open source

(1) Generically, open source refers to a program in which the source code is available to the general public for use and/or modification from its original design free of charge, i.e., open. Open source code is typically created as a collaborative effort in which programmers improve upon the code and share the changes within the community. Open source sprouted in the technological community as a response to proprietary software owned by corporations. (2) A certification standard issued by the Open Source Initiative (OSI) that indicates that the source code of a computer program is made available free of charge to the general public. The rationale for this movement is that a larger group of programmers not concerned with proprietary ownership or financial gain will produce a more useful and bug -free product for everyone to use. The concept relies on peer review to find and eliminate bugs in the program code, a process which commercially developed and packaged programs do not utilize. Programmers on the Internet read, redistribute and modify the source code, forcing an expedient evolution of the product. The process of eliminating bugs and improving the software happens at a much quicker rate than through the traditional development channels of commercial software as the information is shared throughout the open source community and does not originate and channel through a corporation's research and development cogs. OSI dictates that in order to be considered "OSI Certified" a product must meet the following criteria:

The author or holder of the license of the source code cannot collect royalties on the distribution of the program The distributed program must make the source code accessible to the user The author must allow modifications and derivations of the work under the program's original name No person, group or field of endeavor can be denied access to the program The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a particular software distribution The licensed software cannot place restrictions on other software that is distributed with it.

Open source software is normally distributed with the source code under an open source license. The Open Source Initiative sets the following distribution terms that open-source software must comply with; The Open Source Definition, as provided by the Open Source Initiative is as follows; Introduction

Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. The distribution terms of opensource software must comply with the following criteria: 1. Free Redistribution The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from several different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale. 2. Source Code The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form. Where some form of a product is not distributed with source code, there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code for no more than a reasonable reproduction cost preferably, downloading via the Internet without charge. The source code must be the preferred form in which a programmer would modify the program. Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed. Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translator are not allowed. 3. Derived Works The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software. 4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code. The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original software. 5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons. 6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research. 7. Distribution of License The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties. 8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a particular software distribution. If the program is extracted from that distribution and used or distributed within the terms of the program's license, all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the original software distribution.

9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be open-source software. 10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface. [Source: Open Source Initiative, "The Open Source Definition"]

Free Software Licensing All open source software is not distributed under the same licensing agreement. Some may use a free software license, a copyleft, or GPL compatible. The GNU GPL license is a free software license and a copyleft license, while a "GNU Lesser General Public License" is a free software license, but not a strong copyleft license. There are many different types of licenses for free software . some GNU GPL compatible, some not. The Open Source Initiative approves open source licenses after they have successfully gone through the approval process and comply with the Open Source Definition (above). There is currently well over fifty licenses that have been approved by the OSI.

For example, the GNU General Public License (GPL) is one license that accompanies some open source
software that details how the software and its accompany source code can be freely copied, distributed and modified. The most widespread use of GPL is in reference to the GNU GPL, which is commonly abbreviated simply as GPL when it is understood that the term refers to the GNU GPL. One of the basic tenets of the GPL is that anyone who acquires the material must make it available to anyone else under

the same licensing agreement. The GPL does not cover activities other than the copying, distributing and modifying of the source code. Other open source licenses include the following; Academic Free License 3.0 (AFL 3.0) Affero GNU Public License Adaptive Public License Apache Software License Apache License, 2.0 Apple Public Source License Artistic license Artistic license 2.0 Attribution Assurance Licenses New and Simplified BSD licenses Boost Software License (BSL1.0) Computer Associates Trusted Open Source Microsoft Reciprocal License (Ms-RL) MIT license MITRE Collaborative Virtual Workspace License (CVW License) Motosoto License Mozilla Public License 1.0 (MPL) Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL) Multics License NASA Open Source Agreement 1.3 NTP License Naumen Public License Nethack General Public License

License 1.1 Common Development and Distribution License Common Public Attribution License 1.0 (CPAL) Common Public License 1.0 CUA Office Public License Version 1.0 EU DataGrid Software License Eclipse Public License Educational Community License, Version 2.0 Eiffel Forum License Eiffel Forum License V2.0 Entessa Public License Fair License Frameworx License GNU General Public License (GPL) GNU General Public License version 3.0 (GPLv3) GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License (LGPL) GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License version 3.0 (LGPLv3) Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer IBM Public License Intel Open Source License ISC License Jabber Open Source License Lucent Public License (Plan9) Lucent Public License Version 1.02 Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL)

Nokia Open Source License Non-Profit Open Software License 3.0 (Non-Profit OSL 3.0) OCLC Research Public License 2.0 Open Group Test Suite License Open Software License 3.0 (OSL 3.0) PHP License Python license (CNRI Python License) Python Software Foundation License Qt Public License (QPL) RealNetworks Public Source License V1.0 Reciprocal Public License Reciprocal Public License 1.5 (RPL1.5) Ricoh Source Code Public License Simple Public License 2.0 Sleepycat License Sun Industry Standards Source License (SISSL) Sun Public License Sybase Open Watcom Public License 1.0 University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source License Vovida Software License v. 1.0 W3C License wxWindows Library License X.Net License Zope Public License zlib/libpng license

