Laboratory Manual

Reservoir Characterization
(PEC 506)

Faculty in-charge
Prof. Rajeev Upadhyay, Prof. Ajay Suri & Prof. Archana

Laboratory in-charge
Prof. Rajeev Upadhyay

Teaching Assistant
Rajak Kumar Jhalendra, Gaurav Kundu & Ranvijay Singh

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)
Dhanbad-826004
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................................................................ 3

Exercise No. 1: To build and run a black oil simulation model ....................................................... 4

Exercise No. 2: To predict original oil in place using a material balance model .......................... 22

Exercise No. 3: To build and run a coalbed methane reservoir model ........................................ 28

Exercise No. 4: To generate the phase envelop of a fluid given its compositional data .............. 44

Exercise No. 5: To perform plus fraction splitting and lumping, and to match data by regression

....................................................................................................................................................... 48

Exercise No. 6: To generate an inflow performance relationship curve for an oil well ............... 54

Exercise No. 7: To generate a vertical lift performance relationship curve for an oil well .......... 64

Exercise No. 8: To design a continuous gas lift system ................................................................ 72

Exercise No. 9: To generate an inflow performance relationship curve for a gas well ................ 80

Exercise No. 10: To develop and run a black oil reservoir fluid model in Eclipse ........................ 84

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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Lab attendance is mandatory, i.e. there are no make-up labs. However, every effort will be made
to accommodate you for exceptional circumstances. You must bring a lab notebook and a few pen
for taking notes and for doing any calculations. A separate lab file has to be made for each lab
exercise that will have the following features
1. Aim
2. Brief theory
3. Procedure
4. Observation tables and calculations
5. Results and analysis
6. Conclusions
7. Exercise questions

DON’TS

➢ Don’t bring your bag inside the lab.

➢ Don’t keep important things in the outside bag like mobile phones and books.
➢ Don’t be late.
➢ Don’t make noise.
➢ Do not open any irrelevant internet sites on the lab computer.
➢ Do not use the lab computers for personal use.
➢ Do not bring your personal laptops or your bags inside the lab.
➢ Do not use your flash drive or any other hard disk on to the lab computers since it may
bring virus into the lab.
➢ Do not upload, delete or alter any software or system files that are already on the lab PC.

DO’S

➢ Follow the instructions of the lab in-charges and lab supervisor.

➢ Make your own directory and always save your input files and results in that directory.

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Exercise No. 1: To build and run a black oil simulation model

Objective
To enable students learn the steps of building and running a black oil simulation model
Theory
Builder is a software tool that you can use to create simulation input files (datasets) for CMG
simulators. All three CMG simulators, IMEX, GEM and STARS, are supported by Builder.
Builder covers all areas of data input, including creating and importing grids and grid properties,
locating wells, importing well production data, importing or creating fluid models, rock-fluid
properties, and initial conditions. It allows you to visualize and check your data before running a
simulation.
Procedure
Starting CMG Launcher

➢ Start the CMG Launcher by using the icon on your desktop as shown in the Figure 1 below, or
by going through the start menu and selecting “Programs/CMG/Launcher”.

➢ Following window will pop out

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Opening BUILDER
➢ Open Builder by double clicking on the Builder icon as shown below.

➢ Following Window will pop out.

➢ Choose
➢ IMEX Simulator, Field Units, Single Porosity
➢ Starting date 2018-01-01
➢ Click OK.

➢ Be careful in choosing your Simulator, Units, Porosity model and Simulation date. These
once chosen cannot be changed later

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Defining a reservoir
➢ Go to Reservoir -> Create grid -> Cartesian

Creating the Simulation Grid (structural data)

➢ Specify the number of grid blocks in i, j and k direction. Also specify the grid block width
in i and j directions.
➢ Select Cartesian and specify a 20 (I-direction) x 1 (J-direction) x 1 (K-direction) grid.
➢ Enter 20*60 in the I-direction box (meaning all 20 columns in the I-direction will be 60
feet in length).
➢ Enter 20*60 in the J-direction box (meaning row in the J-direction will be 60 feet in length).
➢ Click OK.

