we can solve for the current (which is
similar in all components)

Thus, a current of 3A is running around the circuit. We will also solve

for the voltage drops or potential difference for each resistor using
Ohm’s law.

6
 By checking:

This means, a 6 V potential difference is present in the parallel

connection of R23 and a 12 V is present in R1. In determining the
current, we use the Ohm’s law and the value of 6 V.

So far, the values for current are correct since the current traveling
around the circuit is 3A.
G What is the Therefore, the equivalent resistance of the network is
conclusion? 6Ω. The current and voltage of R1 are 3 A and 12 V,
respectively. The current and voltage of R2 are 1A and
6 V, respectively. Finally, the current and voltage of R3
are 2A and 6 V, respectively.

Kirchoff’s Rules
Sometimes networks can’t be simplified using series-parallel
combinations. The figure below shows an example of a complicated
network

Figure 1. An example of a network that could not

be reduced by simple series-parallel connection.
Image Source: https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_4.html

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 In solving complicated networks, we will be using Kirchhoff’s
rules. However, be familiar with the following terms: junction and loop.
A junction is a point where three or more conductors meet. A loop is the
closed conducting path.

There are two (2) statements (points) under Kirchhoff’s rules.

(1) Point Rule: The sum of the currents in the branch is always equal
to zero. This is based on the conservation of charges. Junctions
should not accumulate charges. Hence, the total current entering
the junction must be equal to the total current leaving the
junction. Figure 1 shows the 11 A current entering the junction.
When it leaves the junction, the 11 A current splits into 7A and 4A
currents.

Figure 1. The values of currents Figure 2. The diagram showing the

entering and leaving the junction currents leaving and entering the
following the junction rule junctions.
Image Source: https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Book%3A_University_Physics_II_-
_Thermodynamics%2C_Electricity%2C_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/10%3A_Direct-Current_Circuits/10.04%3A_Kirchhoff%27s_Rules

The junction rule is expressed as the sum of current, which is

equal to zero

∑
(2) Loop Rule: The sum of the potential differences in any loop must
equal to zero. This is an expression of the energy relationship. As a
charge goes around the loop and returns to its starting point, the
sum of the changes of its potential energy is equal to zero. Figure
3 shows the loop rule.

Figure 3. Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule

Image Source: https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics
_(OpenStax)/Book%3A_University_Physics_II__Thermodynamics%2C_Electricity%2C_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/10%3A_Dire
ct-Current_Circuits/10.04%3A_Kirchhoff%27s_Rules

8
 This is expressed as:
∑

It will not matter which direction or loop you would like to assume.
If we have wrong guess of its direction, we will get a negative value for the
current. If we have the correct guess of its direction, we will get a positive
value for the current. Let us be reminded with the following sign
conventions:

Figure 4. Sign conventions for the loop rule. (a) Negative potential if the
assumed direction of loop is the same with the direction of current; (b)
Positive potential if the assumed direction of loop is opposite with the
direction of current; (c) Positive potential if the direction of the assumed
direction of loop is from negative terminal to positive terminal; and (d)
Negative potential if the assumed direction of loop is from positive to
negative terminal. Image Source: https://cnx.org/contents/7DqkHtKM@2/Kirchhoff-s-Rules

The most difficult part in dealing with Kirchhoff’s rules is

keeping track with signs. The rules and principles are easy to
understand.

Example 2:
In the circuit shown below, find the
unknown current I, the resistance R, and
the emf ε.

9
What is/are given? 1A across 2Ω, 6A across 2 Ω and 18 V
What is/are asked? ε, R1 and current across R1
Strategy: First, we assume the direction of
currents in junction a. The charges will
start traveling from the positive terminal
of the sources and end in negative
terminals

We assign junction a as an application for junction rule.

We obtain

(1)

Next, we assume the directions of the loop 1, 2 and 3.

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Loop 1: Loop 2:
18 V – IR1 + 1 A(2Ω) = 0 (2) 1 A (2Ω) + 6A (2Ω) + ε = 0 (3)

1A 1A

R1

6A
Loop 3: IR1 – 18 V + ε + (2Ω) (6A) = 0 (4)

Solution:

11
We solve for the unknown values using equations 1,2,3 and 4
Solve for I using equation 1:

Hence, we have the correct assumption of the direction of current.

