Unit I

Level 1

1. Explain different modes of heat transfer.

2. Discuss the heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation and corresponding
governing laws.
3. Explain the significance of negative sign in Fourier law.
4. Identify the mode of heat transfer in boiling of water, heat loss from thermos flask,
cooling of IC engine and heat transfer from an auto radiator.
5. What is meant by thermal resistance? Explain the electrical analogy to solve the heat
transfer problems.
6. Describe the different types of boundary conditions
7. What is critical thickness of insulation? Explain its significance
8. Derive the expression for generalized heat conduction equation in cartesian
coordinates.
9. Derive the expression for steady state heat transfer through a slab without heat
generation and constant thermal conductivity for temperature boundary conditions.
10. Derive the expression for steady state heat transfer through a hollow cylinder without
Sheat generation and constant thermal conductivity for temperature boundary
conditions.
11. Derive the expression for steady state heat transfer through a hollow sphere without
heat generation and constant thermal conductivity for temperature boundary
conditions.
12. Derive the expression for steady state heat transfer through a slab with no heat
generation, if K varies as 𝐾 = 𝐾0(1 + β𝑇).

13. Derive the expression for steady state heat transfer through a hollow cylinder with no
heat generation, if K varies as 𝐾 = 𝐾0(1 + β𝑇).

14. Derive the expression for steady state heat transfer through a hollow sphere with no
heat generation, if K varies as 𝐾 = 𝐾0(1 + β𝑇).

15. Derive the expression for critical thickness of cylinder.

16. Derive the expression for critical thickness of sphere.
17. A brick wall (K = 0.7 W/mK) is 0.3 m thick. If the temperature of inner and outer
0 0
surfaces is 50 𝐶 and 30 𝐶 respectively. Calculate the heat loss through one square
 meter area. Find also the temperature at an interior point of the wall 24 cm distant
from the outer wall.
18. An exterior wall of a house is approximated by a 0.1 m layer of common brick (K =
0.7 W/mK) followed by a 0.04 m layer of a gypsum plaster (K = 0.48 W/mK). What
thickness of loosely packed rockwool insulation (K = 0.065 W/mK) should be added
to reduce the heat loss through the wall by 80%?
0
19. A plane wall of fireclay brick of thickness 25 cm is having temperatures 1350 𝐶 and
0
50 𝐶 on its two sides. The thermal conductivity of the fireclay brick is a function of
temperature and is given by 𝐾 = 0. 838(1 + 0. 0007𝑇). Find the rate of heat flow.
20. Determine the heat loss per meter length through a thick-walled tube of stainless steel
(K = 19 W/mK) with 2 cm ID and 4 cm OD which is covered with a 3 cm layer of
asbestos insulation (K = 0.2 W/mK). The inside and outside temperatures of this
0 0
configuration are 600 𝐶 and 100 𝐶 respectively.

Level 2

1. Explain the combined mechanism of heat transfer.

0
2. An insulated pipe of 50 cm outside diameter (ε = 0.8) is laid in a room at 30 𝐶. If the
0
surface temperature is 250 𝐶 and the convective heat transfer coefficient is
2
10 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾, calculate the heat loss per unit length of pipe.
3. Explain the concept of driving potential as applied to heat transfer problems.
4. Estimate the loss of heat through red brick wall of length 5 m, height 4 m and
0
thickness 0.25 m, if the temperatures of the wall surfaces are maintained at 110 𝐶 and
0
40 𝐶 respectively. K for red brick is 0.7 W/mK.
5. What is thermal diffusivity and explain its importance in heat conduction problems?
6. Differentiate between steady and transient heat conduction.
7. Draw the thermal resistance network for a composite slab made of three different
materials by considering convective resistance on both sides. Also give the expression
for total resistance.
8. Draw the thermal resistance network for a co-axial cylinder made of two different
materials by considering convective resistance on both sides. Also give the expression
for total resistance.
 9. Draw the thermal resistance network for a concentric sphere made of two different
materials by considering convective resistance on both sides. Also give the expression
for total resistance.
10. With help of a graph explain about critical radius of insulation of cylinder.
11. Differentiate between conductivity and conductance.
12. Explain the log mean area applied to a cylinder.
13. Explain geometric mean area applied to a hollow sphere.
14. Explain the electrical analogy for solving heat transfer problems.
15. Determine the temperature gradient and temperature difference between two sides of a
50 mm thick wall (K = 70 W/mK), if the rate of heat flow through this wall is
2
70 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾.
16. Identify the mode of heat transfer in a steam condenser and solar energy collector.
17. What are the units of thermal conductivity and conductance?
18. Differentiate between thermodynamics and heat transfer.
19. State some essential features of Fourier’s law.
20. Define Fourier’s law of conduction. State the assumptions on which this law is based.

Level 3

0
1. A steel ball of 1 kg mass and specific heat 0.4 kJ/kgK is at a temperature of 60 𝐶. It is
0
dropped into water at 20 𝐶. What is the final steady state temperature of water?
2. What is the descending order of magnitude of thermal conductivity of pure iron,
liquid water, saturated water vapor and pure Aluminium?
3. A copper block and an air mass block having similar dimensions are subjected to
symmetrical heat transfer from one face of each block. In which block the temperature
of other face reaches higher temperature in given time and why?
4. A plane wall is 25 cm thick with an area of 1 m2, and has a thermal conductivity of 0.5
W/mK. If a temperature difference of 60°C is imposed across it, what is the heat flow?
5. What is thermal diffusivity and what is its importance in heat transfer?
6. A furnace is made of a red brick wall of thickness 0.5 m and conductivity 0.7 W/mK.
What thickness of diatomite earth of conductivity 0.14 W/mK gives the same heat loss?
7. What is the dimensional formula for thermal conductivity?
8. Write the one-dimensional unsteady state heat transfer equation for a sphere with heat
generation at the rate of 'g' and describe the terms.
 9. A stainless-steel tube (Ks = 19 W/mK) of 2 cm ID and 5 cm OD is insulated with 3 cm
thick asbestos (Ka = 0.2 W/mK). If the temperature difference between the innermost
and outermost surfaces is 6000C, what is the heat transfer rate per unit length.
10. Two insulating materials A and B with thermal conductivities K and 2K respectively are
available for lagging a pipe. Which material should be used as outer layer to reduce heat
transfer rate and why?
11. Two walls of same thickness and cross-sectional area have thermal conductivities in the
ratio 1:2. If same temperature difference is maintained across the two faces of both the
walls, find the ratio of heat flows Q1/Q2.
12. A composite wall of a furnace has 2 layers of equal thickness having thermal
conductivities in the ratio of 3:2. What is the ratio of the temperature drop across the two
layers?
13. Heat is conducted through a 10 cm thick wall at the rate of 30 W/m2 when the
temperature difference across the wall is 100C. What is the thermal conductivity of the
wall?
14. A composite wall of a furnace has 3 layers of equal thickness having thermal
conductivities in the ratio of 1:2:4. What will be the temperature drop ratio across the
three respective layers?
15. A composite plane wall is made up of two different materials of the same thickness and
having thermal conductivities of K1 and K2 respectively. Find the equivalent thermal
conductivity of the slab.
16. The heat flow equation through a cylinder of inner radius “r1” and outer radius “r2” is
desired in the same form as that for heat flow through a plane wall. What is the
equivalent area A m.
17. The outer surface of a long cylinder is maintained at constant temperature. The cylinder
does not have any heat source. How the temperature changes in the cylinder wall?
18. What will be the geometric radius of heat transfer for a hollow sphere of inner and outer
radii r1 and r2? Explain.
19. For a current wire of 20 mm diameter exposed to air (h = 20 W/m2K), what is the
thickness of insulation (K = 0.5 W/mK)?
20. In current carrying conductors, if the radius of the conductor is less than the critical
radius, what is the need for addition of electrical insulation?
Unit II

