LAUNCH WITH

Payload User Guide

 Contents
1―FIREFLY OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................... 3

Contact .................................................................................................................................................... 3

2―Alpha Launch Vehicle ................................................................................................................................ 5

Performance ........................................................................................................................................... 6

Flight Profile ............................................................................................................................................ 7

Payload Injection & Separation .............................................................................................................. 8

Payload Fairing ........................................................................................................................................ 9

Payload Accommodation and Interfaces .............................................................................................. 10

Payload Configurations ......................................................................................................................... 11

Alpha Electrical Interfaces .................................................................................................................... 12

3―Flight Environments ................................................................................................................................ 13

Quasi-Static Acceleration Loads............................................................................................................ 13

Acoustics ............................................................................................................................................... 14

Shock ..................................................................................................................................................... 15

Random Vibration ................................................................................................................................. 16

Equivalent Sine Vibration...................................................................................................................... 17

Pressure and Venting ............................................................................................................................ 19

Thermal and Cleanliness ....................................................................................................................... 20

Radio Frequency and EMI/EMC ............................................................................................................ 21

4―Operations .............................................................................................................................................. 22

Standard and Non-Standard Services ................................................................................................... 22

Payload Processing Flow ....................................................................................................................... 23

Launch Campaign Timeline ................................................................................................................... 24

5―Mission .................................................................................................................................................... 25

Customer Deliverables .......................................................................................................................... 25

Mission Management ........................................................................................................................... 26

Safety Requirements............................................................................................................................. 26

Hazardous Systems and Operations ..................................................................................................... 26

Page 1 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Contents

 Waivers ................................................................................................................................................. 26

6―Facilities .................................................................................................................................................. 27

Corporate Headquarters ....................................................................................................................... 27

Production and Test Facilities ............................................................................................................... 27

Launch Complexes ................................................................................................................................ 28

Horizontal Integration Facility .............................................................................................................. 31

Payload Processing Facility ................................................................................................................... 32

Infrastructure ........................................................................................................................................ 32

7―References .............................................................................................................................................. 33

Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................. 33

List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ 34

List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... 35

Revision History
Date Version History
March 2018 1.0 First Release
August 2019 2.0 Updated Release
March 2022 3.0 Updated Release

The Alpha Payload User’s Guide - Version 3.0 has been cleared for open publication by the Defense Office of
Prepublication and Security Review, Department of Defense, as stated in letter 22-S-1137, dated March 18, 2022.

Page 2 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Contents

 1―FIREFLY OVERVIEW

Figure 1. Firefly Family

Firefly was founded to provide economical and reliable access to space through the design, manufacture,
and operation of launch vehicles and spacecraft. To reduce risk and increase reliability, Firefly employs a
vertically integrated manufacturing process while leveraging high maturity COTS components. The
technologies employed in the flagship Alpha vehicle provide a clear pathway for future incremental
improvements in capability, and expansion of the Firefly Beta launch vehicle.

Though this guide is specific to the Alpha Launch Vehicle (LV), Firefly offers a family of other space
transportation services. The Alpha and Beta launch vehicles are the foremost choice for small and medium
launchers. The Space Utility Vehicle (SUV) offers in-space transportation, maintenance, and refueling
options. The Blue Ghost lunar lander completes the end-to-end transportation service with its entry,
descent, and landing capabilities.

Contact
Firefly Aerospace, Inc.

1320 Arrow Point Drive, Suite 109 Cedar Park, TX 78613

Web: www.firefly.com

E-Mail: [email protected]

Page 3 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Firefly Overview

 Alpha provides low-cost launch capability for small satellite customers at a price of $15M for dedicated
commercial launch services. Alpha is designed to be the world’s most reliable, responsive, and
operationally capable launch option within the small launch vehicle class. Supported by Firefly’s
streamlined approach to mission planning, integration, and launch, Alpha is a well-rounded choice for
commercial, civil, and national security missions.

Table 1. Alpha Launch Vehicle Specifications

Performance Alpha
Payload [SSO, 500km] 745 kg
860 (avail. 06/2023)
Payload [LEO, 200km] 1,170 kg
1375 (avail. 06/2023)
Architecture
Gross Lift-Off Weight 58,757 kg
(GLOW)
Number of Stages 2

Total Length 29.48 m

Max Diameter 2.2 m

Structure All Composite

Propulsion
Oxidizer LOX

Fuel RP-1

Max Thrust [Stage 1] 801 / 180 kN / klbf

Max Thrust [Stage 2] 70 / 15.7 kN / klbf

Examples of Firefly efficiencies:

