Exercises - R- Charts

A bar chart represents data in rectangular bars with length of the bar proportional to the value of the variable. R
uses the function barplot() to create bar charts. R can draw both vertical and Horizontal bars in the bar chart. In
bar chart each of the bars can be given different colors.
Syntax
The basic syntax to create a bar-chart in R is −
barplot(H,xlab,ylab,main, names.arg,col)
Following is the description of the parameters used −

 H is a vector or matrix containing numeric values used in bar chart.

 xlab is the label for x axis.
 ylab is the label for y axis.
 main is the title of the bar chart.
 names.arg is a vector of names appearing under each bar.
 col is used to give colors to the bars in the graph.
Example
A simple bar chart is created using just the input vector and the name of each bar.
The below script will create and save the bar chart in the current R working directory.

# Create the data for the chart

H <- c(7,12,28,3,41)

# Give the chart file a name

png(file = "barchart.png")

# Plot the bar chart

barplot(H)

# Save the file

dev.off()

Bar Chart Labels, Title and Colors

The features of the bar chart can be expanded by adding more parameters. The main parameter is used to
add title. The col parameter is used to add colors to the bars. The args.name is a vector having same number of
values as the input vector to describe the meaning of each bar.
Example
# Create the data for the chart
H <- c(7,12,28,3,41)
M <- c("Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul")

# Give the chart file a name

png(file = "barchart_months_revenue.png")

# Plot the bar chart

barplot(H,names.arg=M,xlab="Month",ylab="Revenue",col="blue",
main="Revenue chart",border="red")

# Save the file

dev.off()

Example3

# Create the input vectors.

colors = c("green","orange","brown")
months <- c("Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul")
regions <- c("East","West","North")

# Create the matrix of the values.

Values <- matrix(c(2,9,3,11,9,4,8,7,3,12,5,2,8,10,11), nrow = 3, ncol = 5, byrow = TRUE)

# Give the chart file a name

png(file = "barchart_stacked.png")

# Create the bar chart

barplot(Values, main = "total revenue", names.arg = months, xlab = "month", ylab = "revenue", col = colors)

# Add the legend to the chart

legend("topleft", regions, cex = 1.3, fill = colors)

# Save the file

dev.off()

R Programming language has numerous libraries to create charts and graphs. A pie-chart is a representation of
values as slices of a circle with different colors. The slices are labeled and the numbers corresponding to each
slice is also represented in the chart.
In R the pie chart is created using the pie() function which takes positive numbers as a vector input. The
additional parameters are used to control labels, color, title etc.
Syntax
The basic syntax for creating a pie-chart using the R is −
pie(x, labels, radius, main, col, clockwise)
Following is the description of the parameters used −
 x is a vector containing the numeric values used in the pie chart.
 labels is used to give description to the slices.
 radius indicates the radius of the circle of the pie chart.(value between −1 and +1).

 main indicates the title of the chart.

 col indicates the color palette.
  clockwise is a logical value indicating if the slices are drawn clockwise or anti clockwise.
Example
A very simple pie-chart is created using just the input vector and labels. The below script will create and save
the pie chart in the current R working directory.

# Create data for the graph.

x <- c(21, 62, 10, 53)
labels <- c("London", "New York", "Singapore", "Mumbai")

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "city.png")

# Plot the chart.

pie(x,labels)

# Save the file.

dev.off()

Example2-With color

# Create data for the graph.

x <- c(21, 62, 10, 53)
labels <- c("London", "New York", "Singapore", "Mumbai")

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "city_title_colours.jpg")

# Plot the chart with title and rainbow color pallet.

pie(x, labels, main = "City pie chart", col = rainbow(length(x)))

# Save the file.

dev.off()

Example 3 - Slice Percentages and Chart Legend

# Create data for the graph.

x <- c(21, 62, 10,53)

labels <- c("London","New York","Singapore","Mumbai")

piepercent<- round(100*x/sum(x), 1)

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "city_percentage_legends.jpg")