[Source: You can read the details and newly added approved licenses on the OSI Open Source Licenses Web page]
Programmers & Corporations - Why Invest in What is Free? A software programmer really has his or her own reasons for contributing to open source projects. Some may just be looking for fun or a challenge, while others are looking to improve skill and build on their programming abilities, or they may want to belong to a group project. In many instances there is the opportunity to make money as open source projects can be funded by government or corporate sponsors. Unlike commercial projects, open source projects allow the programmer's name to be known, which benefits a programmer's name and portfolio which can lead to future jobs with other funded open source or commercial projects. The hype and benefits of open source has not gone unnoticed in the commercial world where some corporations have jumped on the open source bandwagon. Since commercial software is sold for profit, one may wonder why a company would be interested in open source projects. In many cases companies are able to profit through selling add-on tools or modules, or paid consulting services and technical support for the program.

Some Successful Open Source Projects Sendmail Sendmail is an open source mail transfer agent (MTA) used for routing and delivery e-mail. The original version of Sendmail was written by Eric Allman in the early 1980s. It is estimated that Sendmail is installed on 60 to 80 percent of the Internet's mail-server computers. Apache Web server Often referred to as simply Apache, a public-domain open source Web server developed by a loosely knit group of programmers. The first version of Apache, based on the NCSA httpd Web server, was developed in 1995. Core development of the Apache Web server is performed by a group of about 20 volunteer programmers, called the Apache Group. However, because the source code is freely available, anyone can adapt the server for specific needs, and there is a large public library of Apache add-ons. Linux (Pronounced lee-nucks or lih-nucks). A freely distributable open source operating system that runs on a number of hardware platforms. The Linux kernel was developed mainly by Linus Torvalds. Because it's free, and because it runs on many platforms, including PCs and Macintoshes, Linux has become an extremely popular alternative to proprietary operating systems. GNOME Acronym for GNU Network Object Model Environment. (Pronounced guh-nome.) GNOME is part of the GNU project and part of the free software, or open source, movement. GNOME is a Windows-like desktop system that works on UNIX and UNIX-like systems and is not dependent on any one window manager. The current version runs on Linux, FreeBSD, IRIX and Solaris. The main objective of GNOME is to provide a user-friendly suite of applications and an easy-to-use desktop. Did You Know... The Open Source Definition was written by Bruce Perens as "The Debian Free Software Guidelines", and refined it using the comments of the Debian developers in a month-long e-mail conference in June, 1997. He removed the Debian-specific references from the document to create the "Open Source Definition."

Quintagroup is unique in employing Open Source technology for enterprise solutions and IT outsourcing and consulting services to source, manage and deliver IT projects effectively and efficiently. Open source code is made available free of charge to the general public. The rationale for this is that a large community of developers who are not concerned with proprietary ownership will produce a more useful and bug-free product for everyone's benefit. The

open source concept relies on community members to find and eliminate bugs in the program code, a process which commercially developed and packaged programs do not utilize. The process of eliminating bugs and improving the software happens at a much quicker rate than through the traditional development channels of commercial software. The information is shared throughout the Open Source community and does not originate nor channel through a corporation's research and development department. Open Source technology makes business sense. Besides being free and of very high quality, it is often more powerful than most commercially available products. This is because its shared development harnesses the benevolent brilliance of thousands around the world who are continually developing, improving, and evolving its core. It's a worldwide community, getting together to build something awesome, regardless of distance, language, and culture. That's why openness is one of our core values. Open communication enables learning, which leads to knowledge, which empowers people. We empower clients by making project progress, problems, and pricing completely transparent. We use open source software extensively as it, again, empowers us to get in-depth knowledge about how an application is constructed, and to fix it or enhance it when needed. Working with Open Source technology is not easy, though, and we leverage Open Source technology to a degree that is still very uncommon. But this dependency is our strength, because we're backed by the thousands of people who engineered the software we use. We're indebted to them, and do our part to contribute back to the Open Source communities.

To understand best how open source technology is developed, we can compare it to traditional closed source software produced by companies such as Microsoft. Open source software is based around the idea that the user can not only view, but change the source code of an application. Closed source software is hidden to prevent the user either viewing or changing the code. After initial production, open source software is released to the development community and undergoes a secondary phase of evolution. It is scrutinised by thousands of professional developers across the globe who highlight potential flaws, bugs and security glitches. These suggestions and improvements are fed back to the developer who considers them for inclusion in his application. Closed source software is developed in isolation with a small team of developers. It isn't possible to build a team of hundreds to check the code because the code is deemed proprietary and secret. Bugs and security flaws are often not found until after a product launch when a steady stream of security patches and updates are required.

Open source isn't just about having your own applications de-bugged for free. By releasing new applications to the community, we are helping new generations of developers learn how to code. These new developers create their own applications, which are fed back into the community and rapidly advance the growth of the whole system. It is open source technology that has fuelled the growth of the Internet over the last six years with key applications such as Sendmail, Linux, Apache and WebStore, languages like Java and Perl, and mark-up languages such as HTML, WML and XML. It is these same open source methods that have made eXtropia the standard for web applications and the head of a global open source development community.