• Streamlined Coupled Loads Analysis (CLA) and Interface Control Document/Drawings (ICD) to
decrease mission analysis completion times from months to weeks or days, depending on
payload complexity
• 100% carbon composite airframe including state-of-the-art linerless, cryogenic propellant tanks
• Stage 1 Reaver engines and stage 2 Lightning engines with a patented tap-off cycle

Page 4 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Firefly Overview

 2―ALPHA LAUNCH VEHICLE
_

Payload Fairing

Payload Segment

5.21 m [17.09 ft]

Carbon Composite Structure
All Pneumatic Low Shock Fairing Separation

Payload Attach Fitting (PAF) Standardized Secondary

38.81” Bolt Circle Interface Payload Adapter
6 Ports with 8” Bolt Circle Interface

Stage 2 Avionics Stage 2 LOX Tank

Flight Computer
All Composite Construction

[5.37 m [17.62 ft]

S-Band Transmitters
Design MEOP 65 psi
GPS/IMU Navigation

Stage 2
Power Conditioning & Distribution Unit (PCDU)
Stage 2 Helium Tank
Data Acquisition Chassis (DAC)
Aluminum Liner
Lithium Polymer Batteries
Design MEOP 5500 psi
Flight Termination System

Interstage Stage 2 Fuel Tank

Hot Gas Stage Separation All Composite Construction
Carbon Composite Design MEOP 55 psi

Stage 2 Lightning Engine Stage 2 Nitrogen Tank

Qty Engines: 1 Aluminum Liner
Propellant: LOX/RP-1 Design MEOP 5500 psi
Thrust: 70 kN [15.7 klbf] (vac)
Isp: 322 seconds (vac) Stage 1 LOX Tank
All Composite Construction
Design MEOP 70 psi
Stage 1 Avionics

18.9m [62.02 ft]

Power Conditioning & Distribution Unit (PCDU) Stage 1 Helium Tanks
Data Acquisition Chassis (DAC)

Stage 1
Qty Tanks: 4
Lithium Polymer Batteries
Aluminum Liner
Design MEOP 5500 psi

Stage 1 Fuel Tank

All Composite Construction
Design MEOP 75 psi
Alpha Launch Vehicle
GLOW 54,120 kg [119,314 lbm] Stage 1 Reaver Engine
Height 29.48 m [96.7 ft] Qty Engines: 4
Stage 1 Dry Mass 2,895 kg [6,382 lbm] Propellant: LOX/RP-1
Stage 2 Dry Mass 909 kg [2,006 lbm] Thrust: 801 kN [180 klbf] (vac)
Isp: 296 seconds (vac)

Figure 2. Alpha Launch Vehicle

Page 5 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Alpha Launch Vehicle

 Performance
The figures below show Alpha’s performance capabilities from eastern and western ranges. These payload
masses to orbit represent the total payload mass including the spacecraft, separation system, and
adapter.

800

750

700
Payload Mass [kg]

650

600
i = 70°
i = 80°
550
i = 90°

500 i = 100°

i = 110°
450
100 300 500 700 900 1100
Altitude [km]

Figure 3. Alpha West Coast Performance Capability for Common Inclinations

1050

1000

950

900
Payload Mass [kg]

850

800
i = 29°
750
i = 38°
i = 45°
700
i = 53°
650 i = 60°

600
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Altitude [km]

Figure 4. Alpha East Coast Performance Capability for Common Inclinations

Page 6 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Alpha Launch Vehicle

 Flight Profile
The axis definitions in Figure 5 are used throughout the remainder of this document to specify and
reference payload environments, loads, flight, and test requirements.

Figure 5. Alpha Vehicle Coordinate Frame

Figure 6 illustrates a representative flight profile of an Alpha launch vehicle 2-burn mission. Although all
missions follow a similar profile, timing and altitude for key events may vary per mission.

Figure 6. Alpha Direct Insert Flight Profile

Page 7 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Alpha Launch Vehicle

 Payload Injection & Separation

Precise pointing and orbital insertion are provided by a

navigation control module consisting of an Inertial Table 2. Payload Injection and Separation
Measurement Unit (IMU) and Global Positioning Payload Injection Accuracy
System (GPS) receiver on the upper stage of the launch
± 5 km perigee altitude
vehicle. The values in Table 2 represent three-sigma
dispersions for a LEO mission with a second stage ± 15 km apogee altitude
Probability of Command Shutdown of 99.7%.
± 0.1 deg inclination

Payload Separation Parameters

For missions requiring orbits above 400 km, Alpha’s > 1 ft/sec [0.348 m/sec] separation velocity
second stage inserts into a low elliptical transfer orbit,
< 1.4 deg pointing accuracy on each axis
coasts to apogee, and then initiates a second burn
maneuver to circularize into the final desired orbit. < 1 deg/sec stability in pitch, yaw, and roll

Figure 7. Alpha Payload Section

Page 8 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Alpha Launch Vehicle

 Payload Fairing
The Alpha payload fairing (PLF) is a carbon composite structure developed, manufactured, and qualified
by Firefly. It measures 2.2 m (7.2 ft) in diameter, and 5 m (16.4 ft) in height. The fairing separation system
employs a debris free, low-shock pneumatic separation system fully tested prior to each flight.

