Definition of Terms

Accuracy of information

Refers to the closeness of the report to the actual data.

Archives

Are places where records of all types and formats are kept and made accessible for research
and other purposes.

Authority of the source

Sources with an established expertise on the subject matter are considered as having sound
authority on the subject.

Database

These are systematically organized collections of information covering different subject

matters or specializing in one given subject or topic.

Indigenous

Native; local; originating or produced naturally in a particular region.

Indigenous knowledge

Knowledge that is unique to a specific culture or society; most often it is not written down.

Indigenous communication

It is a means by which culture is preserved, handed down, and adapted.

Indigenous media and information

This also refers to content about indigenous peoples that may be distributed through
dominant forms of media or through forms of communication unique to their people group.

Internet

A global system of network computers that allow user-to-user communication and transfer
of data files from one computer to another on the network .

Library

Is a place set apart to contain books, periodicals, and other material for reading, viewing,
listening, study of reference, set of rooms, or building where books may be read or borrowed.
 Periodicals

Are publications such as journals, newspapers, or magazines published on a regular basis -

daily, weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, bimonthly, quarterly, yearly, etc.

Reliability of information

Information is said to be reliable if it can be verified and evaluated.

Timeliness

Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary based on the time it was produced
or acquired.

Value of information

Information is said to be of value if it aids the user in making or improving decisions.

Media and other information providers play a central role in information and
communication processes. Nowadays, media become the common outlet of self- expression
and creativity. Its huge influence spreads speedily across the globe. The connection between
technological advances and people’s connectivity created a huge impact on the lives of
today’s generation. This module covers all the above-mentioned concepts.

Understanding the different media types. There are

three types of media, Print, Broadcast and New or
Digital media.
Examples of Types of Media:
PRINT BROADCAST NEW MEDIA
Books Television Social Media
Magazines Radio YouTube
Newspapers Film Cellphone
Brochures TV Series Iwant app

To contrast indigenous media to other common sources of information, let’s take a look to
the next activity.

Activity 8. Think of a news about trending topics coming from different sources (newspaper,
magazines, TV, social media, internet) then describe the type of information their source
delivers. Write your answer in your activity file.

There was a time when I was scrolling through my phone and browsing to my facebook, I
saw a post from ABS-CBN News page that there’s chaos in distributing the DSWD Financial
Assist in DSWD Manila because many people showed up and line up for the DSWD financial
Assistance, Later on me and my family are watching ABS-CBN News Broadcast or also
known as TV Patrol on Television and we saw the news about that issue. This information is
really reliable and helpful to people especially those who are interested in the DSWS
financial Assist because they are already informed that many people are choosing the walk in
process and it’s chaotic. It’s preventing them from getting involved in that chaos and to
choose the online process.

ABS-CBN News is responsible for the daily news and information gathering and syndication
of its news programs. It is the Philippines largest news gathering and broadcast organization.
It is also the top news broadcast in the country, while TV patrol is the flagship national
network news broadcast of ABS-CBN. It is the most reliable and factual news in the
Philippines.

Activity 9
Think about cultural beliefs or practices in the community valued by the elders. Identify and
gather at least five (5) of them.
Cultural Beliefs or Practices

1.Practices- In the Philippines, Saying “po” and “opo” during conversations and doing
pagmamano towards older people should be done with high respect by younger people.

2.Practices- Every Catholic Family in the Philippines should attend the Mass every Sunday.

3. Beliefs- Do not go home straight after attending a burial or wake.

4. Practices- Catholic Filipinos are attending everyday mass before Christmas or the birth of
Christ from December 16 to December 25.

5. Beliefs- Many Filipino people especially the elders believes in elements and superstitious
creatures like mangkulam, aswang, tikbalang, tiyanak, manananggal, kapre, duwende and
many more.