Level 1

1. What is meant by an extended surface? Give the detailed classification of fins.

2. Derive the generalized equation for temperature distribution in a rectangular plate fin
of uniform cross section.
3. List out different boundary conditions in case of fins and explain in detail.
4. Derive the expression for heat flow in a very long rectangular fin.
5. Derive the expression for heat transfer through a fin with end insulated.
6. A fin of length L has its two ends at 𝑇1 and 𝑇2, the temperature of the environment is

𝑇∞. Derive the expression for one-dimensional temperature distribution along the fin.

7. Define the efficiency of fin. Derive the expression for the efficiency of the fin with
end insulated.
8. Define the effectiveness of the fin. Derive the expression for the effectiveness of the
fin with end insulated.
9. Explain how the error in temperature measurement is estimated.
10. A very long 1 cm diameter copper rod (K = 377 W/mK) is exposed to an environment
0 0
at 22 𝐶. The base temperature of the rod is maintained at 150 𝐶. The heat transfer
2
coefficient between the rod and the surroundings is 11𝑊/𝑚 𝐾. Estimate the heat
transfer rate from the rod to the surroundings.
0
11. 1 m long, 5 cm diameter cylinder placed in an atmosphere at 40 𝐶 is provided with 12
longitudinal straight fins (K = 75.6 W/mK). The fins are 0.8 mm thick and protrude
2.5 cm from the cylinder surface. The heat transfer coefficient from the cylinder and
2
fins to the ambient air is 23.25 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾. Calculate the rate of heat transfer if the
0
surface temperature is 150 𝐶.
12. An Aluminium fin (K = 200 W/mK) 3 mm thick and 7.5 cm long protrudes from a
0 0 2
wall at 300 𝐶. The ambient temperature is 50 𝐶 with ℎ = 25 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾. Compute the
heat loss from the fin per unit depth of the fin. Also calculate its efficiency.
13. What is lumped capacity? What are the assumptions in lumped capacity analysis?
14. What is semi-infinite body? Define and explain the significance of error function in
semi-infinite body.
15. The temperature distribution across a large concrete slab 50 cm thick heated from one
side as measured by a thermocouple approximates as
2 3 4
𝑇 = 60 − 50𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 20𝑥 − 15𝑥 . T is in 0C and x is in meters. Consider an
−3 2
area of 5 m2, K = 1.2 W/mK and α = 1. 77×10 𝑚 /ℎ. Calculate heat entering and
leaving the slab per unit time and the heat energy stored in unit time.
16. The temperature distribution across a large concrete slab 50 cm thick heated from one
side as measured by a thermocouple approximates as
2 3 4
𝑇 = 60 − 50𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 20𝑥 − 15𝑥 . T is in 0C and x is in meters. Consider an
−3 2
area of 5 m2, K = 1.2 W/mK and α = 1. 77×10 𝑚 /ℎ. Calculate the rate of
temperature change at both sides of the slab and the point where the rate of heating or
cooling is maximum.
0
17. An Aluminium sphere weighing 7 kg and initially at a temperature of 260 𝐶 is
0 2
suddenly immersed in a fluid at 10 𝐶. If ℎ = 50 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 compute the time required
0
to reduce the temperature of the sphere to 90 𝐶. For Aluminium
𝑘𝑔 𝐽 𝑊
ρ = 2707 3 , 𝑐 = 900 𝑘𝑔𝐾
, 𝐾 = 204 𝑚𝐾
.
𝑚

0 0
18. A metallic rod 12.5 mm diameter at 90 𝐶 is cooled to 35 𝐶 in 105 seconds by placing
0
it in air stream at 30 𝐶. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient for air. For rod mass =
0.1 kg, c = 350 J/kg K, surface area = 0.004 m2.
19. Calculate the temperature in a plane 200 mm from the surface of a very thick wall and
also the heat flowing per unit area of this plane in 10 hours after the surface
0 0
temperature of the wall changes from 25 𝐶 to 800 𝐶 and remains constant thereafter.
Also find the total heat energy taken up by the wall in 10 hours. Assume for the wall
2
K = 0.8 W/mK and α = 0. 003 𝑚 /ℎ.
 0
20. A slab of Aluminium 10 cm thick initially at 500 𝐶 is suddenly immersed in liquid

(ℎ = 1200 𝑊/𝑚2𝐾) at 1000𝐶. Properties of Aluminium are α = 8. 4×10−5𝑚2/𝑠.

3
𝐾 = 215 𝑊/𝑚𝐾, ρ = 2700 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 0. 9 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾. Determine temperature
at the center line and the surface 1 minute after the immersion. Also calculate the total
thermal energy removed per unit area of the slab during this period.