The payload fairing remains latched until launch ascent free molecular heating is below 1,136 W/m2.
Immediately thereafter, Alpha initiates a low shock separation event to deploy the two fairing halves from
the payload attach fitting (PAF) and LV upper stage.

The dynamic payload envelope accounts for dynamic movement of the fairing and payload relative to one
another, acoustic isolation panels, thermal expansion, and manufacturing tolerances. To avoid coupling
with low frequency LV modes and violating this envelope, the SC should be designed to fundamental
frequencies of greater than 8 Hz lateral and 25 Hz axial.

Figure 8. Alpha Payload Fairing Dynamic Envelope

Page 9 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Alpha Launch Vehicle

 Payload Accommodation and Interfaces
The Alpha vehicle features a standard 38.81” ESPA bolt pattern interface which is compatible with the
industry standard 937mm adapter and other Firefly-specific dispenser structures. Firefly can
accommodate all industry standard interfaces and separation systems currently flight proven, depending
on customer needs. Accommodations outside the standard bolt pattern may be negotiated and should be
discussed early in the mission planning process.

1000

800
Spaecrcraft Mass (kg)

600

400

200

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Distance Above the Separation Plane (m)

Figure 9. Allowable Payload CG Height

Figure 10. Payload Interface Dimensions in Launch Vehicle Coordinate Frame

Page 10 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Alpha Launch Vehicle

 Payload Configurations
Firefly offers several standardized payload configurations. Each configuration is compatible with industry
standard separation systems. Firefly also has the ability to design customized adapters. The available
primary payload volume for each configuration is shown in green in Figure 11 below.

Dedicated Triple Single Multiple Dual

Mission ESPA Rideshare Rideshare PAF

Figure 11. Common Payload Attach Fitting Configurations

Page 11 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Alpha Launch Vehicle

 Alpha Electrical Interfaces
The Alpha launch vehicle provides an electrical interface between the spacecraft and the customer ground
support equipment. The Alpha LV is equipped with one or two connector(s) totaling 30 pins between the
spacecraft and the vehicle; this includes both a flight interface and a ground interface. The flight interface
with the spacecraft is for separation commands and monitoring. The ground interface is available up to T-
0 via a quick-disconnect umbilical on the Alpha payload fairing.

Alpha’s standard electrical interface for the primary payload is compatible with all industry standard
separation systems and spacecraft customer needs. Additional electrical interface options are available
based on customer mission unique needs.

Flight Interface
• Two separation loops for spacecraft (SC) to detect separation
• Eight redundant 28 VDC separation commands:
o 5 amps each
o Minimum pulse of 35ms up to 500ms
o Up to 4 signals simultaneously within 10ms
o Inhibits in accordance with AFSPCMAN 91-710

Ground Interface
• Ten 20 AWG twisted shielded pairs
o Suitable for RS- 422 serial or ethernet communication
• Six 16 AWG twisted shielded pairs
o Suitable for battery charging

Figure 12. Alpha Electrical Interface

Page 12 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Alpha Launch Vehicle

 3―FLIGHT ENVIRONMENTS
Alpha LV loads and environments are less than those historically produced by small to medium class
launch vehicles, limiting the need for payloads to expend resources for additional isolation systems or
other mitigation techniques. Key design elements to reduce environmental levels include eliminating the
use of pyrotechnic devices near the payload, near full coverage (5 cm, 2” thick) acoustic panels in the
fairing, pad-based water suppression, and advanced composite structures that mitigate transmission of
LV produced loads and environments. Coupled Loads Analysis (CLA) and integrated thermal analysis
models are used to ensure full compatibility with each SC design. All payloads shall be qualified to these
minimum levels prior to launch.

Quasi-Static Acceleration Loads

Figure 13 illustrates the maximum predicted axial and lateral quasi-static loads induced to the payload
during launch. Payloads desiring launch on Alpha should account for these worst-case loads. These loads
originate from a complex mix of vehicle accelerations, pitch maneuvers, aerodynamic buffeting, and
coupling of loads. The completion of the mission specific CLA analyses will confirm if potential loads can
be reduced for a specific mission.

