Digestive System Review 1. mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal 2.

The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal, which extends about 9 meters from the mouth to the anus, and several accessory organs, which secrete substances used in the process of digestion into the canal. The alimentary canal includes (check 1); the accessory organs include the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. 3. (number 2) 4. The mucosa develops folds and tiny projections that extend into the passageway, or lumen, of the digestive tube and increase the mucosa s absorptive surface area. Lacteals are lymphatic vessels of the small intestine that absorb digested fats. 5. The parotid glands are the largest of the major salivary glands. Each gland lies anterior and somewhat inferior to each ear, between the skin of the cheek and the masseter muscle. Parotid glands secrete a clear, watery fluid that is rich in amylase. Submandibular glands are located in the floor of the mouth in the inside surface of the lower jaw. The submandibular glands secrete a more viscous fluid than parotid glands. Sublingual glands, the smallest of the major salivary glands, are on the floor of the mouth inferior to the tongue. Their secretory cells are primarily the mucous type, making their secretions thick and stringy. 6. What is peristalsis: Peristalsis is a wavelike motion. A ring of contraction appears in the wall of the tube. As peristalsis wave moves along, it pushes the tubular contents ahead of it. 7. 25cms long y Cardiac: near the esophageal opening y Fundic: temporary storage region y Body: main part of the stomach y Pyloric: narrows into the pyloric canal Sphincters cardiac and pyloric 9. Tastes, smells, or the sight of food can stimulate acetylcholine from nerve endings to secrete gastric juices 10. bolus-A small rounded mass of a substance, esp. of chewed food at the moment of swallowing. Chyme- The pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food. 11. stomach- recieves food from the esophagus, mixes the food with gastric juice, initiates protein disgestion, carries on limited absorption, and moves food into the small intestine Liver- Protein metabolism. Stores many substances including glycogen, iron, vitamins A,D,B12. Macrophages in the liver help destroy damaged red clood cells and phagocytize foreign antigens. The liver also removes toxic substances such as alcohol from blood and secretes bile. Gallbladder- stores bile between meals, reabsorbs water to concentrate bile, and releases bile into the small intestine. Pancreas- secrete digestive juice called pancreatic juice. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, and proteins. Small intestine- receives secretions from the pancreas and liver. It also completes digestion of the nutrients in chyme, absorbs the products of digestion, and transports the residues to the large intestine. Colon- Secretes mucus that protects the intestinal wall, binds particles to form fecal matter and controls pH due to alkaline nature. Absorbs water and electrolytes. 12. amylase: From salivary gland, splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides. Lipase: from pancreas. Breaks down triglyceride molecules into fatty acids and glycerol. Nuclease: From pancreas. Breaks down nucleic acid molecules into nucleotides.

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Trypsin: From pancreas. Split the bonds between particular combinations of amino acids in proteins. HCL: Pepsin: gastric glands. Begins digestions Secretin: Pancreas. Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice that has a high concentration of bicarbonate ions. Bile: hepatic cells. emulsifies fat goblets Lactase: small intestine. breaks down lactose Maltase: small intestine. Breaks down maltose Sucrase: small intestine. Breaks down sucrose Cholesterol in bile may precipitate and form crystals called gallstones under certain conditions. Villi found in duodenum and jejunum. Absorbs nutrients. Stimulates nerve impulses for more or less activity in the intestines. Small intestine: absorbs the products of digestion. Transports the residue to the large intestine. Completes digestion of the nutrients in chyme. Colon: Secretes mucus that protects the intestinal wall, binds particles to form fecal matter and control pH due to alkaline nature. Absorbs water and electrolytes. Breaks down cellulose. Synthesizes vitamins K,B12,Thiamine, and riboflavin Small intestine: duodenum. Jejunum. Ileum. Large: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon Monosaccharide: Any of the class of sugars (e.g., glucose) that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar Starch: An odorless tasteless white substance occurring widely in plant tissue and obtained chiefly from cereals and potatoes. It is a polysaccharide that functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet Cellulose: An insoluble substance that is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers fats, phospholipids, and cholesterol. Saturated: solid at room temp. unsaturated: liquid at room temp. Carbohydrate: glucose or simple sugar C6H12O6 Lipids: 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids Proteins: amino acids Phospholipids: a component of the cell membrane Triglycerides: energy storage stored in adipose tissue in animals and humans. C,H,O Hair, nails, skin Supplies energy