Level 2

1. An Aluminium fin (K = 200 W/mK) 3 mm thick and 7.5 cm long protrudes from a
0 0 2
wall at 300 𝐶. The ambient temperature is 50 𝐶 with ℎ = 25 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾. Compute the
effectiveness of the fin.
2. What is the Biot number? What is its significance?
3. What is the Fourier number? What is its significance?
4. What are Heisler charts? Explain their significance in solving transient heat
conduction problems.
0
5. On a hot summer day, a concrete highway may reach 55 𝐶. By directing a stream of
0
water on to the highway the temperature is lowered to 35 𝐶. How long will it take to
0
cool the concrete to 45 𝐶 at a depth of 5 cm from the surface? For concrete
−3 2
𝐾 = 1. 279 𝑊/𝑚𝐾, α = 1. 77×10 𝑚 /ℎ.
6. A semi-infinite slab of copper is exposed to a constant heat flux of 0.3 MW/m2 at the
surface. Neglecting convection at the surface calculate the temperature after 10
0
minutes if the initial temperature of the slab is 30 𝐶. What is the temperature at a
distance of 20 cm from the surface after 10 minutes? For copper
𝑊 2
𝐾 = 386 𝑚𝐾
, α = 0. 404 𝑚 /ℎ.
2 0
7. For large metallic mass (α = 0. 405 𝑚 /ℎ) initially at 100 𝐶 throughout is suddenly
0
brought to temperature of 0 𝐶 at its surface and maintained thereafter. Find the time
0
required for the temperature gradient at the surface to reach 4 𝐶/𝑐𝑚.
8. Calculate the corrected length and profile area for straight rectangular fin and
triangular fin.
 9. Calculate the efficiency of plate fin of length 1.5 cm and thickness 2 mm if the fin is
2
(
made of Aluminium 𝐾 = 210 𝑊/𝑚𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 285 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 . )
10. Calculate the efficiency of plate fin of length 1.5 cm and thickness 2 mm if the fin is
2
(
made of steel 𝐾 = 40 𝑊/𝑚𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 510 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 . )
11. A stainless-steel pin fin (𝐾 = 16 𝑊/𝑚𝐾) 10 cm long and1 cm diameter is fitted to a
2
( )
wall which is exposed to a boiling water ℎ = 5000 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 . Is this installation of
the fin being desirable?
12. Why is the assumption one dimensional heat flow made in the analysis of the fins?
13. Explain the importance of insulated tip solution for the fins used in practice.
14. Define the characteristic length. Find the characteristic length of cylinder and sphere.
15. Explain the time constant of temperature measuring instruments.
16. What is semi-infinite body? What are the practical examples of semi-infinite bodies?
17. Describe the construction of Schmidt plot.
18. What is thermal diffusivity? What is its significance in terms of penetration depth for
semi-infinite solids?
19. Why the Heisler charts cannot be used for the case of Biot number approaching zero?
20. A mercury thermometer 0.3 cm diameter is used for measuring transient temperature
2
of an air stream for which ℎ = 57 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾. For mercury
−3 2
𝐾 = 8. 9 𝑊/𝑚𝐾, α = 16. 6×10 𝑚 /ℎ. Calculate the time required for temperature
change to reach half its final value.

Level 3

2 0
1. For large metallic mass (α = 0. 405 𝑚 /ℎ) initially at 100 𝐶 throughout is suddenly
0
brought to temperature of 0 𝐶 at its surface and maintained thereafter. Find the depth
at which the rate of cooling is maximum after 1 minute.
2. What is the reduction in thermal constant of a thermometer when, the fluid velocity is
doubled?
3. A metallic rod is protruding from a metallic wall at 100°C to the ambient air. Which
of the following fin material Aluminium or Steel or Copper or Silver gives the
minimum temperature at the tip and why?
 4. What is the temperature of the insulated tip of a rectangular longitudinal fin if the
excess temperature at the root is θ0.
5. What is the expression for the efficiency of a pin fin with insulated tip?
6. In which mode of heat transfer the effectiveness of a fin will be maximum? State the
reasons.
7. Usually, fins are provided to increase the rate of heat transfer. But fins also act as
insulation. Which dimensionless numbers decides this factor?
8. How the rate of heat transfer changes with replacement of existing fins with large
number of thin fins?
9. What is the purpose of making the fins as thin as possible?
10. What is the advantage of having maximum lateral surface at the root side of the fin?
11. What is the range of hP/KA to enhance the heat transfer while adding the fin to the
surface?
12. What should be the conductive resistance of the solid compared to convective
resistance to get the value of BiotS number very small.
13. A solid copper ball of mass 500 grams, when quenched in a water bath at 30°C, cools
from 530°C to 430°C in 10 seconds. What will be the temperature of the ball after the
next 10 seconds?
14. For the most accurate measurement of temperature, the thermo-well of a
thermocouple should be made of which of the following materials Steel or Brass or
Copper or Aluminium? Why?
15. Specify two practical applications of fins.
16. What are the assumptions in the analysis of fins?
17. What are the boundary conditions in case of infinitely long fin?
18. What are the boundary conditions in short fin with end insulated?
19. What are the boundary conditions in short fin with end insulated?
20. What factors made the tapered fin to be a better design?

UNIT III

Cluster I

Level I
1. Derive the expression for total heat transfer coefficient over a surface in terms of local
heat transfer coefficient.
2. For forced convection on a heated horizontal plate the local heat transfer coefficient is
−0.5
expressed as ℎ𝑥 = 𝐶𝑥 , find the ratio of average heat transfer coefficient to the

local heat transfer coefficient.

3. Derive the continuity equation for steady, incompressible flow in differential form.
4. Prove that the forced convection is the function of Nusselt, Reynolds and Prandtl
numbers.
5. What are the uses of dimensional analysis in heat transfer by convection?
6. What is meant by dimensional homogeneity? What are its applications?
7. Explain the formation of hydrodynamic boundary layer on a flat plate and different
regimes of it.
8. Explain the formation of thermal boundary layer on a flat plate and different regimes
of it.
9. Explain the velocity boundary layer development in circular pipes with neat sketch.
10. Explain the thermal boundary layer development in circular pipes with neat sketch.
11. Water flows through a tube of 2 cm ID at a rate of 1.5 litres per minute. Taking the
−6 2
kinetic viscosity of water as 1×10 𝑚 /𝑠 determine whether the flow is laminar or
turbulent. Also estimate the entry length.
12. Calculate the pressure drop in 100 m of 2 cm X 2.5 cm smooth rectangular duct when
0
water at 40 𝐶 flows through it with a velocity of 0.5 m/s

(ρ = 995 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3, ϑ = 0. 66×10−6𝑚2/𝑠).