# Plot the chart.

pie(x, labels = piepercent, main = "City pie chart",col = rainbow(length(x)))
legend("topright", c("London","New York","Singapore","Mumbai"), cex = 0.8,
fill = rainbow(length(x)))

# Save the file.

dev.off()

Example4 – 3D pie

# Get the library.

library(plotrix)

# Create data for the graph.

x <- c(21, 62, 10,53)
lbl <- c("London","New York","Singapore","Mumbai")

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "3d_pie_chart.jpg")

# Plot the chart.

pie3D(x,labels = lbl,explode = 0.1, main = "Pie Chart of Countries ")

# Save the file.

dev.off()

Boxplots are a measure of how well distributed is the data in a data set. It divides the data set into three
quartiles. This graph represents the minimum, maximum, median, first quartile and third quartile in the data set.
It is also useful in comparing the distribution of data across data sets by drawing boxplots for each of them.
Boxplots are created in R by using the boxplot() function.
Syntax
The basic syntax to create a boxplot in R is −
boxplot(x, data, notch, varwidth, names, main)
Following is the description of the parameters used −
 x is a vector or a formula.
 data is the data frame.
 notch is a logical value. Set as TRUE to draw a notch.
 varwidth is a logical value. Set as true to draw width of the box proportionate to the sample size.
 names are the group labels which will be printed under each boxplot.
 main is used to give a title to the graph.
Example
We use the data set "mtcars" available in the R environment to create a basic boxplot. Let's look at the columns
"mpg" and "cyl" in mtcars.

 input <- mtcars[,c('mpg','cyl')]

 print(head(input))
Creating the Boxplot

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "boxplot.png")

# Plot the chart.

boxplot(mpg ~ cyl, data = mtcars, xlab = "Number of Cylinders",
 ylab = "Miles Per Gallon", main = "Mileage Data")

# Save the file.

dev.off()

Boxplot with Notch

We can draw boxplot with notch to find out how the medians of different data groups match with each other.

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "boxplot_with_notch.png")

# Plot the chart.

boxplot(mpg ~ cyl, data = mtcars,
xlab = "Number of Cylinders",
ylab = "Miles Per Gallon",
main = "Mileage Data",
notch = TRUE,
varwidth = TRUE,
col = c("green","yellow","purple"),
names = c("High","Medium","Low")
)
# Save the file.
dev.off()

Histogram

A histogram represents the frequencies of values of a variable bucketed into ranges. Histogram is similar to bar
chat but the difference is it groups the values into continuous ranges. Each bar in histogram represents the height
of the number of values present in that range.
R creates histogram using hist() function. This function takes a vector as an input and uses some more
parameters to plot histograms.
Syntax
The basic syntax for creating a histogram using R is −
hist(v,main,xlab,xlim,ylim,breaks,col,border)
Following is the description of the parameters used −
 v is a vector containing numeric values used in histogram.
 main indicates title of the chart.
 col is used to set color of the bars.
 border is used to set border color of each bar.
 xlab is used to give description of x-axis.
 xlim is used to specify the range of values on the x-axis.
 ylim is used to specify the range of values on the y-axis.
 breaks is used to mention the width of each bar.
Example
A simple histogram is created using input vector, label, col and border parameters.
The script given below will create and save the histogram in the current R working directory.
# Create data for the graph.
v <- c(9,13,21,8,36,22,12,41,31,33,19)

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "histogram.png")

# Create the histogram.

hist(v,xlab = "Weight",col = "yellow",border = "blue")

# Save the file.

dev.off()

Range of X and Y values

To specify the range of values allowed in X axis and Y axis, we can use the xlim and ylim parameters.
The width of each of the bar can be decided by using breaks.