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➢ Following window will pop out

➢ The Reservoir Icon under model tree view still has red mark that shows some properties
are still missing and need to be defined.
➢ We can either click specify the array properties by clicking probe mode or clicking the
array properties he minimum properties that need to be defined.
➢ After clicking the probe mode “Specify Property” is highlighted. Click on “Specify
Property”

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➢ Following window will pop out

Specify the following values

➢ Select the box for layer 1 under the property column labeled Grid Top and type 4000
(meaning the top of the reservoir is in the depth of 4000 feet).
➢ Select the box for Whole Grid under the property column labeled Grid Thickness and type
20 (meaning all rows in the Z-direction will be 20 feet in height)
➢ Select the box for Whole Grid under the property column labeled Porosity and type 0.3.
➢ Select Permeability I from the list on the panel and enter 30
➢ Select Permeability J and right click in the Whole Grid box. Select EQUALSI then OK.

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➢ Do the same with Permeability K and select EQUALSI. In the first box select * and
then enter a value of 0.01 in the second field (this applies a Kv/Kh ratio of 0.01). Press
the OK button.

➢ Press OK to leave the General Property Specification section

➢ Click on Rock Compressibility in the tree view menu

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 ➢ Input 1E-6 in the rock compressibility box. Units will be applied automatically; you
should now have the Green check mark for Reservoir section.
➢ This would be a good point to save the data set you are working on. Click File then
Save As. Save file as Tutorial.dat

Create / Input PVT Data

➢ Click the Components tab in the tree view. Click the Quick Fluid Model

➢ Check on Launch dialog to create a quick BLACKOIL model using correlations then press
the “OK”.

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➢ Following pop out will appear

➢ Enter 130 F in the Reservoir Temperature box. Generate Pressure data up to 5000 psi. For
Bubble Point Pressure, select the “Value provided” option and enter a value of 2500 psi.
For the Oil Density option, select “Stock tank oil gravity (API)” as the type of gravity value
you want to use and enter a value of 35 in data entry window. Change the Gas Density box
to display Gas Gravity (Air=1) and type 0.65 in the data entry window.
➢ In the Reference Pressure for Water properties box, enter a value of 3000 psi and leave the
rest of the options at their default values and Click OK.

➢ The Components sections has a green mark now

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Creating Relative Permeability Data
a) Using Correlations
b) Adding relative permeability data manually
Using Correlations is being followed
➢ Click the Rock-Fluid tab in the tree view.

➢ Double click on Create / Edit Rock Types in the tree view. A window will open.
➢ Click on the button and select New Rock Type.

➢ Press the Tools button (on the “Relative Permeability Tables” tab) and select Generate
Tables using Correlations.

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➢ Enter the following parameters for the analytical relative permeability curves generation.

SWCON 0.2

SWCRIT 0.2

SOIRW 0.4

SORW 0.4

SOIRG 0.2

SORG 0.2

SGCON 0.05

SGCRIT 0.05

KROCW 0.8

KRWIRO 0.3

KRGCL 0.3

KROGCG 0.8

All Exponents 2.0

➢ Press Apply and then OK. Press OK again to get out of the Rock Types window. A graph
containing the relative permeability curves will appear

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 ➢ The Rock Fluid section should have a green check mark. Save the file at this time.

Creating Initial Conditions

➢ Click the Initial Conditions tab on the tree view of Builder.
➢ Double click on Initial Conditions.

➢ Select Water, Oil as the initial fluid in the reservoir.

Type the following values in the available fields
➢ 3010 (psi implied) in the Reference Pressure window
➢ 4010 ft in the Reference Depth window
➢ 4500 ft in the Water-Oil Contact window
➢ Check on Constant Bubble Point Pressure (PB) and enter 2500 psi.
➢ Leave the other boxes blank.

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 ➢ Click on Apply; then OK.
➢ You should now be back in the main Builder window with all tabs showing a green
checkmark in the tree view, except for the “Wells & Recurrent” tab.
➢ At this point it is advisable to save the data again by selecting File from the top menu and
Save.

Defining Well Trajectories and Perforations

➢ Click on Wells and Recurrent.
➢ In the tree view menu, click on well new.

➢ In the pop-up window type a name for the well (P1) and type of well (Producer/Injector).
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➢ Click on Constraints in the tabs on the left.

➢ Check on constraint definition and select OPERATE under the property column labeled
constraint.
➢ Select STO surface oil rate under the property column labeled Parameter and MAX under
the property column labeled limit/Mode. Enter 750 bbl/day as the value and click OK.

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Defining Perforations
➢ Expand Wells (1) and P1 and double click on 2018-01-01 PERF on the tree view.

➢ Click on the Perforations tab on the pop-up window.

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➢ Click on the Begin button

➢ Click anywhere on the grid blocks where you want to position the well.

➢ Click on Stop and then OK.

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Defining Dates
➢ Now go back to main Builder window and double click on Dates (1) on the tree view.

➢ In the pop-up window, click on Add a range of dates button on the right.

