FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

Lecture 1.

Welcome to FEEG1003 Thermofluids.

This is a 15CATS credit module you study in part (year) 1. There are 120CATs in total, use the
CATS credits to roughly proportion the effort and time spent in any subject. As a guide
150CATs equates to 150 total hours study time.

Contact time:

• Lectures - 2 per week

• Tutorial (problem) classes - 1 per week
• Labs - 7 in total
• 1-2-1 time - 1hr per week by tutorial lead
Lectures:
Attend these, there is no substitute! Lectures will be recorded but due to copyright and
technical reasons they will be different. Bring pens and for lectures (other than this first one)
print out the notes as they will provide a template and will help you with in-class exercises and
problems. You can find the lecture notes on the module Blackboard site along with all other
resources.
www.blackboard.soton.ac.uk

Tutorial (problem) classes:

A member of staff from your subject discipline will lead a class where you will work through
questions from the module workbook. This is the application of the theory you learn and is one
of the “doing” parts of the module. We record attendance at these sessions via your student ID
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

card. Please follow the instructions of your tutor who will tell you how the classes run and what
problems to attempt.

Lab classes:
Please attend your scheduled timetabled slot. Resources are all on blackboard in the lab classes
content area. The labs are synchronised with the lectures so you do the lab as close as
practicable to the relevant lecture. This module has lots of labs to help you learn.
1-2-1 time:
Your tutorial lead will make a 1hr slot available for drop-in queries about the subject. This will
usually be in their office so you can come along with any questions you might have. Please email
ahead of time if you can and you are welcome to come in small groups if you all have a similar
issue.
Directed study:
Consisting of online supplementary lectures which support the main lecture content, sources of
background reading and online resources, supporting content for the lab classes, short tests and
assessments. There is quite a lot and it will help you if you engage and do it all.

Module structure:
The module is broken down into smaller sections.
• Introduction section – background to the subject
• Basic assumptions - definitions and how to treat/solve engineering problems
• Engineering scales and dimensional analysis
• Working fluids and thermofluid basics
• Power generation
• Fluid statics
• Flow characterisation and visualisation
• The conservation laws
• Viscous flow
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

Where to find (almost) everything

The end of each lecture

Will be the same
1. Learning outcomes (what you have learned)
2. Work/tasks to do before next time or the near future
3. The final slide which is the signal to pack up and run away screaming (internally, to
yourself…)
Here we go with your first go>>>>>

Today’s Learning outcomes

i.e. What we have learned……
• Knowledge and understanding of how this module will be delivered
• Based on that video knowledge that thermofluids is cool and all your non-Engineer
friends are doing less-cool degrees *
• Understand that it is a conceptually tricky subject that will be taught in a way for you to
best understand
• Know that you must apply yourself and make use of all the resources available. They
have been created to help you!
* less-cool is a term used that is solely my opinion based on fact and not the view necessarily expressed by the University which if different to mine is clearly wrong

Before the next lecture

Do this>>>>>
• Get familiar with the module blackboard site
• Investigate the different sections
• Download/print key content such as lecture notes
• Check your timetable to see when you are scheduled for your first lab class. Make
sure you have downloaded the mysouthampton app.
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

Lecture 2.

A brief history of thermofluids

purpose of this lecture:

To appreciate the historical context and where it is applied today.
Give you first sight at some of these fundamental concepts and definitions that will appear
throughout the module.

200 B.C - Archimedes

Lots of maths
Archimedes principle
Water screw
Law of Levers and pulleys
Heat Ray
Centre of gravity
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

1620s-1660s - Blaise Pascal

Pascal’s triangle (maths)

Hydrostatic pressure and hydraulic ram
Pa is the Si unit of pressure
Accidently invented the roulette wheel

1640s-70s – Isaac Newton

Laws of motion
Gravitation
Reflecting telescope and work on optics
Newtonian fluid
Maths
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

1700s-80s – Daniel Bernoulli

Conservation of energy
Kinetic theory of gases
Explained Boyle’s Law

1780s-1830s – Louis Marie Henri Navier

Navier-Stokes equations
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

1790s-1830s – Sadi Carnot

Defined the maximum efficiency of heat engines

Work later used in the second law of thermodynamics and the
concept of Entropy

1790s-1860s – Jean Louis Poiseulle

Poiseulle’s law
Hagen–Poiseuille equation for laminar flow

1810s-1870s – William Froude

Froude Number
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

1810s-1880s – James Joule

Relationship of heat and work
Led to first Law of Thermodynamics
Worked with Kelvin to develop an absolute temperature scale

1820s-1880s – Rudolf Clausius

Second law of Thermodynamics

Introduced the concept of Entropy

 δQ 
∂S =   (kJ/K)
 T 

 δQ   δQ 
2
∆S = S 2 − S1 = ∫   ∫  T  ≤ 0
1
T 
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

1820s-1900s – William Thomson (Kelvin)

Worked with joule to define an absolute temperature scale

Named after him and hereafter always used

1820s-1870s – William Rankine

Rankine cycle (heat engine)
Closed loop
Phase change, uses a condenser
Used extensively in thermal power stations

1830s-1890s – George Brayton

Brayton engine (constant pressure)

Usually run as an open cycle
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

1830s-1890s – Nikolaus Otto

Developed a compression-charged internal combustion
engine
4-stroke, originally as a static unit.
Now used in transport

1840s-1910s – Osborne Reynolds

Transition from laminar to turbulent flow

Reynolds Number

1850s-1910s – Rudolf Diesel

Developed a more efficient internal combustion engine

Higher compression ratio, extended combustion period
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

1860s-1940s – Edgar Buckingham

Buckingham π theorem

The module is broken down into smaller sections.