INFORMATION SOURCES

Traditional knowledge are reflection of one’s culture. These information serve as a

foundation of communication and survival among our ancestors way back then. Hence, the
term Indigenous was associated. Indigenous refers to native; local; originating or produced
naturally in a particular region. Knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society refers
to Indigenous knowledge (IK). IK contrasts with the international knowledge system
generated by universities, research institutions
and private firms. (Warren 1991). Indigenous communication refers to transmission of
information through local channels or forms. It is a means by which culture is preserved,
handed down, and adapted. Indigenous media and information refer to the original
information created by a local group of people. This also refers to content about indigenous
peoples that may be distributed through dominant forms of media or through forms of
communication unique to their people group. The following are the importance of
indigenous media and information.
• Indigenous media and information are highly credible because they are near the source
and are seldom circulated for profit.
• Indigenous media are channels for change, education, and development because of its
direct access to local channels.

IK has its own characteristics making it easy to distinguish among other sources such as: oral
tradition of communication, store information in memories, information exchange is face-to-
face, and information are contain within the border of the community

In addition, other sources of information such as library and internet are also widely known.
Library is a place set apart to contain books, periodicals, and other material for reading,
viewing, listening, study of reference, set of rooms, or building where books may be read or
borrowed. As to its characteristics, libraries are known their reliability, accuracy and value -
Libraries of published books are often considered highly reliable, accurate, and valuable.
Books and documents from dominant sources are often peer reviewed. ISSN or ISBN
registration ensures that standards were followed in producing these materials.
Library is divided into different sections with their own functions. Periodical, Archive,
Reference, Circulation, Filipiniana, Internet section, etc. are some of the sections in the
library.

Kalinga State University published an article titled “Library Sections” that discusses the
following.

Library Sections
A. Circulation Section
This section houses and circulates the major library collection covering the different areas of
discipline. This section adopts the “open shelf” system, where users can go directly to the
shelf and choose the books they would like to browse or use. All books in this section may be
borrowed for overnight use.

B. Filipiniana Section
The Filipiniana Collection consists of publications about the Philippines, in all its aspects—
cultural, political, social, religious, economic, and others regardless of author and imprints.
The collection covers a range of reading materials designed to meet the instructional and
research needs of library users.
C. Reserve Section
This section houses books, which are in demand and limited in copies. Also, in process books
and newly acquired books. It adopts the “close shelf system”. Users are not allowed to enter
this section; they seek the assistance of the library staff or library assistants. Books in this
section are for room use only and may be borrowed for one hour; a borrower may extend its
use provided there is no prior request for the book. If not returned on time, the borrower will
be fined one (1) peso per hour.

D. Reference Section
This section houses a collection of extensive general reference materials, which are intended
to be consulted for a particular question or query, rather than read thoroughly.

Collections:
gives information about words, spelling, pronunciation,
Dictionaries derivation, usage, meaning, syllabication, current status,
synonyms and antonyms, historical information etc.
Encyclopedias provide background information in all fields of knowledge.
Geographical are described as tools to provide information about geography,
Sources like the atlases, maps, gazetteers, and guidebooks.
Yearbooks and are annual compendium of dates and statistics of a given year,
Almanacs while almanacs are annual publication of statistics and other
information of the previous years.
Handbooks are handy reference sources that provide miscellaneous
information such as addresses, telephone numbers, etc.
Other Reference contain books covering all major field divisions that are reference in
Sources nature for consultation and information purposes, rather than for
circulation. the “open shelf system”
is practiced in this section. Books are for room use only.

E. Periodical Section
This section houses journals, magazines, newspapers, and other serial literature. Bound
periodicals are cataloged according to DDC scheme; professional journals are grouped
together according to subject. Lists of topics of each journal are made available in lieu of
indexing and abstracting.

Collections in this section are for room use only; bound periodicals maybe borrowed for
overnight. Current issues are displayed on the display shelves.

F. Archive Section
This section houses materials which depict the history of the university and researches made
by faculty and staff. Also, accreditation documents of the University Library.

G. Internet Section
This section enables students to have access information through the internet.

H. AVR Section
This section provides an audio-visual support service to facilitate the teaching and learning
activities of the university through non-print collections.

I. E-Library Section
This section enables students to have access to e-resources from authorized databases which
the university has subscribed. STARBOOKS and TEC4 ED resources are also available here.
It is located at the Ground Floor, shared to other Campus Libraries through the KSU website
and Library Webpage.