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 ➢ Enter date from 2018-1-1 to 2028-1-1 by clicking on the button next to each item.

➢ Select 1 Month as time step and click on OK twice.

➢ Now all tabs in the main Builder window should have a green checkmark in the tree
view. This means the model is ready.

Running the IMEX Dataset

➢ Go to the main Builder menu and select Tools / Validate with Simulator. Click on Yes to
save the file before running. The following windows will pop up

➢ Check on Run normal immediately and click on the Run / Submit button.

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Questions

Q 1. Define Black Oil Model.

Q 2. What are the key assumptions of Black Oil Model?
Q 3. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of analytical and Numerical Model.
Q 4. Briefly describe the steps of building a Black oil Model using Builder.

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Exercise No. 2: To predict original oil in place using a material balance
model
Objective
To generate a mathematical model, tuned against data that can describe as accurately as possible
the well’s behavior and to develop a complete model capable of predicting the original oil in place.
Theory
Material balance analysis is an interpretation method used to determine original oil in place
(OOIP) based on production and static pressure data. The general material balance equation relates
the original oil, gas, and water in the reservoir to production volumes and current pressure
conditions / fluid properties. The material balance equations considered assume tank type behavior
at any given datum depth - the reservoir is considered to have the same pressure and fluid
properties at any location in the reservoir. This assumption is quite reasonable provided that
quality production and static pressure measurements are obtained.

MBAL is in a package made up of various tools designed to help the engineer to gain a better
understanding of reservoir behavior and perform prediction run. So far, the various tool available
in MBAL are: Material Balance, Reservoir Allocation, Monte Carlo volumetric, Decline Curve
Analysis, 1-D Model (Buckley- Leverett) and Multi-Layer.

System Requirement

Intel Xeon- or equivalent AMD+-based PC, 4 GB RAM, Windows XP, Windows Vista+ Business
or Windows 7+ 64-bit versions, Open Graphics Library +-capable video card. Memory 500-
1000GB

Procedure
➢ Start the MBAL by using the icon on your desktop, or by going through the Start menu.
➢ Click the “TOOL” and Select “Material Balance”.
➢ Input the details in ‘System Options’

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➢ Click the “PVT” and Select “Fluid Properties”.
➢ Input the parameters of Oil-Black Oil Data Input

➢ Click the “Input” and Select “Tank Data”.

➢ Input the parameters of Tank & Relative Permeability.

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➢ Click the “Production Prediction” and Select “Prediction Setup”.
➢ Select the option “Use Fraction Flow Model”

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➢ Click the “Production Prediction” and Select “Production and Constraints”.
➢ Fill the starting date of production with avg. Oil Production Rate & Validate.

➢ Click the “Production Prediction” and Select “Reporting Schedule” and Click
“Automatic”.

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➢ Click the “Production Prediction” and Select “Run Production Prediction”.
RESULT

This model has been developed as a response to the industry need of being able to calculate

the OOIP and provides Plots to reservoir parameters.

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Questions Based on the exercise

Q 1. What are Basic principle and key assumptions of MBAL?

Q 2. What is the Basic Difference Between Material Balance and Reservoir Simulation?

Q 3. Briefly describe the key input and steps of the exercise.

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Exercise No. 3: To build and run a coalbed methane reservoir model

Objective

To enable students learn the steps of building and running a coalbed methane reservoir model

Theory

Coalbed Methane (CBM) Reservoirs are dual porosity reservoirs. The fractures (cleats) of the
CBM reservoirs are initially filled with water and matrix system contains methane gas in adsorbed
state. Depressurization of CBM reservoirs, through a process of dewatering, causes the cleat
pressure to decrease leading to flow of matrix gas into cleats and then into well. CMG simulator
can be used to model the storage and flow mechanism within CBM reservoirs.

Procedure
➢ Starting CMG Launcher

➢ Start the CMG Launcher by using the icon on your desktop, or by going through the Start menu
and selecting Programs/CMG/Launcher.
➢ Following window will pop out

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Opening BUILDER

➢ Open Builder by double clicking on the Builder icon as shown below.

➢ Following Window will pop out.

Choose
➢ GEM Simulator, Field Units, Double Porosity
➢ Set shape Factor determination method as “Gilman and Kazemi”
➢ Starting date 2019-01-01
➢ Click OK.

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➢ Be careful in choosing your Simulator, Units, Porosity model and Simulation date. These once
chosen cannot be changed later

Defining a reservoir

➢ Go to Reservoir -> Create grid -> Cartesian

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Creating the Simulation Grid (structural data)

Specify the number of grid blocks in i, j and k

direction. Also specify the grid block width in i
and j directions.