The unknown current is 5A. Substitute this value in equation 2:

18 V – IR1 + 1 A(2Ω) = 0
18 V – (5A) R1 + 1 A(2Ω) = 0
– (5A) R1 = -18 V – 2V
–
=
R1 = 4Ω
The unknown resistance is 4Ω.

Solve for ε using equation 3

1 A (2Ω) + 6A (2Ω) + ε = 0
2V + 12 V + ε = 0
ε = -14 V
Therefore, the unknown emf is -14 V

The negative value obtained implies that the actual polarity of the emf is
opposite from our assumption. The positive terminal should lie on the right
life side.

Measuring Devices

The measuring devices are used to measure the quantities involved in

studying circuits.
(1) Galvanometer is a device used in detecting the presence and direction
of electric current in the device.
(2) Multimeter is also a measuring device that could measure current,
resistance, and voltage.
(3) Ammeter is used to measure the magnitude of current passing
through the device.
(4) Voltmeter is used to measure the voltage or potential difference.

Both ammeter and voltmeter are used to measure the resistance or

power. Figure 4 shows the method for measuring the current and voltage of
the circuit.

12
 Figure 4. Methods in measuring current and voltage
using ammeter and multimer.
Image Source: https://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/threads/kitchen-play-centre-for-kids.129179/page-2

Resistance-Capacitance Circuits

The figure below shows a simple circuit diagram of capacitor, voltage

source and resistor. At some time t, we close the switch to allow the
capacitor to charge. As the capacitor charges, the voltage increases and the
potential difference across the resistor decreases. However, the sum of the
voltage drops is equal to V.

When the capacitor is fully charged, the potential difference across the
resistor becomes zero, the current becomes zero and the voltage appears
now at the capacitor. This is expressed as:

As shown in Kirchhoff’s rule:

Solving for current i

As the charge increases, q/RC becomes larger and the capacitors reaches
final value denoted as Qf. The current i becomes zero.

13
 Hence,

It was also found out that when capacitor reaches the final value ,
the time it takes is equal to RC. The product RC is then the measure of how
quick the capacitor charges also known as time constant or relaxation time:

Example 3: A resistor with resistance R = 10 MΩ is connected in series with

a capacitor with capacitance 1 µF. What is the time constant?

A What is/are given? C = 1 µF; R = 10 MΩ

B What is asked?
C Are the units No, µF must be converted to F
consistent with the 1 µF = 1 x 10-6 F
formula? and MΩ to Ω
10 MΩ = 10 x 106 Ω
E What strategy must We use the time constant formula
be employed?
F Solution

G What is the Therefore, it takes 10 seconds for the capacitor to be

conclusion? fully charged.

What’s More
Activity 2: Qualitative Problems.
Direction: Answer the following questions.

(1) Some Christmas tree lights have a characteristic that when one light
(filament) burns out, the lights throughout go out too. However, burned-out
lights go out in other series lights. Discuss the difference of these two sets
of lights.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

14
Activity 2: Qualitative Problems
Direction: Answer the following questions.

(1) Some Christmas tree lights have a characteristic that when one light
(filament) burns out, the lights throughout go out too. However, burned-out
lights go out in other series lights. Discuss the difference between these two
sets of lights.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

(2) Why do lights on a car become dimmer when you start a car?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

(3) What similarities and differences do you see from the equivalent resistance
and capacitance formula?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

15
 What I Have Learned
Activity 3: Quantitative Problem
Direction: Solve as directed. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper. You may also consult your Physics teacher.

Find the unknown values of voltage and current in each resistor as shown in
the given circuit diagram.

Criteria 3 2 1 0
Physics Approach is Approach Some of the Solution
Approach appropriate and contains minor concepts and doesn’t
complete errors principles are indicate an
missing or approach
inappropriate
Procedure Mathematical Mathematical and Most of the All procedures
and logical logical procedures mathematical are incomplete
procedures are are and logical and contain
clear, complete missing/contain procedures errors
and connected errors
Description Diagrams and Parts of the Most of the The entire
symbols used diagrams and parts of the visualization
are appropriate symbols contain diagrams and is wrong or
and complete errors symbols are not did not
useful include
visualization.

16
 What I Can Do
Activity 4. Building Concept Map.
Direction: Create a concept map to show what you have learned from this
module. You can use words, terms, phrases, or formulas in connecting
these concepts. Refer to the scoring guide below:

Legible (easy No (0-1) Yes (2)

to read)
Accurate Many inaccuracies A few inaccuracies No inaacuracies (5)
(concepts were (0-2) (3-4)
used
accurately)
Complete Limited use of Some use of Sufficient number
(sufficient concepts concepts of concepts
number of (0-2) (3-4) (5)
relevant
concepts and
relationships)
Sophisticated Little or Few Some Meaningful
(finding none meaningful meaningful and original
meaningful (0-1) connections connections insights
connections made (2-4) made (5-7) demonstrated
between (8)
relevant
concepts)
Mueller’s Classroom Concept Rubric

Assessment

Directions: Write the letter of your choice in the space provided.