• Introduction section – background to the subject
• Basic assumptions - definitions and how to treat/solve engineering problems
• Engineering scales and dimensional analysis
• Working fluids and thermofluid basics
• Power generation
• Fluid statics
• Flow characterisation
• The conservation laws
• Viscous flow

Today’s Learning outcomes

• Knowledge of a brief timeline of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics of how this
module will be delivered
• Understanding of the importance of some of the concepts/discoveries/theories and how
they are covered in FEEG1003

Before the next lecture

• Get familiar with the module blackboard site if you haven’t already, go exploring
• Prepare for lab class 1. Watch the pre-lab video and print out the lab sheet.
• Watch the supplementary lecture on maths requirements for the module
• Preparation for next lecture. Understand what a boundary layer is with respect to fluid
flow
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

Lecture 3.
Assumptions, boundary conditions and problem solving

Purpose of this lecture

Key definitions
To describe some high-level definitions that:
1. Define/classify key parts of this module
2. Give us a way of defining and classifying engineering problems

Let’s start with a box or border or cube or some 3D shape that provides a convenient border to
a problem, also known as:

We can define a problem as a “system”

FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

Examples of closed systems include:

Can you think of any others?

Open systems are different

Examples?

In lectures we will start off with a system approach and later on move to a control volume
approach. Throughout the workbook (and for all problems) you can set up how you solve a
problem by defining and using a system/CV approach.
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

Eulerian and Lagrangian

This is for a flow problem. Simply how we treat our box/cube of stuff and how it moves.
An Eulerian approach means you stay still and your system/CV moves through space/through
the flow domain.
A Lagrangian approach means the box stays still and the flow moves through.

What do you think the issues are with Eulerian?

Which one would you consider more complex to analyse?

Steady flow
The conditions (velocity, pressure and cross-section) may differ from point to point but DO NOT
change with time.

Unsteady flow
If at any point in the fluid, the conditions change with time, the flow is described as unsteady. In
practice there is always slight variations in velocity and pressure, but if the average values are constant,
the flow is considered steady.
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

Uniform flow
If the flow velocity is the same magnitude and direction at every point in the fluid it is said to be
uniform.

Non-uniform flow
The flow velocity is not the same magnitude and direction at every point i.e. opposite of
uniform!

We can combine these flow conditions into 4 different combinations.

1. Steady uniform flow. Conditions do not change with position in the stream or with time.

2. Steady non-uniform like in lab 5

where the flow rate is constant but
the cross sectional area of the pie
changes

3. Unsteady uniform flow. At a given

instant in time the conditions at every point are the same, but will change with time.

4. Unsteady non-uniform flow. Every condition of the flow may change from point to point
and with time at every point. For example waves in a channel.

River Severn tidal bore

dQ/dt = varying
dA/dx = varying

Flows in this module are almost exclusively Steady. How do you thing you solve an unsteady
problem?

Flow can be either uniform or non-uniform. Non-uniform flows are a bit more interesting, can be
more complex but not difficult to solve if the flow is steady.
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

Flow- Viscous and Inviscid

Viscous
having a thick, sticky consistency between solid and liquid; having a high viscosity.
A viscous liquid is thick and sticky and does not flow easily. It is resistant to a shearing stress.
Inviscid simply means having no viscosity.

With viscous flow friction between fluid particles is strong. It cannot be ignored.
For example in a pipe fluid particles collide and transfer momentum vertically. Mechanical
energy is transferred into heat via friction. Energy is required to overcome friction for the fluid
to flow.
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

1.2
0.4m depth DoE Bed roughness equation
0.36m depth Modified DoE equation
1.0 0.3m depth
Normalised depth ()

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Normalised velocity ()

So what does this mean?

Inviscid flow is simpler to analyse. You do not have to account for the additional
forces/mechanical energy losses.
There are some applications/regions of flow that can be approximated to be Inviscid.
FEEG1003 Thermofluids (2019-20)

Because Inviscid flow is simpler to analyse we will cover viscous flow right at the end of the
module. Until then everything will be Inviscid (unless otherwise stated).

Today’s Learning outcomes

i.e. What we have learned……

• Understanding the definitions of open and closed systems and how they are different.
• Understanding the definitions of viscous/inviscid flow and the implications and solving
of each type
• Knowledge of the different types of flow regime. Steady/unsteady, Uniform/non-
uniform.

Before the next lecture

Do this>>>>>

• Background reading - find examples of flow treated as viscous and inviscid. Start with
computer simulations. Read about conservation of energy (Bernoulli), momentum and
mass. Just to get a first sight of them.
• Prepare for next lecture – read about an example of small scale testing of a larger
thing/structure.
• Complete the online test on identifying problems