➢ Select Cartesian and specify a 20 (I-direction) x

1 (J-direction) x 1 (K-direction) grid.
➢ Enter 20*60 in the I-direction box (meaning all
20 columns in the I-direction will be 60 feet in
length).
➢ Enter 20*60 in the J-direction box (meaning
row in the J-direction will be 60 feet in length).
➢ Click OK.

➢ Following window will pop out

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➢ The Reservoir Icon under model tree view still has red mark that shows some properties are
still missing and need to be defined.
➢ We can either click specify the array properties by clicking probe mode or clicking the array
properties he minimum properties that need to be defined.
➢ After clicking the probe mode “Specify Property” is highlighted. Click on “Specify Property”

➢ Following window will pop out

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Specify the following values
➢ Select the box for layer 1 under the property column labeled Grid Top and type 4000
(meaning the top of the reservoir is in the depth of 4000 feet).
➢ Select the box for Whole Grid under the property column labeled Grid Thickness and type
20 (meaning all rows in the Z-direction will be 20 feet in height)
➢ Select the box for Whole Grid under the property column labeled Porosity and enter 0.001
➢ Input “Porosity – Fracture” as 0.02.
➢ Select Permeability J and right click in the Whole Grid box. Select EQUALSI then OK.

➢ Input Matrix permeability in I, J and K – direction as 0.01 mD

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➢ Input Fracture permeability in I, J and K-direction as 30 mD, 30 mD and 3 mD respectively.

➢ Input fracture spacing in I, J and K direction as 0.01 ft, 0.01 ft and o.01 ft respectively.

➢ Press OK to leave the General Property Specification section.

➢ Double click on Rock Compressibility in the tree view menu.

➢ Input 1E-6 in the rock compressibility box. Units will be applied automatically; you should
now have the Green check mark for Reservoir section.
➢ This would be a good point to save the data set you are working on. Click File then Save As.
Save file as Tutorial.dat

Create / Input PVT Data

➢ Click the Components tab in the tree view. Click the Quick CBM Setup
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➢ Select Component as “CH4” and then press the “OK”.

➢ Input CBM reservoir parameters as shown

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➢ Click OK
➢ Go back to Reservoir tab and input Fracture Water saturation as 1.

➢ The sections “Component”, “Rock-Fluid”, “Initial Conditions” and “Numerical” has green
tick mark now
➢ You should now be back in the main Builder window with all tabs showing a green
checkmark in the tree view, except for the “Wells & Recurrent” tab.
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 ➢ At this point it is advisable to save the data again by selecting File from the top menu and
Save

Defining Well Trajectories and Perforations

➢ Click on Wells and Recurrent.

➢ In the tree view menu, click on well new

➢ In the pop-up window type a name for the well (P1) and type of well (Producer/Injector).

➢ Click on Constraints in the tabs on the left.

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 ➢ Check on constraint definition and select OPERATE under the property column labeled
constraint.
➢ Select STW surface water rate under the property column labeled Parameter and MAX
under the property column labeled limit/Mode. Enter 200 bbl/day as the value and click
OK.

Defining Perforations

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 ➢ Expand Wells (1) and P1 and double click on 2019-01-01 PERF on the tree view.

➢ Click on the Perforations tab on the pop-up window.

➢ Click on the Begin button

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➢ Click anywhere on the grid blocks where you want to position the well.

➢ Click on Stop and then OK.

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Defining Dates
➢ Now go back to main Builder window and double click on Dates (1) on the tree view.

➢ In the pop-up window, click on Add a range of dates button on the right.

➢ Enter date from 2019-1-1 to 2029-1-1 by clicking on the button next to each item.
➢ Select 1 Month as time step and click on OK twice.

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 ➢ Now all tabs in the main Builder window should have a green checkmark in the tree
view. This means the model is ready.

Running the IMEX Dataset

➢ Go to the main Builder menu and select Tools / Validate with Simulator. Click on Yes to
save the file before running. The following windows will pop up

➢ Check on Run normal immediately and click on the Run / Submit button.

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Questions

Q 1. Differentiate between CBM and Conventional Reservoir.

Q 2. Compare the production profile of CBM well and conventional well.
Q 3. What are the key parameters for CBM modelling?