____ 1. In a parallel combination of resistors, the current is
a. varying
b. same
c. greater in value
d. lesser in value

____ 2. In a series combination of resistors, the voltage drop is

a. varying
b. same
c. greater value
d. lesser value

____ 3. What happens to the energy when the electron goes into the 2nd
bulb after passing through the 1st bulb?

17
 a. greater energy
b. lesser energy
c. increasing power
d. decreasing power

____ 4. When resistors are connected in parallel, what happens to their

resistance?
a. more than the smallest resistance
b. within the values of larges and smallest resistance
c. less than the smallest resistance
d. depends on the voltage drop

____ 5. The Kirchhoff’s rule on voltage drops is consistent with

a. energy conservation
b. impulse and momentum
c. conservation of charge
d. angular momentum conservation

____ 6. A 20 V potential difference is applied in a series combination of a

10 Ω and a 30 Ω resistors. The current in the 10 Ω resistor is
a. 0.5 A
b. 0.3 A
c. 0.67 A
d. 0.2 A

____ 7. The potential difference across the 10 Ω resistor in No. 6 is

a. 5 V
b. 10 V
c. 15 V
d. 20 V

____ 8. The equivalent resistance in No. 6 when connected in parallel is

a. 0.54 Ω
b. 0.25 Ω
c. 7.5 Ω
d. 24 Ω

____ 9.Which of the following statements is true for the junction below:

1
2

a. I1 + I2 = I3
b. I3 + I2 = I1
c. I1 – I2 = I3
d. I3 – I2 = I1

For No. 10, please refer to the figure below:

18
____ 10. Applying voltage rule of Kirchhoff, the loop gives:
(a) E1 − E2 = I1r1 + I2r2
(b) E2 = E1 + I1r1 + I2r2
(c) E1 + E2 = I1r1 + I2r2
(d) E1 + I1r1 = E2 + I2r2
For Nos. 11 to 12, refer to the figure below:

____ 11. The smallest current that passes through is __________?

a. 10 Ω resistor
b. 20 Ω resistor
c. 60 Ω resistor
d. 30 Ω resistor
____ 12. The largest potential difference is dropped at?
a. 10 Ω resistor
b. 20 Ω resistor
c. 60 Ω resistor
d. 30 Ω resistor
____ 13. How long would it take for the capacitor to reach 4.1 V if it has a
1 µF and connected with 2800 Ω resistor.
a. 0.0003 s
b. 3 s
c. 0.000000003 s
d. 0.003s
____ 14. What is the initial current of the circuit?
a. 2.21 x 10-3 A
b. 3.14 x 10-3 A
c. 0.17 x 10-3 A
d. 1.46 x 10-3 A
____ 15. The current flowing in the branches can be determined through
a. Lenz laws
b. Coulomb’s laws
c. Kirchhoff’s rule
d. Gauss’s laws

19
 Additional Activities
Activity 5. Social Context
Direction: The community is a rich source of learning opportunities of
sources of direct current circuits. Choose one from the following
suggested activities in understanding the importance and utilization of
electric potential in our daily lives:

1. Conduct simulations on direct current circuits. From this, write a short

reflection. Scan the QR code to gain access to the simulations.
2. Demonstrate the series and parallel connections using batteries, bulbs,
wires, and multimeter. Compare how series and parallel connections are
different from each other. Design a data collection sheet where you can
record the quantities.
3. Suppose you have an 1800 W toaster, 1400 W electric frying pan, and a
75 W lamp plugged in a 20A, 120 V circuit. The devices are in parallel
connection with the voltage source. What is the current drawn in each
device? Will this combination blow a fuse (20 A)?

Answer Key General Physics 2 Module 5

20
References
_____________. (n.d.). Kitchen play centre for kids. All About Circuits. Retrieved on March 2,
2021 from https://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/threads/kitchen-play-centre-for-
kids.129179/page-2
0 Conservation of charges 2 Loop Rule The sum of the ....
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p2fb6nn/0-Conservation-of-charges-2-Loop-Rule-
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rangers-bounce-back-win/
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Linus and his blanket: would you be worried? | Yahoo Answers.
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OpenStax University. (2018). University Physics Volume 2. Retrieved on March 5, 2021 from
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Physics 2B.
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Publishing Company
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10-resistor-in-the-figure-what-is-the-po-2799733.htm
Zitzewits, Haase and Harper (2013). PHYSICS Principles and Problems. The MAcGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.

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