Quantum Mechanics, Advanced Course (FMFN01/FYSN17) – Autumn 2014

Stephanie Reimann, Líney Halla Kristinsdóttir

FORMULA SHEET
+∞ +∞
[Â, B̂] = ÂB̂ − B̂ Â X X
f (Â) = cn Ân , f (x) = cn xn
|ai ihai | = 1,
X n=0 n=0
hai |aj i = δij
i X
f (Â) = f (λi )|ai ihai |
X i
|φi = ci |ai i, ci = hai |φi ∈ C
i ∂
i~ |Ψ(t)i = Ĥ|Ψ(t)i, Ĥ|ϕn i = En |ϕn i
∂t
X
 = |ai iAij haj |, Aij = hai |Â|aj i
ij
∂ ~2 2
X i~ Ψ(r, t) = Ĥ SR Ψ(r, t), Ĥ SR = − ∇ + V (r)
Â|ai i = λi |ai i, Â = λi |ai ihai | ∂t 2m
i
det(H − En I) = 0
P (λi ) = |hai |Ψi|2 , hΨ|Ψi = 1
d
px = −i~
d i ∂ Â dx
hÂi = h[Ĥ, Â]i + h i
dt ~ ∂t

p̂2 1 Ĥ = 1 2
+ p̂2y ) + 21 mωx2 x̂2 + 12 mωy2 ŷ 2
Ĥ = + mω 2 x̂2 2m (p̂x
2m 2
= ~ωx (â†x âx + 21 ) + ~ωy (â†y ây + 12 )
r r
~ m~ω †
x̂ = (↠+ â), p̂ = i (â − â) Ĥ|φnx ny i = Enx ny |φnx ny i
2mω 2

[â, ↠] = 1 Enx ny = ~ωx (nx + 12 ) + ~ωy (ny + 12 )

 
Ĥ = ~ω ↠â + 1
= ~ω N̂ + 12 , N̂ = ↠â


2
1 2 1
Ĥ = (p̂ + p̂2y + p̂2z ) + mω 2 (x̂2 + ŷ 2 + ẑ 2 )
1 2m x 2


Ĥ|φn i = En |φn i, En = ~ω n + 2  
√ √ 3
â|φn i = n|φn−1 i, ↠|φn i = n + 1|φn+1 i = ~ω â†x âx + â†y ây + â†z âz +
2
1
|φn i = √ (↠)n |φ0 i Ĥ|φnx ,ny ,nz i = Enx ,ny ,nz |φnx ,ny ,nz i
n!
 mω 1/4  mω  Enx ,ny ,nz = ~ω(nx + ny + nz + 32 )
φ0 (x) = exp − x2
π~ 2~
 mω 1/4 1 r |φnx ,ny ,nz i = |φnx i ⊗ |φny i ⊗ |φnz i
2 mω
φn (ξ) = √ Hn (ξ)e−ξ /2 , ξ= x
π~ n
2 n! ~ φnx ,ny ,nz (x, y, z) = φnx (x)φny (y)φnz (z)
H0 (ξ) = 1, H1 (ξ) = 2ξ, H2 (ξ) = 4ξ 2 − 2, r r
~ m~ω †
H3 (ξ) = 8ξ − 12ξ 3 x̂j = (↠+ âxj ), p̂xj = i (âxj − âxj )
2mω xj 2
x1 = x, x2 = y, x3 = z
2
Ĥ = 1
2m (p̂x + p̂2y ) + 12 mω 2 (x̂2 + ŷ 2 )
= ~ω(â†x âx + â†y ây + 1) In polar coordinates (two dimensions):
1 2
Ĥ = 2m p̂ + 12 mω 2 r̂2
Ĥ|φnx ny i = Enx ny |φnx ny i, Enx ny = ~ω(nx + ny + 1)
Ĥ|nr , mi = Enr m |nr , mi, Enr m = ~ω(2nr + |m| + 1)
|φnx ny i = |φnx i ⊗ |φny i, φnx ny (x, y) = φnx (x)φny (y)
nr = 0, 1, 2, . . . , m = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .