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Exercise No. 4: To generate the phase envelop of a fluid given its
compositional data

Objective
Develop a compositional model with the given data. Calculate saturation pressure at temperatures
above and below critical temperature. And also generate phase envelope diagram and note down
Cricondenbar, Cricondentherm, critical temperature and critical pressure.
Theory
WinProp is CMG's equation of state (EOS) multiphase equilibrium and properties determination
program. WinProp features techniques for characterizing the heavy end of a petroleum fluid,
lumping of components, matching laboratory PVT data through regression, simulation of first and
multiple contact miscibility, phase diagrams generation, asphaltene and wax precipitation
modeling, compositional grading calculations as well as process flow simulation.
Procedure
➢ Start the CMG Launcher by using the icon on your desktop, or by going through the Start
menu and selecting Programs/CMG/Launcher.
➢ Double click on the WinProp icon in the Launcher and open the WinProp interface.
“Titles/EOS/Units” is highlighted. Write “Dry gas/Wet gas/Gas condensate/Volatile
oil/Black oil” in the comments and information (location, well no, etc.) in the Title1 section
depending on the case you are modelling. Select the equation of state to be used in
characterizing the fluid model, and also select the units and Feed. Click “OK”.

➢ Click the “component selection/Properties” and insert the components. Select the
components as per your composition.

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➢ All the component selected will be shown with its properties. Click ‘Apply Change”
➢ Open the "composition" and input the mole fractions of the primary composition. The
“secondary” corresponds to the injection fluid (if applicable).

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➢ Input the mole fractions of the primary composition
➢ Component Composition plot can be seen.

➢ Insert “Saturation pressure calculation Form" into the WinProp Interface to perform a
saturation pressure calculation at the reservoir temperature.

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 ➢ Double click and open the saturation pressure calculation form. Input the reservoir
temperature and saturation pressure estimate. The input value of “saturation pressure
estimate” is used as an initial guess by WinProp during the iteration processes for
calculating the actual saturation pressure.
➢ Insert a “two-phase Envelope” form in the Main WinProp interface. Open the form by
double clicking on it and type in “P-T envelope” under the comments section.
➢ Execute the model.

Questions

Q 1. What is Equation of State?

Q 2. Define Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure.
Q 3. Explain the P-T Diagram of single component and multicomponent systems.

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Exercise No. 5: To perform plus fraction splitting and lumping, and to
match data by regression
Objective
To enable student, understand basic concepts of Plus fraction splitting and Lumping matching
experimental data by regression.
Theory
Reservoir fluids typically consist of pure, well-defined components such as CO2, N2, C1, C2, etc.,
and many hundreds of heptanes and heavier components (C7+). The laboratory analysis of a
reservoir fluid includes generally a gas chromatograph analysis of the C7+ fraction into Single
Carbon Number (SCN) fractions up to C30+ for example. Characterization of the C7+ fraction as
a number of pseudo-components is accomplished using WinProp’s Plus Fraction Splitting and
Component Lumping calculation options.
If a full extended analysis is available with mole fraction, MW and SG or Tb given for each SCN
fraction, the SCNs may be entered as user components directly on the Component
Selection/Properties form. If a complete analysis is not available, the Plus Fraction Splitting
calculation is used to define a distribution function relating mole fractions to molecular weights of
the C7+ fraction.

Procedure
➢ Start the CMG Launcher by using the icon on your desktop, or by going through the Start
menu and selecting Programs/CMG/Launcher.
➢ Double click on the WinProp icon in the Launcher and open the WinProp interface.
“Titles/EOS/Units” is highlighted. Write “Dry gas/Wet gas/Gas condensate/Volatile
oil/Black oil” in the comments and information (location, well no, etc.) in the Title1 section
depending on the case you are modelling. Select the equation of state to be used in
characterizing the fluid model, and also select the units and Feed. Click “OK”.

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➢ Click the “component selection/Properties” and insert the components. Select the
components as per your composition.

49
➢ All the component selected will be shown with its properties. Click ‘Apply Change”
➢ Open the "composition" and input the mole fractions of the primary composition. The
“secondary” corresponds to the injection fluid (if applicable).

➢ Input the mole fractions of the primary composition

➢ Go to “Characterization” then click on “Plus Fraction Splitting “

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➢ Following window will pop up.

➢ Select “Exponential” in distribution function type, No. of fluid Samples as 1, First Single
Carbon Number in Plus Fraction as 7, Number of Pseudo components as 4 (user Input).
➢ Select Critical properties correlation as per your choice.

➢ On “Distribution” tab, the properties of the plus fraction are entered.

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➢ Run the Simulation
➢ Now update the components.
➢ Now try to calculate Saturation pressure at any temperature.
➢ Enter the temperature and also input any rough estimate of saturation pressure.