13. Velocity and temperature distribution in a circular pipe are given by

( ) 𝑢𝑚 ∂𝑇
( ).
2 2 4
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝑢 = 2𝑢𝑚 1 − 2 and 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑜 + α ∂𝑥 4
− 2 Find the bulk mean
𝑅 16𝑅

temperature.
14. Write the momentum equation for laminar boundary layer on a flat plate and list out
the assumptions made in deriving this equation.
0 0
15. Air at 65. 6 𝐶 flows over a heated flat plate at 121. 1 𝐶 with a velocity of 0.915 m/s.
Determine the local heat transfer coefficient at a distance of 0.61 m from the leading
edge of the plate and heat transfer for 0.61 m length taking the width of the plate as
−4 2
(
1m. 𝐾 = 0. 0313 𝑊/𝑚𝐾, ϑ = 0. 223×10 𝑚 /𝑠 . )
 0
16. Water at 10 𝐶 with a freestream velocity of 1.524 m/s flows across a cylinder 0f 2.54
0
cm diameter whose surface is kept at 65. 6 𝐶. Compute the average heat transfer
coefficient.
0
17. Air at a temperature of 27 𝐶 is moving at a velocity of 0.3 m/s past a 40W
incandescent bulb. The bulb may be treated as a sphere of diameter 50 mm with its
0
surface temperature 127 𝐶. Estimate the heat transfer coefficient and compute the
percentage of power loss due to convection.
0 0
18. Water flows through a tube of 60 mm diameter at 20 𝐶 and leaves at 80 𝐶. If the tube
2
receives heat at a rate of 2000 𝑊/𝑚 at the surface. Determine the surface
temperature at the outlet of the tube and length of the tube for a flow rate of 0.01 kg/s.
0
19. Water at 50 𝐶 flowing through a 2 cm diameter tube at a velocity of 2.5 m/s. calculate
the average value of heat transfer coefficient assuming that bulk mean temperature of
water is always less than the tube wall temperature.
0
20. Water at a mean temperature of 37. 8 𝐶 flows through a 2 cm diameter tube with a
0
mean velocity of 1.52 m/s. The tube wall is at 16. 67 𝐶 above the water temperature.
Estimate the heat transfer coefficient.

Level II

1. A thin plate 1 m long and 1 m wide is placed in an air stream moving with a velocity
of 2.5 m/s. Determine the type of flow over the plate.
2. In a flow over a surface the temperature profile is given by
2 3
𝑇 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 − 𝐷𝑦 , where A, B, C and D are constants. Obtain an
expression for convection coefficient.
3. Define hydraulic diameter for non-circular ducts. What is the hydraulic diameter for a
rectangular duct of width b and height h?
4. What is meant by thermal entry length in pipes? What is the Kays expression for
thermal entry length?
5. What is the significance of bulk temperature in pipe flow? What is the expression for
bulk temperature?
6. Define and explain Buckingham pi theorem.
 7. What is meant by hydrodynamically well-developed flow in a pipeline? Explain.
8. Distinguish between Biot and Nusselt numbers.
9. Explain the various parameters used in forced convection.
−0.1
10. If the local heat transfer coefficient is ℎ𝑥 = 𝐶𝑥 , show that average heat transfer

coefficient is ℎ = 1. 1ℎ𝑥
0.9
11. The Nusselt number for the flow over a plate is 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0. 04𝑅𝑒 , what is the ratio of

average to local heat transfer coefficient.

12. What are the expressions for boundary layer thickness, shear stress and skin friction
coefficient in exact laminar boundary layer solution?
13. What is Reynolds analogy? What is its significance?
14. Explain different drags causes boundary layer separation.
15. Assuming that a man is represented by a cylinder of diameter 30 cm and height 1.7 m
0
with a temperature 30 𝐶. Calculate the heat he would lose if stands in wind of 36
0
kmph at 10 𝐶.
0
16. Air at 30 𝐶 is flowing across a tube of diameter 5 cm with 25 m/s. Find out the
0
average heat transfer coefficient if the surface temperature of the tube is 124 𝐶.
0
17. Air at 30 𝐶 is flowing across a square duct of side 5 cm with 25 m/s. Find out the
0
average heat transfer coefficient if the surface temperature of the tube is 124 𝐶.
18. Velocity profile for fully developed flow in a 20 cm diameter pipeline is given by the
2
equation 𝑢 = 96𝑟 − 190𝑟 . Find out the average velocity.
19. Estimate the heat transfer coefficient and heat transferred for fully developed laminar
flow (K = 0.175 W/mK) in a pipe of 6 mm diameter and 8 m length with constant
0
wall temperature boundary condition. Take the temperature difference as 50 𝐶.
0
20. Air at 20 𝐶 flows inside a rectangular duct of 400 mm X 800 mm with a velocity of 7
−6 2 −2 2
10 𝑚 10 𝑚
m/s. If ϑ = 15. 06× 𝑠
, α = 7. 71× ℎ
, 𝐾 = 0. 0259 𝑊/𝑚𝐾, estimate the

heat leakage per unit length per unit temperature difference.

Level III

1. What are the expressions to find the hydrodynamic entry length in laminar and
turbulent flows in circular pipe?
 2. What is the relation between mean and maximum velocities in fully developed flow in
circular pipes?
3. Express the friction factor in terms of Reynolds number in fully developed flow.
4. What is the condition to get identical temperature and velocity profiles?
5. What is Peclet number and what is its significance?
6. What is Stanton number and what is its significance?
7. What is the Nusselt number in fully developed flow with constant wall heat flux?
8. What is the Nusselt number in fully developed flow with constant wall temperature?
9. What is the Stanton number in Reynolds analogy for tube flow in terms of friction
coefficient? Up to what Prandtl number it is valid.
10. Describe the Colburn analogy in detail.
11. How the Nusselt number varies with Reynolds number in laminar and turbulent
flows?
12. Nusselt number for fully developed turbulent flow in a pipe is given by
𝑎 𝑏
𝑁𝑢 = 𝐶𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 . What are the values of a and b for heating and cooling?
13. What is the average heat transfer coefficient when there is a flow of fluid over a flat
plate of length L?
14. A cube at high temperature is immersed in a constant temperature bath. It loses heat
from its top, bottom and side surfaces with heat transfer coefficient of h1, h2 and h3
respectively. What is the average heat transfer coefficient for the cube?
15. The velocity and temperature distribution in a pipe flow are given by u(r) and T(r). If
um is the mean velocity in the pipe, what is the bulk mean temperature?
16. What similarities must a model and prototype should have in the testing of heat
transfer equipment?
17. What are the characteristics of a boundary layer?
18. What is laminar sublayer and in which zone of boundary layer it exists?
19. What is energy thickness and what is its significance?
20. What is Von Karman momentum integral equation and what is its use?