1
 Quantum Mechanics, Advanced Course (FMFN01/FYSN17) – Autumn 2014
Stephanie Reimann, Líney Halla Kristinsdóttir

   
Ĵ = (Jˆx , Jˆy , Jˆz ), Jˆ2 = Jˆx2 + Jˆy2 + Jˆz2 | ↑ i = | 21 , 12 i ↔
1
, | ↓ i = | 12 , − 12 i ↔
0
0 1
[Jˆx , Jˆy ] = i~Jˆz (and cyclic permutations)
Ŝ ↔ ~2 σ, σ = (σx , σy , σz )
†
Jˆ± = Jˆx ± iJˆy , Jˆ± = Jˆ∓ 
0 1
 
0 −i
 
1 0

σx = σ = σz =
1 0 y i 0 0 −1
Jˆx = 21 (Jˆ+ + Jˆ− ), Jˆy = 1 ˆ
2i (J+ − Jˆ− )

Jˆ2 |j, mi = j(j + 1)~2 |j, mi, Jˆz |j, mi = m~|j, mi Ĵ = L̂ + Ŝ, Jˆ± = L̂± + Ŝ±

j = 0, 12 , 1, 32 , . . . ; m = −j, −j + 1, . . . , j − 1, j j = l + s, l + s − 1, . . . , |l − s|

Jˆ2 = L̂2 + Ŝ 2 + 2L̂ · Ŝ

p
Jˆ+ |j, mi = j(j + 1) − m(m + 1)~|j, m + 1i
= L̂2 + Ŝ 2 + L̂+ Ŝ− + L̂− Ŝ+ + 2L̂z Ŝz
p
Jˆ− |j, mi = j(j + 1) − m(m − 1)~|j, m − 1i X
j,l,s
For fixed l, s : |j, mj i = Cm j ,ml ,ms
|ml i ⊗ |ms i
ml ,ms
X
L̂ = r̂ × p̂ j,l,s
|ml i ⊗ |ms i = Cm j ,ml ,ms
|j, mj i
j,mj
hθ, ϕ|l, mi = Ylm (θ, ϕ) (spherical harmonics)
j,l,s
r r Table of Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, Cm j ,ml ,ms
:
1 3
Y00 (θ, ϕ) = , Y11 (θ, ϕ) = − sin θ eiϕ
r 4π r 8π
3 3
Y10 (θ, ϕ) = cos θ, Y1−1 (θ, ϕ) = sin θ e−iϕ
4π 8π

(p̂ − qA(r̂, t))2 p̂2 q q2 B 2 2

Ĥ = + qφ(r̂, t) Ĥ = + qφ(r̂) − B · L̂ + r̂
2m 2m 2m 8m ⊥

∂A(r, t) qe qe ~
E(r, t) = −∇φ(r, t) − , B(r, t) = ∇ × A(r, t) Ĥmag = −µ̂ · B , µ̂ = γ Ŝ , γ = −g , µB =
∂t 2m 2me

Ĥ = Ĥ0 + Ĥp , Ĥ|φn i = En |φn i En(1) = hφ(0) (0)

n |Ĥp |φn i

Ĥ0 |φ(0) (0) (0)

n i = En |φn i
X hφ(0) (0)
m |Ĥp |φn i
|φ(1)
n i= (0) (0)
|φ(0)
m i
m6=n En − Em
En = En(0) + En(1) + En(2) + · · ·
X |hφ(0) (0) 2
m |Ĥp |φn i|
|φn i = |φ(0) (1) (2)
n i + |φn i + |φn i + · · · En(2) = (0) (0)
m6=n En − Em

x = r sin θ cos ϕ, y = r sin θ sin ϕ, z = r cos θ cos θ = 21 (eiθ + e−iθ ), sin θ = 1

2i (e
iθ
− e−iθ )
Z +∞ √ (2n)!  α 2n+1 eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ
2n −x2 /α2
x e dx = 2 π
n! 2
−∞ qe ' 1.602 · 10−19 C
+∞ (n)
ε0 ' 8.854 · 10−12 C2 /J m
f 00 (0) 2 X f (0) n π ' 3.14159
f (x) = f (0) + f 0 (0)x + x + ... = x
2 n=0
n! ~ ' 1.05 · 10−34 J s ' 4.136 · 10−15 eV s
me ' 9.109 · 10−31 kg
(1 ± x)a ' 1 ± ax, x1 kB ' 1.381 · 10−23 J/K ' 8.617 · 10−5 eV/K
c ' 2.998 · 109 m/s
2