➢ Now save it and run the simulation. We see that the calculated saturation pressure and
experimental data are not same.

➢ Now add start regression as shown below.

➢ Select the parameter to be regressed.

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➢ Add experimental data in the regression block. You can as many experimental data as possible.

➢ Save the file and run the simulator.

Questions

Q 1. Explain Lumping and Splitting of plus fraction.

Q 2. Briefly explain the basic steps of splitting.
Q 3. What parameters do we select for regression and why?

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Exercise No. 6: To generate an inflow performance relationship curve
for an oil well

Objective

To generate an IPR curve for an oil well using PROSPER Software

Theory

Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) of a well is the relation between its oil production rate and
its flowing bottom hole pressure as shown in Figure below. To produce at a higher oil production
rate, the bottom hole flowing pressure should be lower as we can see from the figure’s trend. The
total production rate or water production rate could also be used in defining the relationship but it
is the oil that is the most relevant aspect hence is used in defining the IPR for a well.

Figure 1: A typical IPR curve for an oil well

PROSPER is a well performance, design and optimization program that can generate IPR for most
types of well configurations found in the worldwide oil and gas industry today. PROSPER is
designed to allow building of reliable and consistent well models, with the ability to address each
aspect of well bore modelling viz; PVT (fluid characterization), VLP correlations (for calculation
of flowline and tubing pressure loss) and IPR (reservoir inflow) as mentioned earlier. By modelling

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each component of the producing well system, the user can verify each model subsystem by
performance matching between the real data and the model results. Once the complete well system
model has been tuned to real field data, PROSPER can be confidently used to model the well in
different scenarios and to make forward predictions of reservoir pressure based on surface
production data. With PROSPER detailed flow assurance can be studied at well and surface
pipeline level. PROSPER provides matching features which tune PVT, multiphase flow
correlations and IPR to match measured field data, allowing a consistent model to be built prior to
using in prediction (sensitivities or artificial lift design).

Procedure
➢ Starting PROSPER

➢ A new file should be opened in PROSPER from File | New.

➢ The Option screen can be accessed by selecting Options | Options.

➢ Following window will pop out

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 ➢ Select Done to return to the main PROSPER Screen.

Inserting PVT Data

➢ The PVT input screen can be accessed by selecting the 'PVT | Input Data' tab.
➢ Insert the available PVT data into the model.

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PVT Matching

➢ To insert the match data, select Match Data from the top of the screen.

➢ This will open the match data screen into which the laboratory data can be entered

➢ Select Match to proceed to the regression screen.

Matching the Correlations

➢ Having Selected Match, the following screen will be displayed:

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➢ Selecting Match All at the top of the screen will match all of the correlations to all of the
available data. If Match is selected then only the correlations selected will be matched
and this will be done to which ever properties are selected in the Match On box to the
left of the screen.
➢ In this case select Match All to match all of the correlations and data.

➢ Select the Plot option to see the graph of the matched correlation compared to the
laboratory data points.
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➢ To plot the required variable, first select the PVT matching Plot – Temperature = 210
(deg F) Stream in the top left-hand corner of the plot. Once the stream has been selected,
double click the variable Gas Oil Ratio In the bottom left hand corner.

➢ The different properties can be plotted by selecting them from bottom left hand corner.

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➢ For good match, parameter 1 should be as close to 1 as possible and parameter 2 should
be as close to 0 as possible.
➢ Upon reviewing the parameters, it can be seen that the best correlations like Example
Glaso and beat et al in below

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 ➢ Select Done at each screen until the main PVT screen is seen.

Selecting the Correlation

➢ A green banner can be seen which tells the user that the correlations have been
matched.
➢ Select Done to return to the main PROSPER screen.

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Inputting IPR Data

➢ Select System | Inflow Performance to bring up the IPR input screen

➢ Entering Data for skin Models

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 ➢ Entering data for Sand Control

Results & Discussion

➢ When the data has been inserted select Calculate and Plot.

Questions

1. Significance of IPR for Oil Wells.

2. Name few co-relations for generating IPR.
3. How do you think these correlations have been developed?

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Exercise No. 7: To generate a vertical lift performance relationship
curve for an oil well

Objective

To Generate the VLP curve using PROSPER Software.

Theory
Vertical Lift Performance Relationship (VLP), named also Outflow, describes the bottom-hole
pressure as a function of flow rate. The VLP depends on many factors including fluid PVT
properties, well depth, tubing size, surface pressure, water cut and GOR. It describes the flow from
the bottom-hole of the well to the wellhead.