Cluster II

Level 1

1. Describe different parameters influences the heat transfer in Natural convection

2. Show that the heat transfer in free convection is the function of Nusselt, Prandtl and
Grashoff numbers.
3. Explain the formation of free convection boundary layer on a heated vertical plate.
0
4. A 30 cm long glass plate is hung vertically in the air at 27 𝐶 while its temperature is
0
maintained at 77 𝐶. Calculate the boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the
plate. Also calculate the average heat transfer coefficient.
5. Calculate the convective heat loss from a radiator 0.5 m wide and 1 m high
0 0
maintained at a temperature of 84 𝐶 in a room at 20 𝐶 by treating the radiator as a
vertical plate.
0
6. A thin 80 cm long and 8 cm wide horizontal plate is maintained at 130 𝐶 in a large
0
tank of water at 70 𝐶. Estimate the rate of heat input into the plate necessary to
0
maintain the temperature of 130 𝐶.
0
7. A metal ingot 5 cm by 8 cm by 12 cm at a temperature of 50 𝐶 is losing heat by
0
natural convection to air at 0 𝐶. The vertical dimension is 12 cm. Calculate the
coefficient of heat transfer.
0 0
8. A vertical pipe of 20 cm outer diameter at 100 𝐶 is in a room where the air is at 20 𝐶.
The pipe is 3 m long. What is the rate of heat loss per meter length of the pipe?
0
9. A steam pipe of 10 cm outside diameter is placed horizontally in ambient at 30 𝐶.
0
The pipe has an outside wall temperature of 170 𝐶. Determine the rate of heat loss
per meter length?
10. A plate of size 20 cm × 30 cm is used as a water heater in a process plant. The
temperature of water is 200C while the heater plate is maintained at a temperature of
1200C. Determine the heat transfer rate by free convection when 20 cm side of the
heater is kept vertical.
11. How is the velocity field developed in front of a vertical plate which is maintained at
a temperature (a) higher than the surrounding fluid, (b) Lower than the surrounding
fluid.
12. Estimate the electrical power required to maintain a vertical heater surface at 1300C in
ambient air at 200C. The plate is 15 cm high and 10 cm wide.
13. A vertical cylinder having a length of 30 cm is maintained at 1000C and exposed to
room air at 150C. Calculate the minimum diameter the cylinder can have in order to
behave as a vertical plate and also calculate the heat lost by free convection.
14. Engine oil enters a 5 mm diameter tube at 1200C. The tube wall is maintained at 500C,
and the inlet Reynolds number is 1000. Calculate the heat transfer, average heat
transfer coefficient and exit oil temperature if the length of the tube is 20 cm.
15. A power amplifier is mounted vertically in air at 250C. The case is made of anodized
aluminium with a surface area of about 3800 mm2 and a height of 40 mm. Determine
the heat transfer coefficient for natural convection cooling with a case temperature of
1250C, the rate of total heat dissipation. Properties of air at 750C are ν= 2.06
×10−5m2/s, Pr = 0.697 and K = 0.0299 W/mK.
16. A square plate 0.5 m × 0.5 m with one surface insulated and the surface is maintained
at a uniform temperature of 385 K, which is placed in quiescent air at atmospheric
pressure and 315 K. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient for natural
convection when the plate is vertical.
17. A flat electrical heater of 0.4 m × 0.4 m size is placed vertically in still air at 200C.
The heat generated is 1200 W/m2. Determine the value of convective heat transfer
co-efficient and the average plate temperature.
18. Calculate the average co-efficient of heat transfer for natural convection for a vertical
plate 30.48 cm high at 51.670C. The surrounding air is at 23.90C. Also calculate the
boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of plate.
0 0
19. A vertical plate is at 96 𝐶 in an atmosphere of air at 20 𝐶. Estimate the local heat
transfer coefficient at a distance 20 cm from the lower edge and the average value
over 20 cm length.
0 0
20. A vertical plate 20 cm by 60 cm is at 110 𝐶 in an atmosphere of air at 30 𝐶. Estimate
the rate of heat transfer by free convection from the plate when the 20 cm side is kept
vertical.

Level – II

1. The boundary layer thickness for a free convection process is more than in the case
of forced convection process. Why?
2. What is the recommended correlation for natural convection over a vertical plate or
cylinder in the turbulent region?
3. What is the hydraulic diameter and when is it used?
4. Describe the relationship between fluid friction and heat transfer
5. What is the significance of Reynolds, Prandtl, GrashhoffS and Nusselt numbers?
6. Explain the terms ‘hydrodynamic boundary layer’ and ‘thermal boundary layer’,
how are these thicknesses related to Prandtl number.
7. The heat transfer coefficient is less in natural convection compared to forced
convection. Why?
8. Explain Grashoff number significance in natural convective heat transfer
9. Differentiate velocity and thermal Boundary layers by a neat diagram.
10. What is the criterion for transition from laminar to turbulent flow in free convective
heat transfer?
11. What do you understand by the hydrodynamics and thermal boundary layers?
Illustrate with reference to flow over a flat heated plate.
12. What is the criterion for transition from laminar to turbulent flow in free convective
heat transfer?
13. Differentiate between natural and forced convections.
14. List out some practical examples for heat transfer by natural convection.
0
15. A 350 mm long vertical glass plate is maintained at 80 𝐶 and the surrounding air is
0
at 24 𝐶. Calculate the boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate.
0
16. A 350 mm long vertical glass plate is maintained at 80 𝐶 and the surrounding air is
0
at 24 𝐶. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient at the trailing edge of the plate.
0
17. Two vertical plates each 120 mm high and at 85 𝐶 are placed in a tank of water at
0 9
15 𝐶. If the Grashoff number is 11. 88×10 , calculate minimum spacing between
plates which will prevent interference of the free convection boundary layers.
18. A square plate 40 cm by 40 cm maintained at 400 K is suspended vertically in
atmosphere at 300 K. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient using the
following data.
−6 2
υ = 20. 75×10 𝑚 /𝑠, 𝐾 = 0. 03 𝑊/𝑚𝐾, β = 0. 0286, 𝑃𝑟 = 0. 7.
19. Find the convective heat loss from a radiator 0.6 m wide and 1.2 m high maintained
0 0
at a temperature of 90 𝐶 in a room at 14 𝐶. Consider the radiator as a vertical plate.
9
Take the Rayleigh number as 11. 69×10 .
 0
20. Calculate the heat transfer from a 60 W incandescent bulb at 115 𝐶 to ambient air
0
at 25 𝐶. Assume the bulb as a sphere of 50 mm diameter using the correlation
0.25
𝑁𝑢 = 0. 6 (𝐺𝑟 𝑃𝑟) .