J. Law & Graduate Studies Library

This section houses the Law and Graduate Studies collection which specifically cater to the
Law and GS students. It is located at the ground floor of the Main Library Building.

K. Special Collections:
a. Kalinga Indigenous Culture and Knowledge Resource Center & Cordillera Collection
This collection comprised of materials pertaining to customs and traditions of the Kalinga
people, Cordillera literature and about indigenous peoples.

b. Gender and Development Collection Corner

This collection comprised of materials on women and children. It is located at the Graduate
Studies & Law Library.

c. Knowledge Resource Network-BSP Corner

This collection comprised of materials pertaining to fundamental economic concepts and
issues affecting the economic development of the Philippines. It is located at the Graduate
Studies & Law Library.

L. Technical Section
This section is where the processing and maintenance activities of a library's collection are
being done; it involves the following processes:

1. Identification: locating potentially worthwhile items to add to the collection

2. Selection: deciding which of the identified items to add to the collection
3. Acquisitions: securing the items for the collection
4. Organization: indexing and cataloging the items acquired in a manner that will aid the
end-user in locating materials in the collection
5. Preparation: labeling, binding, repairing, conservation, and otherwise making items
ready for (and maintained during) storage in a manner that allows for easy retrieval and
maintenance of what is in a collection

Technical Services may also include: maintenance of online catalogs, creation and
maintenance of MARC records in the catalog, labeling, covering, security processing,
and/or distribution of materials, maintaining a library's technology resources, such as
servers, OPACs, circulation, scanners, security gates and other devices. This section is
located at the Office of the Director for Library Services.

On the other hand, Internet is a vast computer network linking smaller computer networks
worldwide. It includes commercial,educational, governmental, and other networks, all of
which use the same set of communications protocols.
As to its characteristics, Internet information pays attention to reliability, accuracy, value,
timeliness, and authority of the source - Information found on the Internet may be quite
varied in form and content. Thus, it is more difficult to determine its reliability and accuracy.
Accessing information on the Internet is easy, but requires more discipline to check and
validate. Factual and fictitious data are often merged together. Sources always have to be
validated.

To verify information taken from the different sources, take into consideration the following:
Skills in determining the reliability of information.
Check the author
Check the date of publication or of update
Check for citations
Check the domain or owner of the site or page
Check the site design and the writing style

Skills in determining accurate information.

Look for facts
Cross-reference with other sources to check for consistency
Determine the reason for writing and publishing the information
Check for advertising

Activity 10A. Read and answer each questions concisely. Write your answer in your activity
file.

1. What are the different types of media that can be used as a source of information?

Anwer: There are many different types of media that can be used as the source of information like
Print Media, Broadcast Media and the New Media. In print media you can use books, dictionaries,
newspapers, magazines, postcards and many basic forms of mass communication. While in
Broadcast Media, it covers a wide spectrum of different information, you can get a source of
information in Television, Radio, Telephone and more. And lastly is New Media. New media is a
mass of information using digital technologies such as social media, websites, blogs, online
newspapers and email.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of media as sources
of information?

Answer: The advantages of different types of media as a source of information is that

it provides updated information about various topics around the world and it acts as a
source of knowledge for people who want to learn about various disciplines. Another
advantage of media is that it enables mass production of assets that suit public
interests. While the disadvantages of different types of media is that it can cause
hindrances in people’s personal lives and it has increased the number of crimes
especially cyber crimes due to the new media. It can also cause addiction to electronic
gadgets and can cause health problems.

3. How can you evaluate or measure information quality?

Answer: We can ensure that the information that we get is reliable and high quality by doing
factual checks and make sure that it isn't fake news or came from fake accounts. Also do
critically thinking about the accuracy, relevancy and its purpose to know if the information is
true and relevant to many people..

Activity 10B: In your activity file,write an essay on the topic “How do people find information
that matches my needs?” and “How do I choose from the wide variety of Information made
available by different sources?”
“How do people find information that matches my needs?”

In the past, other people’s only legitimate source of information was through basic forms
or also known as the usual print media. Print media is one of the earliest and most
fundamental forms of mass information like newspapers, magazines, brochures, books and
other printed and literary works materials because those things are the only root of their
reliable sources of information and knowledge. People had to go to the library to seek
reference and factual information. But now, people in the whole world have made great
strides and have a lot of development because all of the things now are high-tech and
advanced.