Figure 1: A typical VLP curve for an oil well

PROSPER is a well performance, design and optimization program that can generate IPR for most
types of well configurations found in the worldwide oil and gas industry today. PROSPER is
designed to allow building of reliable and consistent well models, with the ability to address each
aspect of well bore modelling viz; PVT (fluid characterization), VLP correlations (for calculation
of flowline and tubing pressure loss) and IPR (reservoir inflow) as mentioned earlier. By modelling
each component of the producing well system, the user can verify each model subsystem by
performance matching between the real data and the model results. Once the complete well system
model has been tuned to real field data, PROSPER can be confidently used to model the well in
different scenarios and to make forward predictions of reservoir pressure based on surface
production data. With PROSPER detailed flow assurance can be studied at well and surface
pipeline level. PROSPER provides matching features which tune PVT, multiphase flow
correlations and IPR to match measured field data, allowing a consistent model to be built prior to
using in prediction (sensitivities or artificial lift design).

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Procedure

➢ Starting PROSPER

➢ A new file should be opened in PROSPER from File | New.

➢ The Option screen can be accessed by selecting Options | Options.

➢ Following window will pop out

➢ Select Done to return to the main PROSPER Screen.

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Inserting PVT Data

➢ The PVT input screen can be accessed by selecting the 'PVT | Input Data' tab.

➢ Insert the available PVT data into the model.

PVT Matching

➢ To insert the match data, select Match Data from the top of the screen.

➢ This will open the match data screen into which the laboratory data can be entered

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 ➢ Select Match to proceed to the regression screen.

Specifying Equipment Data

➢ To calculate the VLP curves for the well, PROSPER must have a description of the well
and path through which fluid flows from bottom of the well to the wellhead.
➢ Select System | Equipment (Tubing etc.)

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➢ Deviation Survey

➢ Surface Equipment’s

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➢ Downhole Equipment

➢ Geothermal Gradient

➢ Average Heat Capacities

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 ➢ Gauge Details

Inputting IPR Data

➢ Select System | Inflow Performance to bring up the IPR input screen

➢ Entering Data for skin Models

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 ➢ Entering data for Sand Control

Results & Discussion

➢ When the data has been inserted select Calculations | System (Ipr + Vlp) and Plot.

Questions

1. Define Vertical Lift Performance?

2. State its Purpose?
3. Name some correlations and how it was developed?

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Exercise No. 8: To design a continuous gas lift system

Objective
Continuous gas lift design using PROSPER software.

Theory
Gas lift technology increases oil production rate by injection of compressed gas in to the lower
section of the tubing through the casing- tubing annulus.

PROSPER is a well performance, design and optimization program that can generate IPR for most
types of well configurations found in the worldwide oil and gas industry today. PROSPER is
designed to allow building of reliable and consistent well models, with the ability to address each
aspect of well bore modelling viz; PVT (fluid characterization), VLP correlations (for calculation
of flowline and tubing pressure loss) and IPR (reservoir inflow) as mentioned earlier. By modelling
each component of the producing well system, the user can verify each model subsystem by
performance matching between the real data and the model results. Once the complete well system
model has been tuned to real field data, PROSPER can be confidently used to model the well in
different scenarios and to make forward predictions of reservoir pressure based on surface
production data. With PROSPER detailed flow assurance can be studied at well and surface
pipeline level. PROSPER provides matching features which tune PVT, multiphase flow
correlations and IPR to match measured field data, allowing a consistent model to be built prior to
using in prediction (sensitivities or artificial lift design).

Procedure

➢ Starting PROSPER

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➢ Activating gas lift option

➢ Defining the Annulus System | Equipment (Tubing etc.)

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➢ Updating the reservoir conditions System | Inflow Performance

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➢ Designing a Gas Lifted System System | Gas Lift Data

➢ Entering the design criteria Design | Gas | New Well

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➢ Finding the design rate

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➢ Designing the Valve Depths

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Results & Discussion

➢ Detail results of the valve placements and operating conditions can be seen by selecting
results in above window.

Questions

1. State Types of Gas Lift.

2. Different mechanism of Gas Lift.
3. How are the Valves Placed?

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Exercise No. 9: To generate an inflow performance relationship curve
for a gas well

Objective
To generate an IPR curve using PROSPER software.

Theory

Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) of a well is the relation between the production rate and
flowing bottom hole pressure.