Level – III

1. A sphere, a cube and a thin circular plate, all made of same material and having
same mass are initially heated to a temperature of 2500C and then left in air at room
temperature for cooling. Which of the above objects cooled first and why?
2. A thin flat plate 2 m by 2 m is hanging freely in air. The temperature of the
surroundings is 250C. Solar radiation is falling on one side of the plate at the rate of
500 W/m2. The temperature of the plate will remain constant at 300C. Calculate the
convective heat transfer coefficient.
3. Air at 200C blows over a hot plate of 50 × 60 cm made of carbon steel maintained at
2200C. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2K. What will be the heat
loss from the plate?
4. For calculation of heat transfer by natural convection from a horizontal cylinder,
what is the characteristic length in Grashoff Number?
5. In respect of free convection over a vertical flat plate how the Nusselt number
varies with Grashoff number 'Gr'?
6. Heat is lost from a 100 mm diameter steam pipe placed horizontally in ambient at
300C. If the Nusselt number is 25 and thermal conductivity of air is 0.03 W/mK.
Calculate the heat transfer co-efficient.
7. Critical value of which number governs the transition from laminar to turbulent
flow in free convection heat transfer.
8. Which numbers represents the ratio of kinematic viscosity to the thermal
diffusivity?
9. A 320 cm high vertical pipe at 1500C wall temperature is in a room with still air at
100C. This pipe supplies heat at the rate of 8 kW into the room air by natural
 convection. Assuming laminar flow, calculate the height of the pipe needed to
supply 1 kW.
10. Natural convection heat transfer coefficients over surface of a vertical pipe and
vertical flat plate for same height and fluid are equal. What are the possible reasons
for this?
11. The average Nusselt number in laminar natural convection from a vertical wall at
1800C with still air at 200C is found to be 48. If the wall temperature becomes 300C,
all other parameters remaining same, what is the average Nusselt number
12. In the case of turbulent flow through a horizontal isothermal cylinder of diameter
'D', how the free convection heat transfer coefficient from the cylinder varies with
diameter?
13. What is the significance of ratio of energy transferred by convection to that by
conduction?
14. What are the properties of fluids influencing the free convection?
15. A gas at 1950C is flowing through a thin-walled vertical duct which is in the form of
circular duct of diameter 450 mm. the ambient air at 150C surrounds the duct. Find
0.25
the rate of heat transfer using the relation ℎ = 1. 38(∆𝑡/𝐿)
16. A horizontal heated plate measuring 1.5 m by 1.1 m and at 2150C, facing upwards is
0.25
placed in still air at 250C. calculate the heat loss by convection using ℎ = 3. 05𝑇𝑓

.
17. What are the boundary conditions to get the velocity profile on vertical plate in
natural convection?
18. What are the boundary conditions to get the temperature profile on vertical plate in
natural convection?
19. What is the Nusselt number in terms of boundary layer thickness for free
convection over a vertical wall?
20. What are the expressions for Nusselt number for laminar and turbulent flows over
horizontal plates?

UNIT – IV
1. Explain different regimes of pool boiling with neat sketch.
2. Explain mechanism of flow boiling with neat sketch.
3. Explain the process of condensation on vertical plate.
4. Water is boiled at the rate of 30 kg/h in a copper pan, 30 cm in diameter, at
atmospheric pressure. Estimate the temperature of the bottom surface of the pan
assuming nucleate boiling conditions.
5. Water is boiled at the rate of 30 kg/h in a copper pan, 30 cm in diameter, at
atmospheric pressure. Determine the peak heat flux assuming nucleate boiling
conditions.
6. Determine the stable film boiling heat transfer coefficient for the film boiling of
saturated water at atmospheric pressure on an electrically heated 1.6 mm diameter
horizontal platinum wire with a temperature difference of 2550C. What would be the
power dissipation per unit length of the heater?
7. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 2.45 bar condenses on the surface of the vertical
tube of height 1 m. the tube surface temperature is kept at 1170C. Estimate the
thickness of the condensate film and the local heat transfer coefficient at a distance
of 0.2 m from the upper end of the tube.
8. A vertical plate of 2.8 m high is maintained at 540C in the presence of saturated
steam at atmospheric pressure. Estimate the heat transfer per unit width.
9. Dry steam at 1000C condenses on the outside surface of a horizontal pipe of OD 2.5
cm. The pipe surface is maintained at 840C by circulating water through it.
Determine the rate of formation of condensate per meter length of the pipe.
10. A heated brass plate at 1500C is submerged horizontally in water at a pressure
corresponding to a saturation temperature of 1250C. What is the heat transfer per
unit area? Calculate also the heat transfer coefficient in boiling.
11. Derive the LMTD expression for parallel flow heat exchangers.
12. Derive the LMTD for counter flow heat exchanger.
13. Derive the expression for effectiveness of parallel flow heat exchangers
14. Derive the expression for effectiveness of counter flow heat exchangers
15. Water heated to 800C flows through a 2.54 cm ID and 2.88 cm OD steel (K = 50
W/mK) tube. The outside surface of the tube is exposed to the environment having
heat transfer coefficient 30800 W/m2K. If the water velocity is 50 cm/s calculate the
overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside surface of the tube.
 16. An oil cooler of concentric tube type is used for cooling oil from 65.60C to 54.40C
with water at 26.70C with a temperature rise of 11.10C. Assuming an overall heat
transfer coefficient of 738 W/m2K based on the outside area of the tube. Determine
the heat transfer area required for the designed load of 190.5 kW for a single pass
parallel flow heat exchanger and counter flow heat exchanger.
17. Determine the area of one shell pass and 2 tube pass heat exchEanger to heat water
mass with flow rate of 68 kg/min from 350C to 750C by an oil having specific heat of
1.9 kJ/kg K. The oil flowing through the tubes enters the exchanger at 1100C and
leaves at 750C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 320 W/m2K.
18. Water at a rate of 7500 kg/h enters a counter flow exchanger at 150C to cool 8000
kg/h of air at 1050C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 145 W/m2K and area of
exchanger is 20 m2. Find the exit temperature of air.
19. A double pipe parallel flow heat exchanger uses water at an initial temperature of
150C to cool oil (cp = 2100 J/kg K) flowing at 1000 kg/h from 600C to 350C. if the
water leaves the exchanger at 250C, determine the overall heat transfer coefficient
per unit area.
20. Water at a rate of 40 kg/min enters a counter flow exchanger at 350C. It is heated by
an oil having specific heat of 1.9 kJ/kg K. if the rate of flow of oil is 171 kg/min and
its entry temperature is 1100C. Find the exit temperature of water for an area of
15,82 m2.