Figure 13. Alpha Maximum Quasi-Static Load Factors

Page 13 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Flight Environments

 Acoustics
Alpha LV acoustic protection is intended to provide an Overall Sound Pressure Level (OASPL) below 139
dB. Currently predicted sound pressure levels within the PLF are well below this value due to the use of
water deluge. The fairing will be equipped with acoustic foam to further reduce predicted values.

Figure 14. Alpha Maximum Predicted Acoustic Environment

Table 3. Alpha Sound Pressure Levels

Center Sound Pressure Center Sound Pressure
Frequency [Hz] Level [dB] Frequency [Hz] Level [dB]
31.5 106.3 630 126.7
40 111.4 800 124.8
50 113.9 1000 122.4
63 118.2 1250 118.6
80 120.6 1600 114.6
100 122.4 2000 110.0
125 123.5 2500 105.8
160 125.5 3150 102.6
200 126.5 4000 99.4
250 126.8 5000 97.3
315 127.1 6300 95.2
400 126.8 8000 93.1
500 126.8 10000 91.0
OASLP [dB] 136.5

Page 14 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Flight Environments

 Shock
The maximum shock environment at the payload interface occurs during payload deployment. Shock
levels at the payload separation interface due to hold-down release, stage separation, engine ignition and
cutoff, and payload fairing separation are all maintained below a maximum acceleration of 750 g’s at 1400
Hz. Shock environments heavily depend on the mission-specific payload separation system. The shock
environment below is for the usual shock at the payload separation plane.

Figure 15. Alpha Maximum Predicted Shock Response Spectrum

Table 4. Alpha Frequency and Acceleration Levels

Natural Frequency [Hz] Maximum Acceleration [g]
100 30
100 - 1,000 See Figure
1,400 - 10,000 750

Page 15 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Flight Environments

 Random Vibration
Payloads are subjected to a combination of engine vibrations, vehicle structural modes, acoustics, and
aerodynamic forces. The intensity of these vibrations is highly dependent on the payload mass, stiffness,
and the interface between the payload and the launch vehicle. The predicted maximum random vibration
Power Spectral Density (PSD) is for a payload mass of 90 kg or greater.

Figure 16. Alpha Random Vibration Environment Plot

Table 5. Alpha Random Vibration Frequency and PSD Levels

Frequency [Hz] Alpha PSD Level [g2/Hz]
20 - 80 0.00125
80 – 200 Hz See Figure
200 – 1600 Hz 0.01
1600 – 2,000 Hz See Figure
2,000 Hz 0.00644
gRMS [g] 4.32

Page 16 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Flight Environments

 Equivalent Sine Vibration
Maximum Alpha sinusoidal vibration environments envelope all stages of flight. These represent the
maximum predicted sine vibe environments for the payload, but a CLA analysis will be needed to prove
further compliance.

Figure 17. Alpha Axial Sine Vibration Environment

Table 6. Axial Sine Frequency and Acceleration Levels

Frequency [Hz] Acceleration [g]
5 0.45
25 0.45
45 0.9
55 0.9
80 0.7
100 0.7

Page 17 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Flight Environments

 Figure 18. Alpha Lateral Sine Vibration Environment

Table 7. Lateral Sine Frequency and Acceleration Levels

Frequency [Hz] Acceleration [g]
5 0.05
20 0.05
35 0.15
60 0.15
70 0.1
100 0.1

Page 18 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Flight Environments

 Pressure and Venting
During ascent, the fairing will relieve internal pressure through one-way vents located at the aft end of
the payload fairing. The pressure decay rate will not exceed -0.3 psi/second, except for a brief period
during transonic flight, when the decay rate is not expected to exceed -0.9 psi/second (not depicted in the
plot).

Fairing Internal Pressure

Pressure Decay Rate

Figure 19. Alpha Payload Fairing Venting Environment

Page 19 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Flight Environments

 Thermal and Cleanliness
The Alpha launch vehicle provides the payload with standard thermal, humidity, and High Efficiency
Particulate Air (HEPA) clean controlled environments from encapsulation through liftoff. Firefly can
accommodate contamination-sensitive payloads from integration in the Payload Processing Facility (PPF),
roll-out to the launch pad, and through launch. For payloads with more extensive requirements, Firefly
can provide additional cleaning, filtration, contamination mitigation protocol, and verification services.