Figure 1: A typical IPR curve for a gas well

PROSPER is a well performance, design and optimization program that can generate IPR for most
types of well configurations found in the worldwide oil and gas industry today. PROSPER is
designed to allow building of reliable and consistent well models, with the ability to address each
aspect of well bore modelling viz; PVT (fluid characterization), VLP correlations (for calculation
of flowline and tubing pressure loss) and IPR (reservoir inflow) as mentioned earlier. By modelling
each component of the producing well system, the user can verify each model subsystem by
performance matching between the real data and the model results. Once the complete well system
model has been tuned to real field data, PROSPER can be confidently used to model the well in
different scenarios and to make forward predictions of reservoir pressure based on surface
production data. With PROSPER detailed flow assurance can be studied at well and surface

80
pipeline level. PROSPER provides matching features which tune PVT, multiphase flow
correlations and IPR to match measured field data, allowing a consistent model to be built prior to
using in prediction (sensitivities or artificial lift design).

Procedure

➢ Starting PROSPER

➢ Setting up the Model

➢ Inserting the PVT data

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Inputting IPR Data

➢ The IPR input screen can be accessed by selecting System | Inflow Performance

➢ Select the Mech/Geom skin tab to input the skin data for the well

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Results & Discussion

➢ When the data has been inserted, Click Calculate and Plot to view the IPR curve.

Questions

1. Significance of IPR for Gas Wells.

2. Name few co-relations for generating IPR.
3. How do you think these correlations have been developed?

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Exercise No. 10: To develop and run a black oil reservoir fluid model in
Eclipse

Objective
To generate a mathematical model, tuned against input data files that can represents oil and gas
phases as single component and predict reservoir behavior.

Theory Schlumberger ECLIPSE – Originally developed by ECL (Exploration Consultants

Limited) and currently owned, developed, marketed and maintained by SIS (formerly known as
GeoQuest), a division of Schlumberger. The name ECLIPSE originally was an acronym for
"ECL´s Implicit Program for Simulation Engineering". Simulators include black oil,
compositional, thermal finite-volume, and streamline simulation. Add-on options include local
grid refinements, coalbed methane, gas field operations, advanced wells, reservoir coupling, and
surface networks.
Procedure
➢ Login as RCC user. This will be your screen

➢ Locating input file.

➢ Location C\Users\RCC-6\Desktop\Eclipse_tutorial

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➢ Double click on SimLauncher

➢ On double clicking, your desktop will look like this

85
➢ Click on ECLIPSE

➢ Screen will look like this

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➢ Click on "Add Dataset" (objective to import input file)

➢ It will open new window. Select your input data file and click Open

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 ➢ Now you have imported the file. Click on "RUN"

(Note please ensure that your computer is connected to internet)

➢ Screen will look like this.

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➢ By clicking "RUN" we have generated few output files in the same location as that of input
file folder.

➢ Now minimize, ECLIPSE window. To view results, open PETREL from following
location

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➢ Please wait for couple of minutes, as it takes time to open the software. Do not click
multiple times. After opening, one window will pop up, following.

➢ Make sure "Combined Core" option is selected and then click "OK"

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➢ Please wait after clicking OK

➢ Right click on blank space under "Model" pane as shown below and select import file.

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➢ Import the same text file from the same folder " Eclipse tutorial"

➢ Following window appears, click " Continue Spatially unware"

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➢ After clicking, your window will look like this. Click "OK"

➢ Our input file is in field unit. By default, PETREL has metric system. So, we need to
change unit system. Hence click "change" to allow PETREL to incorporate field units.

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➢ To view your model, select and open the "3D window" as shown in figure below.

➢ In 3D window, go to "RESULT" tab as shown below.

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➢ Now, depending on the properties that you want to see, click on relevant button. For
example. Pressure property is selected and displayed.

➢ Now access the following pane. You can view your model from different angles. Here we
have selected "View from above" and proceeded.

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➢ Expand "wells" menu by Clicking on drop down menu shown beside "wells". then checklist
"P1”, (P1 is name of the well, and can be different as defined by user in input file)

➢ Now use the "hand" tool to see your model from different angles. (by holding left mouse
button on the model and dragging)

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➢ Now to see the results from the model, open "function window" as shown below.

➢ The following window will appear.

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 ➢ Now, from "RESULT" tab from bottom left pane, select the desired output that you want
to see. It will appear on main pane. For example.

RESULT

This model has been developed as a response to the industry need of being able to provides
Plots to reservoir parameters.

Questions Based on the exercise

1. What are Basic principle and key steps of Eclipse?

2. What is the Basic Difference Between Eclipse and Reservoir CMG?
3. Comparison of results of Eclipse and IMEX-CMG.

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