Level II

1. Differentiate between pool boiling and flow boiling.

2. Differentiate between film wise and dropwise condensation processes.
3. Heat transfer in film wise condensation is more or dropwise condensation is more.
Give the reasons.
4. Draw the variation of temperature of condenser and boiler.
5. What are the assumptions in Nusselt theory?
6. Write the Colburn’s relation and describe different terms.
7. Describe the effect of non-condensable gases on heat transfer coefficient of
condensing vapour.
8. Why are heat transfer rates high for a phase change process? Explain.
 9. What are the five significant dimensionless numbers in boiling and condensation?
10. How does the Nusselt’s equation for condensation on a horizontal tube differs from
that on a vertical tube?
11. What are the different types of heat exchangers?
12. Define overall heat transfer coefficient and give the expressions for overall heat
transfer coefficient based on inside and outside areas.
13. Explain the calculation of LMTD for cross flow heat exchangers in detail.
14. Define effectiveness and describe the conditions for maximum heat transfer
graphically.
15. What are charts of Kays and London? What are its significances?
16. Write short notes on plate heat exchangers.
17. What are the functions of heat pipe and what are its advantages?
18. What are the applications of heat pipe?
19. In a solar assisted air-conditioning system, 0.5 kg/s of ambient air at 270K is to be
preheated by the same amount of air leaving the system at 295K. if a counter flow
heat exchanger has an area of 30 m2 and the overall heat transfer coefficient is
estimated to be 25 W/m2K, determine the outlet temperature of the preheated air.
Take cp for air as 1 kJ/kg K.
20. Explain storage type heat exchangers and list out its applications.

Level III

1. On which type of surfaces dropwise condensation will occur and why?

2. What properties influence the burnout heat flux in nucleate boiling?
3. In which type of boiling use of fins is advantageous?
4. In which type of boiling process liquid flows through a tube with sub-cooled or
saturated state?
5. Saturated steam is allowed to condense over a vertical flat surface and the
condensate film flows down the surface. How the local heat transfer coefficient
change?
6. In a counter flow heat exchanger, for the hot fluid the heat capacity = 2 kJ/kg K,
mass flow rate = 5 kg/s, inlet temperature = 1500C, outlet temperature = 1000C. For
the cold fluid, heat capacity = 4 kJ/kg K, mass flow rate = 10 kg/s, inlet
temperature = 200C. Calculate the outlet temperature of the cold fluid in 0C.
 7. In a condenser, water enters at 300C and flows at the rate 1500 kg/hr. The
condensing steam is at a temperature of 1200C and cooling water leaves the
condenser at 800C. Specific heat of water is 4.187 kJ/kg K. If the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 2000 W/m2K, calculate the heat transfer area.
8. For the same inlet and outlet temperatures of hot and cold fluids, compare the
LMTD of parallel and counter flow heat exchangers
9. Air enters a counter flow heat exchanger at 700C and leaves at 400C. Water enters
at 300C and leaves at 500C. Calculate the LMTD in degree C.
10. Which type of heat exchanger heats the air in best way using steam?
11. Which type of heat exchanger and what heat capacities gives parallel straight-line
pattern of temperature distribution for both hot and cold fluids?
12. What is the pattern of temperature profiles of the two fluids for a balanced
counter-flow heat exchanger?
13. Draw the temperature profiles of hot and cold fluids for parallel flow sensible
heating and counter flow sensible heating.
14. In a heat exchanger, the hot liquid enters with a temperature of 1800C and leaves at
1600C. The cold fluid enters at 300C and leaves at 1100C. What is the ratio of heat
capacities?
15. In a counter-flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid is cooled from 1100C to 800C by a
cold fluid which gets heated from 300C to 600C. What is the LMTD?
16. In a parallel-flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid is cooled from 1100C to 800C by a
cold fluid which gets heated from 300C to 600C. What is the LMTD?
17. What is the relation between LMTD of parallel and counter flow heat exchangers
of evaporators and condensers, for the given conditions?
18. What is the maximum effectiveness in a parallel flow gas turbine recuperator?
19. After expansion from a gas turbine, the hot exhaust gases are used to heat the
compressed air from a compressor with the help of a cross flow compact heat
exchanger of 0.8 effectiveness. What is the number of transfer units of the heat
exchanger?
20. In a balanced counter flow heat exchanger with 𝑚ℎ𝑐𝑝ℎ = 𝑚𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑐, the NTU is equal

to 1.0. What is the effectiveness of the heat exchanger?

UNIT – V
Level I

1. Explain different parts of electromagnetic spectrum with neat sketch.

2. Explain the concept of blackbody in detail with help of a neat sketch.
3. Define Lambert’s cosine law. Derive the expression for Emissive power of
blackbody using Lambert’s cosine law.
4. Define Stefan Boltzmann law. Derive the emissive power of using Stefan
Boltzmann law.
5. Define emissivity and derive the equation for emissivity.
6. Define intensity of radiation. Prove that the intensity of radiation is 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐸𝑏/π.