Table 8. Thermal and Cleanliness Environments

Cleaning and Materials Payload Rollout Flight

Processing and Pad
Ops
All major surfaces including the PLF, Acoustic
Blankets, and PAF are Visibly Cleaned to IEST-

STD-CC1246D
Major materials within line of sight of the
payload comply to 1% TML 0.1% CVCM
  
Mission specific cleaning down to 500A
available

Air Cleanliness
ISO 8 (Class 100K) HEPA air in PPF and PLF
 
GN2 purge available as an upgrade
 
Prevention of high velocity air impingement
directly onto the payload
 
Air ventilates out through ports on the PLF
  
Mission specific ISO 7 (Class 10k) available
 
Temperature
Temperature controlled air 10-21 deg C [50-70
deg F]
 
Maximum FMH < 1,136 W/m2 [0.1 BTU/ ft2 /s] 
Relative air humidity controlled from 20-60%
 
PLF internal surface temperature < 93 deg C
[200 deg F]
  

Page 20 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Flight Environments

 Radio Frequency and EMI/EMC
Alpha can accommodate payloads which are powered on during launch, but for standard operations it is
recommended payloads be powered off during launch to reduce the potential for interference or damage
caused by Radio Frequency (RF) or Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI). The Alpha vehicle is capable of
interleaved telemetry for payload monitoring during flight. Customers must ensure payload components
or material constituents sensitive to RF transmissions are compatible with the radio frequency and
EMI/EMC environment provided in the table below.

Table 9. Alpha Radio Frequency and EMI/EMC Environments

Function Frequency

S-Band Transmitter 2.2 – 2.29 GHz

Avionics Power Switching 100 kHz - 400 kHz, 440 kHz, 660 kHz, 960 kHz

GPS L-Band Receiver L1: 1575.42 MHz

L2: 1227.60 MHz

L5: 1176.45 MHz

UHF Receiver 421 MHz

Page 21 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Flight Environments

 4―OPERATIONS
Standard and Non-Standard Services
As part of the launch package, Firefly offers the standard services listed below. Firefly also offers mission
unique services upon request. These non-standard services may have impacts to schedule and cost.
Requests for mission unique services should be discussed early in the mission planning process.

Standard Services
• Dedicated Firefly Mission Manager
• Development of a mission-specific Interface Control Document (ICD)
• Launch vehicle licensing, including FAA and Range Safety Documentation
• Preliminary and final modeling and analysis of the integrated mission, including performance analysis, CLA,
and thermal modeling
• Fit Check verification of the Payload to the PAF
• Certified ISO 8 (Class 100K) cleanroom for payload to PAF integration areas, encapsulation, and through
launch
• Mission dress rehearsal for key launch personnel
• Payload access prior to payload fairing closure
• Post-flight launch services, including payload separation confirmation, delivery of the Post-Flight Data
Package, Payload Environment Report, and final deployment Orbital Parameter Message (OPM)

Mission Unique Services

• Separation system provided by Firefly
• Customized or multi-payload dispenser
• Payload qualification support for regulatory compliance
• Certified ISO 7 (Class 10K) cleanroom for payload to PAF integration areas and encapsulation
• Contamination control analysis
• Payload hazardous fueling and pressurization accommodations
• Payload access after payload fairing closure
• Dedicated payload GN2 purge and fairing thermal environment control, up to T-0
• RF Transmission after payload encapsulation, and before payload separation
• Re-Radiation System
• Payload-facing mounted cameras

Additional services may be available upon request.

Page 22 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Operations

 Payload Processing Flow
Payload Arrival
The payload arrives at the Payload Processing Facility (PPF) and is lifted from the transportation carrier by
lift truck or overhead crane located within the airlock. The payload is removed from its shipping container
and readied for checkouts. Once checkouts and fueling are complete, combined SC and LV operations
begin with mating of the SC to the PAF. Once the payload is fully assembled onto the PAF and any
additional services performed, it is then ready for encapsulation.

Payload Encapsulation
Payloads are encapsulated within the payload fairing in a vertical orientation. Once encapsulated, a
continuous supply of HEPA filtered and temperature-controlled air is supplied to the PLF. Direct airflow
impingement upon sensitive components is minimized. Then the encapsulated payload is broken over to
a horizontal position and mated to the LV. The encapsulated payload remains in the horizontal position
until the integrated launch vehicle is rolled to the launch pad and erected to vertical position prior to
launch.

Payload Fueling
As a non-standard option; hazardous, green, other propellants, and pressurization accommodations may
be provided by Firefly. Depending on the propellant, these accommodations may take place at third-party
facilities prior to transportation to the launch complex. Propellant loading details will be coordinated as
part of tailored mission support to the payload.

Page 23 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Operations

 Launch Campaign Timeline
Each Firefly mission follows a standard mission timeline. Flexibility is offered for customers needing an
expedited schedule and should be discussed early in the mission planning process. All dates provided in
the table below are intended as guidelines, and not firm constraints.