# Create data for the graph.

v <- c(9,13,21,8,36,22,12,41,31,33,19)

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "histogram_lim_breaks.png")

# Create the histogram.

hist(v,xlab = "Weight",col = "green",border = "red", xlim = c(0,40), ylim = c(0,5),
breaks = 5)

# Save the file.

dev.off()

Line Graphs

A line chart is a graph that connects a series of points by drawing line segments between them. These points are
ordered in one of their coordinate (usually the x-coordinate) value. Line charts are usually used in identifying
the trends in data.
The plot() function in R is used to create the line graph.
Syntax
The basic syntax to create a line chart in R is −
plot(v,type,col,xlab,ylab)
Following is the description of the parameters used −
 v is a vector containing the numeric values.
 type takes the value "p" to draw only the points, "l" to draw only the lines and "o" to draw both
points and lines.
 xlab is the label for x axis.
 ylab is the label for y axis.
 main is the Title of the chart.

 col is used to give colors to both the points and lines.

Example
A simple line chart is created using the input vector and the type parameter as "O". The below script will create
and save a line chart in the current R working directory.

# Create the data for the chart.

v <- c(7,12,28,3,41)

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "line_chart.jpg")

# Plot the bar chart.

plot(v,type = "o")

# Save the file.

dev.off()

Line Chart Title, Color and Labels

The features of the line chart can be expanded by using additional parameters. We add color to the points and
lines, give a title to the chart and add labels to the axes.

# Create the data for the chart.

v <- c(7,12,28,3,41)

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "line_chart_label_colored.jpg")

# Plot the bar chart.

plot(v,type = "o", col = "red", xlab = "Month", ylab = "Rain fall",
main = "Rain fall chart")

# Save the file.

dev.off()

Multiple Lines in a Line Chart

More than one line can be drawn on the same chart by using the lines()function.
After the first line is plotted, the lines() function can use an additional vector as input to draw the second line in
the chart,

# Create the data for the chart.

v <- c(7,12,28,3,41)
t <- c(14,7,6,19,3)

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "line_chart_2_lines.jpg")

# Plot the bar chart.

plot(v,type = "o",col = "red", xlab = "Month", ylab = "Rain fall",
main = "Rain fall chart")

lines(t, type = "o", col = "blue")

# Save the file.

dev.off()
Scatterplots

Scatterplots show many points plotted in the Cartesian plane. Each point represents the values of two variables.
One variable is chosen in the horizontal axis and another in the vertical axis.
The simple scatterplot is created using the plot() function.
Syntax
The basic syntax for creating scatterplot in R is −
plot(x, y, main, xlab, ylab, xlim, ylim, axes)
Following is the description of the parameters used −
 x is the data set whose values are the horizontal coordinates.
 y is the data set whose values are the vertical coordinates.
 main is the tile of the graph.
 xlab is the label in the horizontal axis.
 ylab is the label in the vertical axis.
 xlim is the limits of the values of x used for plotting.
 ylim is the limits of the values of y used for plotting.
 axes indicates whether both axes should be drawn on the plot.
Example
input <- mtcars[,c('wt','mpg')]
print(head(input))

Creating the Scatterplot

The below script will create a scatterplot graph for the relation between wt(weight) and mpg(miles per gallon).

# Get the input values.

input <- mtcars[,c('wt','mpg')]

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "scatterplot.png")

# Plot the chart for cars with weight between 2.5 to 5 and mileage between 15 and 30.
plot(x = input$wt,y = input$mpg,
xlab = "Weight",
ylab = "Milage",
xlim = c(2.5,5),
ylim = c(15,30),
main = "Weight vs Milage"
)

# Save the file.

dev.off()

Scatterplot Matrices
When we have more than two variables and we want to find the correlation between one variable versus the
remaining ones we use scatterplot matrix. We use pairs() function to create matrices of scatterplots.
Syntax
The basic syntax for creating scatterplot matrices in R is −
pairs(formula, data)
Following is the description of the parameters used −
 formula represents the series of variables used in pairs

 data represents the data set from which the variables will be taken.
Example
Each variable is paired up with each of the remaining variable. A scatterplot is plotted for each pair.

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "scatterplot_matrices.png")

# Plot the matrices between 4 variables giving 12 plots.

# One variable with 3 others and total 4 variables.

pairs(~wt+mpg+disp+cyl,data = mtcars,
main = "Scatterplot Matrix")

# Save the file.

dev.off()