7. Estimate the rate of solar radiation on a plane normal to sun rays. Assume the sun
to be a black body at a temperature of 55270C. The diameter of the sun D =
1.39X106 km and the distance from the earth l is 1.5X108 km.
8. The effective temperature of a body having an area of 0.12 m2 is 5270C. Calculate
the total rate of emission, intensity of normal radiation and wavelength of
maximum monochromatic emissive power.
9. Derive the expression for radiation exchange between two black surfaces.
10. Define radiation shape factor and derive the expression for radiation shape factor.
11. What are the different properties to be considered while calculating the shape
factor between different geometries?
12. A small sphere of outside diameter 60 mm with a surface temperature of 3000C is
located at the geometric centre of a large sphere of inside diameter 360 mm with an
inner sphere temperature of 150C. Calculate how much of emission from the inner
surface of a large sphere is incident upon the outer surface of the small sphere.
Assume both sides approach black body behaviour.
13. A 70 mm thick metal plate with a circular hole of 35 mm diameter along the
thickness is maintained at a uniform temperature 2500C. Find the loss of energy to
the surroundings at 270C. Assume metallic surfaces and surroundings have black
body characteristics.
14. The radiation shape factor of the circular surface of thin hallow cylinder of 10 cm
diameter and 10 cm length is 0.1716. What is the shape factor of the curved surface
of the cylinder with respect to itself?
 15. A thin copper sphere with its internal surface highly oxidized has a diameter of 20
cm. How small a hole must be made in the sphere to make an opening that will
have an absorptivity of 0.9?
16. A prismatic cavity exists in a very large flat surface. The depth of cavity is 10 cm
and its base is square of 5 cm side. What portion of energy radiated by the surface
of the cavity is leaving from the opening of the cavity?
17. The filament of a 75 W light bulb may be considered as a black body radiating
energy into a black enclosure at 700C. the filament diameter is 0.1 mm and length
is 5 cm. Considering the radiation determine the filament temperature.
18. Find out the shape factor between two infinitely long black plates in terms of
emissivity’s of the two plates ε1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ε2.

19. Show that ratio of heat transfer with “n” radiation shields to heat transfer without
𝑄𝑛 1
radiation shields is given by 𝑄0
= 𝑛+1

20. Calculate the net radiant heat exchange per m2 area for two large parallel plates at
temperatures of 4270C and 270C respectively. Emissivity of hot and cold plates are
0.9 and 0.6 respectively. If the polished Aluminium shield with emissivity 0.4 is
placed between them, find the percentage reduction in heat transfer.

Level II

1. Define absorptivity, reflectivity and transmittivity. Give the relation between

absorptivity, reflectivity and transmittivity.
2. Define and explain Planck’s distribution law.
3. Write Rayleigh-Jean formula and explain about different parameters involved.
4. Define and explain Wien’s displacement law.
5. A black body is kept at a temperature of 7270C. Estimate the fraction of the thermal
radiation emitted by the surface in the wavelength band 1 and 5µ.
6. It is observed that the intensity of the radiation emitted by the sun is maximum at a
wavelength of 0,5 µ. Assuming the sun to be a black body, estimate its surface
temperature and emissive power.
7. A Gray surface is maintained at a temperature of 8270C. If the maximum spectral
emissive power at that temperature 1.37X1010 W/m3. Determine the emissivity of the
body and the wavelength corresponding to the maximum spectral intensity of
radiation.
 8. Define and explain Kirchhoff’s law.
9. A metallic bar at 370C is placed inside an oven whose interior is maintained at a
temperature of 1100 K. The absorptivity of the bar is a function of the temperature of
incident radiation and few representative values are

Temperature (K) 310 700 1100

α 0.8 0.68 0.52

Estimate the rate of absorption and emission by the metallic bar.

10. What are the effects of surface impurities on the radiation from real surfaces?
11. State and explain reciprocity theorem.
12. State and explain Yamauti principle.
13. Compute the shape factor in case of a black body inside a black enclosure.
14. Compute the shape factor in case of a tube whose section is an equilateral triangle.
15. Compute the shape factor in case of radiation exchange between a hemispherical
surface 1 and a plane surface 2.
16. Write the expression for shape factor as per Hottel’s crossed string method and
explain.
17. Explain re-radiating black surfaces in detail.
18. Find the equivalent emissivity of two small gray surfaces having emissivities ε1 and

ε2

19. Two circular discs of diameter 20 cm each are placed 2 m apart. Calculate the radiant
heat exchange for these plates if these are maintained at 8000C and 3000C respectively
and their corresponding emissivities are 0.3 and 0.5.
20. Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at 8000C and 3000C are 0.3 and
0.5 respectively. Find the net radiant heat exchange per square meter for these plates.

Level III

1. Explain irradiation and radiosity.

2. Describe the functions of radiation shields
3. What is the effect of radiation on temperature measurement?
4. What is radiation heat transfer coefficient? Give the expression for it.
5. How the radiation from gases differs from that of solids?
6. What is mean beam length? What is its significance?
7. What is the value of the view factor for two inclined flat plates having common edge
of equal width, and with an angle of 20 degrees?
8. A solid cylinder (surface 2) is located at the centre of a hollow sphere (surface 1). The
diameter of the sphere is 1 m, while the cylinder has a diameter and length of 0.5 m
each. What is the radiation configuration factor?
9. What is the radiative heat transfer rate per unit area (W/m2) between two plane
parallel grey surfaces (emissivity = 0.9) maintained at 400 K and 300 K?
10. What are the parameters responsible for loss of heat from a hot pipe surface in a room
without fans?

11. A solar engine uses a parabolic collector supplying the working fluid at 5000C. A
second engine employs a flat plate collector, supplying the working fluid at 800C. The
ambient temperature is 270C. What is the ratio maximum work obtainable in the two
cases?
12. What are the values of absorptivity, reflectivity and transmittivity of a diathermanous
body?
13. Two spheres A and B of same material have radii 1 m and 4 m are having
temperatures 4000 K and 2000 K respectively. Which sphere radiates more energy?
14. A body at 500 K cools by radiating heat to ambient atmosphere maintained at 300 K.
When the body has cooled to 400 K. What is the percentage of cooling rate compared
original cooling rate?
15. If the temperature of a solid changes from 270C to 6270C. In what ratio the emissive
power changes?
16. A spherical aluminium shell of inside diameter 2 m is evacuated and used as a
radiation test chamber. If the inner surface is coated with carbon black and maintained
at 600 K, what should be the irradiation on a small test surface placed inside the
chamber?
17. A large spherical enclosure has a small opening. The rate of emission of radiative flux
through this opening is 7.35 kW/m2. What is the temperature of the inner surface of
the sphere?
18. What are the factors influences the wavelength of radiation emitted by a body?
19. Sun's surface at 5800 K emits radiation at a wave-length of 0.5 μm. What is the
wavelength of the radiation emitted by a furnace at 3000C through a small opening?
20. What is the value of the shape factor for two infinite parallel surfaces separated by a
distance d?