Table 10. Notional Launch Campaign Timeline

Schedule Event

L-18 m Initial Customer Contact and Completion of the Payload

Questionnaire
L-14 m Signing of Launch Agreement and Down Payment
L-12 m Kickoff Working Group and Delivery of Payload Data
Package
L-9 m Firefly Delivery of Preliminary Mission Analysis
L-8 m Mission Integration & Ground Operations Working
Group
L-6 m Fit Check (Flight or Mass Simulator)
L-3 m Firefly Delivers Final Mission Analysis

L-6 w Commencement of Launch Campaign

L-4 w Customer Delivery of Payload
L-2d Launch Readiness Review
L-0 Launch

L+1 h Final Confirmation of Payload Separation and State

Vector
L+1 w Mission Data Review

Page 24 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Operations

 5―MISSION
Customer Deliverables
Table 11. Customer Deliverables

Deliverable Description
Completed Payload An important first step for mission planning is the
Questionnaire completion of Firefly’s Payload Questionnaire. This is
provided by the Mission Manager and gives necessary
insight into the mission requirements.

Payload Safety Data Safety documentation and data to support Range

Package Safety operations and launch planning are requested
early in the mission planning process. It is the
customer’s responsibility to supply all design,
qualification, and acceptance test information for all
hazardous elements of the payload.

Customers are expected to complete inputs to the

Missile System Prelaunch Safety Package (MSPSP)
using the template provided by Firefly. The Firefly
Mission Manager integrates this information into both
the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) licensing
application and the Range Safety Review Package.

Engineering Data The Engineering Data Package includes, but is not

Package limited to:
• CAD (inclusive of separation systems and
appendages)
• Thermal and Structural Models
• Archimedes Volume
• Emitter Characteristics
• Mass Properties Report
• Payload Analysis and Test Report

Any requests to operate outside of standard

environmental parameters specified herein must be
included.

Payload Processing A detailed Payload Processing Plan including any

Plan requests for non-standard services pertaining to
payload processing and launch operations.

Mass Model A mass model of the payload is to be provided by the

customer for fit checks. Mass models should show
interfaces representative to flying on Alpha.

Page 25 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Mission

 Mission Management
Each customer is assigned a Firefly Mission Manager (FMM), who will remain the direct point-of-contact
throughout the mission planning and launch process. Customers can expect transparency and open
communication from their FMM. The FMM works closely with their customer counterpart mission
manager, ensuring all facets of the mission planning and integration process are completed in a timely
manner. The FMM holds weekly mission integration meetings to keep an open discussion with the
customer. In addition to ensuring a seamless integration process to the launch vehicle, the FMM is also
the key interface to both the Firefly Launch Campaign Manager and the Range Safety Officer. The Launch
Campaign Manager interface exists to accommodate the SC and customer needs at launch site facilities.
The Range Safety Officer ensures compliance to all ground and flight safety requirements.

Safety Requirements
Safety is paramount in the mission planning and launch process. The customer’s Mission Manager, along
with the Mission Assurance team, will ensure payloads meet all safety requirements throughout the
design and launch planning process. Firefly will serve as a direct liaison between all customers and range
safety officials.

It is mandatory for customers to be in compliance with applicable AFSPCMAN 91-710 requirements, as

well as FAA 14 CFR, Part 400 for payload development, including the design of both flight and ground
systems. Customers are responsible for providing inputs to the Firefly MSPSP during early stages of
mission planning as part of Firefly’s Safety Data Package.

Customers are responsible for obtaining their own remote sensing, radio frequency approvals, and
ensuring their payload meets all launching states involved in their mission's insurance requirements.

Hazardous Systems and Operations

Payloads qualifying as a hazardous system or requiring hazardous operations outside of Firefly’s Standard
Service Package will require both Firefly and range safety approval prior to performing the operation or
conducting launch. The customer’s payload classification will be determined early in the mission planning
stages, to ensure proper permissions are granted.

Waivers
In the event systems or operations do not meet safety requirements but are believed to be acceptable for
ground and launch operations, Range Safety officials may grant a waiver. It is the policy of both Firefly and
Range Safety that waivers are used as a recourse and are not considered standard practice.

Page 26 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Mission

 6―FACILITIES
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Corporate Headquarters
Firefly’s Corporate Office is headquartered in Cedar Park, Texas. It is an open engineering environment to
encourage collaboration. Headquarters also houses the main Mission Control Center (MCC) where major
stage tests, operations, and launch can be monitored and supported.

Figure 20. Firefly’s Texas Headquarters, Production, and Test Facilities

Production and Test Facilities

LV production, integration, and testing are conducted in Briggs, Texas, at a 200-acre facility 30 minutes
north of Firefly Headquarters. The test site is fully staffed and incorporates multiple facilities including a
10,000 ft2 test control and fabrication building, a 2,500 ft2 surface finish shop, and a 30,000 ft2 production
shop. The site includes several operational test stands for engine testing, component testing, and
integrated stage testing.

