The Operating System

The Operating System
1. Operating Systems
2. Types of Operating System
3. Major Functions
4. User Interface
5. Examples of Operating System
Operating System (OS)
● The operating system is the most
important program that runs on a
computer.
● Operating system is an interface
between computer and user.
● It is responsible for the management and
coordination of activities and the sharing
of the resources of the computer.
Operating System
The Five Most Popular Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows.
The Windows OS has been around since the 1980s and has had several versions
and updates (including Windows 95, Windows Vista, Windows 7/8/10, etc.)
Microsoft Windows is one of the popular operating system types and is preloaded
on most new PC hardware. With each new Windows update or release, Microsoft
continues to work on improving their users’ experience, hardware, and software,
making Windows more accessible and easier to use.
Apple macOS.
Head-to-head in the competition with Microsoft Windows is

Apple’s macOS. macOS and Windows are both examples of
proprietary operating systems, meaning that the company
conceptualized, designed, developed, and now sells their own
OS. They’re designed and sold by the companies and aren’t
meant to be tampered with or tweaked by users. Apple and
Macintosh computers run on the proprietary macOS and OS X
system, the first of which launched 20 years ago.
Types of MacOS
Kodiak (OS X 10 Beta)
Lion (OS X 10.7)
Mountain Lion (OS X 10.8)
Mavericks (OS X 10.9)
Yosemite (OS X 10.10)
El Capitan (OS X 10.11)
Sierra (macOS 10.12)
High Sierra (macOS 10.13)
Mojave (macOS 10.14)
Catalina (macOS 10.15)
Big Sur (macOS 11)

Google's Android OS.
The OS that companies including Google use to run its Android mobile
smartphones and tablets is based on Linux distribution and other open
source software. Android OS is the primary OS for Google mobile
devices like smartphones and tablets. Android has gained increasing
popularity since its release as an alternative to Apple’s iOS for
smartphone users and is continuing to increase in popularity with new
updates and exciting features.
Types of Android OS
Apple iOS.
Apple's iOS is another mobile operating system used exclusively for iPhones,
some of the most popular mobile devices on the market. iOS integrations have
regular updates, new expansions to software, and continually are offering new
features for users even if they have older devices.
Many users appreciate the unique user interface with touch gestures, and the
ease of use that iOS offers. This operating system also allows other Apple devices
to connect, giving users easy connections to other devices or people.
Linux Operating System.
Linux is different from Windows and Apple in that it’s not a proprietary software,
but rather a family of open source systems. In other words, anyone can modify
and distribute it. Linux may be the least known on this list, but it’s free and
available in many different open source versions. Linux is popular because of its
ease of customization and offers a variety of options to those who understand how
to use it. If you know how to customize and work with operating systems, Linux is
an ideal choice. And if this kind of coding and back-end work is interesting to you,
it may be a good idea to purchase a Linux system and get started on manipulating
it.
Types of Linux OS
● Debian
● Gentoo
● Ubuntu
● Linux Mint
● Red Hat Enterprise Linux
● CentOS
● Fedora
● Kali Linux
● Arch Linux
● OpenSUSE
Types of Operating System
Multi-user vs. Single user
● A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer

system concurrently.
● Time-sharing system can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable a
multiple user access to a computer through the sharing of time.
● Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user operating system,
are usable by a single user at a time.
Major Functions of Operating System
● Resource management
● Data management
● Job management
● Standard means of communication between User and
Computer
Resource Management
The resource management function of

an OS allocates computer resources
such as CPU time, main memory,
secondary storage, and input and output
devices for use
Data Management
● The data management functions of an

OS govern the input and output of data
and their location, storage, and
retrieval.
● It also is responsible for storing and
retrieving information on disk drives
and for the organization of that
information on the drive.
Job Management
● The job management function of an OS
prepares, schedules, controls, and
monitors jobs submitted for execution to
ensure the most efficient processing.
● A job is a collection of one or more related
programs and their data.
Standard Means of Communication between User and
Computer
The OS also establishes a standard means
of communication between users and their
computer systems.
It does this by providing a user interface

and a standard set of commands that
control the hardware.
Operating System
User Interface
The user interface provides means of:
● Input - allowing the users to manipulate a system
● Output - allowing the system to indicate the effects
of the users' manipulation.
Types of User Interface
Command line interface

Graphical user interface
Command Line Interface (CLI)
● A command-line interacting with a
interface is a mechanism for computer
operating system or software by typing
commands to perform specific tasks.
● This method of instructing a computer to
perform a given task is referred to as
"entering" a command.
● Accept input via keyboard only.
● Not suitable for beginners.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
● Is a type of user interface which allows people to interact with

computer with images rather than text commands.
● Accept input via keyboard and pointing devices.
● Easy to learn.
Elements of Graphical User Interface
● Pointer
● Icons
● Desktop
● Windows
● Menus
Pointer
A symbol that appears on the display

screen and that you move to select
objects and commands.
Usually, the pointer appears as a small
angled arrow.
Icons
Small pictures that represent
commands, files, or windows.
Desktop
The area on the display

screen where icons are
grouped is often referred to as
the desktop because the
icons are intended to
represent real objects on a
real desktop.
Windows
Used to divide the screen into different
areas.
In each window, you can run a different
program or display a different file.
Menus
Most graphical user interfaces let you execute commands by selecting a choice
from a menu.
• Two types of menu:
– Pull-down menu
– Pop-up menu

The Operating System

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The Operating System

Head-to-head in the competition with Microsoft Windows is

Lion (OS X 10.7)

Mountain Lion (OS X 10.8)

Mavericks (OS X 10.9)

Yosemite (OS X 10.10)

El Capitan (OS X 10.11)

Sierra (macOS 10.12)

High Sierra (macOS 10.13)

Mojave (macOS 10.14)

Catalina (macOS 10.15)

Big Sur (macOS 11)

Multi-user vs. Single user

● A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer

The resource management function of

● The data management functions of an

It does this by providing a user interface

Command line interface

● Is a type of user interface which allows people to interact with

A symbol that appears on the display

The area on the display

• Two types of menu:

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