People nowadays can get and share the information that they want. People now can easily get
and find the information that matches my needs through the new media. They can easily
search the information that I need through the use of google, safari and other browser
material with the use of the internet. They can also find the information that matches my
needs with the use of social media which is a form of electronic communication that focuses
on communicating with each other to get and share information.

Information that matches everybody’s needs is now convenient because they can easily get
what they want and what they need through the use of high-technology and advanced
sources of media that is also known as the new media.It is any media from newspaper
articles, books and printed material that is delivered digitally.
“How do I choose from the wide variety of Information made available by different sources?”

Different types of media can help us in many ways especially the new media because it is the
easiest way and the most convenient method to gain information and knowledge. People can
get the information that they need and want just by searching it in google, safari and other
browser materials with the use of the internet because in this new generation, information is
easy to get because of the high technology. Nevertheless, is all of the information that we get
in the media reliable and factuals? No. Some of the information that we get and read are
falsified and opinionated.

If I were to be asked, “How do I choose from the wide variety of Information made available
by different sources?” I can say that I will choose the most credible and most factual
information that I can get through different sources. I must confirm that the data we have
acquired is accurate in order to use it responsibly. I will choose information that is data
based, valid and accurate. We must be cautious when gathering facts or data since we may be
the victim of deceptive information.

Getting easy information is a good thing and helpful but in spite of that, it comes with a great
responsibility for us to carry because we might be a victim of fake news and falsified
information. Be careful of what you get and what you share. Always think carefully before
doing anything that can affect many people.
 Rubric For Essay
Category Excellent Very Good Good Needs
Improvement
(5) (4) (3) (2)
There is one There is one There is one The topic and
clear, well clear, well topic. Main main ideas are
focused topic. focused topic. ideas are not clear.
somewhat
Main ideas are Main ideas are
clear.
clear and are clear but are not
well supported well supported
Focus &
Details by detailed and by detailed
accurate information.
information.

The The introduction The There is no

introduction is states the main introduction clear
inviting, states topic and states the introduction,
the main topic, provides an main topic. A structure, or
and provides an overview of the conclusion is conclusion.
Organization overview of the paper. A included.
paper. conclusion is
Information is included.
relevant and
presented in a
logical order.
The conclusion
is strong.
All sentences Most sentences Most sentences Sentences sound
are well are well are well awkward, are
constructed and constructed and constructed but distractingly
have varied have varied they have repetitive, or are
Sentence structure and structure and similar structure difficult to
Structure, length. The length. The and length. The understand. The
Grammar, author makes author makes few author makes author makes
Mechanics, & no errors in errors in several errors in numerous errors
Spelling grammar, grammar, grammar, in grammar,
mechanics, mechanics, mechanics, mechanics,
and/or spelling. and/or spelling, and/or and/or spelling
but they do not spelling,that that interfere
interfere with interfere with with
understanding. understanding. understanding
Activity 11:

Instruction: Which information sources (indigenous, library, internet) do you prefer to use
for the following topics? Give a brief explanation.

1. COVID updates

INTERNET
- I prefer to get information and news updates with the use of the internet because it is the most
fast, convenient,smart way and easiest for a student and new generation like me.

2. Updates on the K to 12 Senior High School

INTERNET
- I prefer to use the internet in this matter because I can easily get the information and updates
that I need in a small matter of time.

3. History of the Philippines (Cultures and Traditions)

INDIGENOUS AND LIBRARY
-I choose to get information from indigenous and libraries because they’re both from the older
generation. That's why I presume that these two have a lot of reliable information about the culture
and traditions from the history of the Philippines.

4. Typhoon Yolanda hits Philippines

INTERNET
-I choose to get information for this type of matter from the internet because it is the fastest way of
seeking needed urgent updates and information.

5. Review on iPhone 12 Plus

INTERNET
- The Internet is the only media that has advertisement and informations about this type f gadgets
although we can see some commercial on tv, but the most accurate details on this this is in the
internet.