Page 27 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Facilities

 Launch Complexes
Firefly launch sites provide customers with a wide range of orbit options to fit mission objectives. Each
facility supports both dedicated and multiple manifest missions. Other orbit inclinations than those shown
may be possible; inquire with Firefly for additional details.

SLC-2, Vandenberg Space Force Base

Firefly conducts Polar and SSO launches to high inclinations from SLC-2 at Vandenberg Space Force Base
(VSFB), California. VSFB can support launch azimuths from 140 degrees to 260 degrees.

38

36

California
Latitude [deg N]

144
34 260
135

240 121
58 Orbital Inclination [deg]
106 74
90 Launch Azimuth [deg]
32 220 140
200 160
180

Allowabl

30
124 122 120 118 116

Longitude [deg W]
Figure 21. VSFB Launch Inclinations and Azimuths

Page 28 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Facilities

 SLC-20, Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
SLC-20 is an established launch complex located at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) Florida.
CCSFS can support launch azimuths from 35 degrees to 120 degrees.

32

Launch Azimuth [deg]

35

30 Orbital Inclination [deg]

57
70
34
Latitude [deg N]

29 90
28 Florida
39 Allowable
120

26

24
84 82 Longitude [deg W] 78 76

Figure 22. CCSFS Launch Inclinations and Azimuths

Page 29 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Facilities

 LP-0A, Wallops Flight Facility
Launch Pad 0A (LP-0A) is an established launch pad located at Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. Wallops
can support launch azimuths from 90 degrees to 160 degrees

42

40
Virginia Allowable
Latitude [deg N]

38 38 90

50
113
36 62
Orbital Inclination [deg] 75
137
Launch Azimuth [deg] 160

34
79 77 75 73 71
Longitude [deg W]
Figure 23. Wallops Flight Facility Launch Inclinations and Azimuths

Page 30 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Facilities

 Horizontal Integration Facility
An on-site Horizontal Integration Facility (HIF) is utilized for processing and integration of Firefly launch
vehicle stages. The HIF is also where the integrated PLF will be mated to the LV. The facility is climate
controlled and provides power and the high-pressure gases used for processing Alpha LVs. The HIF is a
5,000 ft2 open high bay with an eave height of 25 feet. This allows for removal and unloading of
components from flatbed transportation trailers with deck heights up to 58”. Two bridge cranes in the
high bay support processing and operations. Multiple engineering workstations, administrative space, and
communications equipment rooms are available for customers.

Figure 24. VSFB Horizontal Integration Facility

Page 31 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Facilities

 Payload Processing Facility
The PPF provides environment controlled space and equipment for payload processing and encapsulation
with a high bay, an airlock, a garment room, and office space. The PPF high bay is a climate-controlled ISO
8 (Class 100K) cleanroom. Ancillary rooms will be visibly clean, air conditioned, humidity-controlled
workspaces. Available power consists of 120/240 V single phase 60 Hz, 208 V three phase 60 Hz, and
240/480 V three phase 60 Hz for processing. Shop air is also available. Additional power and gasses can
be made available on a mission unique basis.

Infrastructure
Firefly offers standard infrastructure for customers. In addition to office workspace, Firefly offers high-
speed broadband internet access in the payload processing facilities. Electrical ground support equipment
(EGSE) power sources are available at the PPF and the launch equipment building.

Customer access to the launch vehicle is restricted to payload/launch vehicle processing operations and
activities. Customers may view the launch vehicle during precoordinated times. Escorted viewing of and
access to the launch pad is granted to customers on a non-interference basis with launch vehicle
operations. Due to U.S. Government International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), and Export
Administration Regulations (EAR), non-US customers and personnel may view the vehicle while in its
processing and assembly facility only if proper U.S. Government approvals are in place.

Customers will be invited to view the launch from an official observation point, a safe distance from the
launch site.

Page 32 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | Facilities

 7―REFERENCES
Acronyms
AFSPCM Air Force Space Command Manual LEO Low-Earth Orbit
AFTS Autonomous Flight Termination System LRR Launch Readiness Review
AFTU Autonomous Flight Termination Unit LOCC Launch Operations Command Control
AVI Avionics LOX Liquid Oxygen
AWG American Wire Gauge LV Launch Vehicle
C&DH Command and Data Handling MCC Mission Control Center
CAD Computer Aided Design MECO Main Engine Cut-Off
CCSFS Cape Canaveral Space Force Station MEOP Maximum Expected Operating Pressure
CFM Cubic Feet per Minute MIL-STD Military Standard
CLA Coupled Loads Analysis MLB Motorized Lightband
COTS Commercial-Off-The-Shelf MRR Mission Readiness Review
CG Center of Gravity MSPSP Missile System Prelaunch Safety Package
CVCM Collected Volatile Condensable Materials OASPL Overall Sound Pressure Level
EAR Export Administration Regulations PAF Payload Attach Fitting
EEE Electrical, Electronic and Electromechanical PCS Probability of Command Shutdown
EGSE Electrical Ground Support Equipment PLF Payload Fairing
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility PPF Payload Processing Facility
EMI Electromagnetic Interference PS Payload Segment
EPS Electrical Power System PSD Power Spectral Density
EELV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
ESPA (EELV) Secondary Payload Adapter RCC Range Commander Council
FAA Federal Aviation Administration RF Radio Frequency
FEA Finite Element Analysis RP-1 Kerosene Propellant
FED-STD Federal Standard SC Spacecraft
FMM Firefly Mission Manager SECO Second Engine Cut-Off
FRR Flight Readiness Review SLC-2 Space Launch Complex 2
FPS Frames Per Second SLC-20 Space Launch Complex 20
GLOW Gross Lift-Off Weight SMC Space and Missile Systems Center
GN2 Gaseous Nitrogen SRS Shock Response System
GN&C Guidance, Navigation and Control SSO Sun-Synchronous Orbit
GPS Global Positioning System TBC To Be Confirmed
GRMS Gravity Root Mean Square Acceleration TBD To Be Determined
GSE Ground Support Equipment TML Total Mass Loss
GUI Graphical User Interface TRL Technology Readiness Level
HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Air VSFB Vandenberg Space Force Base
HIF Horizontal Integration Facility
ICD Interface Control Document
ISO International Organization for Standardization
Isp Specific Impulse
ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulations

Page 33 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | References

 List of Figures
Figure 1. Firefly Family .................................................................................................................................... 3

Figure 2. Alpha Launch Vehicle ....................................................................................................................... 5

Figure 3. Alpha West Coast Performance Capability for Common Inclinations ............................................. 6

Figure 4. Alpha East Coast Performance Capability for Common Inclinations ............................................... 6

Figure 5. Alpha Vehicle Coordinate Frame ..................................................................................................... 7

Figure 6. Alpha Direct Insert Flight Profile ...................................................................................................... 7

Figure 7. Alpha Payload Section ...................................................................................................................... 8

Figure 8. Alpha Payload Fairing Dynamic Envelope ........................................................................................ 9

Figure 9. Allowable Payload CG Height ......................................................................................................... 10

Figure 10. Payload Interface Dimensions in Launch Vehicle Coordinate Frame .......................................... 10

Figure 11. Common Payload Attach Fitting Configurations.......................................................................... 11

Figure 12. Alpha Electrical Interface ............................................................................................................. 12

Figure 13. Alpha Maximum Quasi-Static Load Factors ................................................................................. 13

Figure 14. Alpha Maximum Predicted Acoustic Environment ...................................................................... 14

Figure 15. Alpha Maximum Predicted Shock Response Spectrum ............................................................... 15

Figure 16. Alpha Random Vibration Environment Plot ................................................................................. 16

Figure 17. Alpha Axial Sine Vibration Environment ...................................................................................... 17

Figure 18. Alpha Lateral Sine Vibration Environment ................................................................................... 18

Figure 19. Alpha Payload Fairing Venting Environment ............................................................................... 19

Figure 20. Firefly’s Texas Headquarters, Production, and Test Facilities ..................................................... 27

Figure 21. VSFB Launch Inclinations and Azimuths ...................................................................................... 28

Figure 22. CCSFS Launch Inclinations and Azimuths ..................................................................................... 29

Figure 23. Wallops Flight Facility Launch Inclinations and Azimuths ........................................................... 30

Figure 24. VSFB Horizontal Integration Facility............................................................................................. 31

Page 34 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | References

 List of Tables
Table 1. Alpha Launch Vehicle Specifications .................................................................................................. 4

Table 2. Payload Injection and Separation ..................................................................................................... 8

Table 3. Alpha Sound Pressure Levels........................................................................................................... 14

Table 4. Alpha Frequency and Acceleration Levels....................................................................................... 15

Table 5. Alpha Random Vibration Frequency and PSD Levels ...................................................................... 16

Table 6. Axial Sine Frequency and Acceleration Levels ................................................................................ 17

Table 7. Lateral Sine Frequency and Acceleration Levels ............................................................................. 18

Table 8. Thermal and Cleanliness Environments .......................................................................................... 20

Table 9. Alpha Radio Frequency and EMI/EMC Environments ..................................................................... 21

Table 10. Notional Launch Campaign Timeline............................................................................................. 24

Table 11. Customer Deliverables .................................................................................................................. 25

Page 35 FIREFLY AEROSPACE, INC. Alpha | References