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Ss 1 Further Mathematics Lesson 9

This document discusses vectors in two dimensions, including: 1. The projection or resolution of vectors, which is the length of one vector projected onto another. 2. The scalar (dot) product of two vectors, which is the product of their magnitudes and the cosine of the angle between them. It is used to find the angle between vectors and determine if they are parallel or perpendicular. 3. Properties of the scalar product including commutativity, distribution, and conditions for parallelism and perpendicularity. 4. Examples of finding projections of vectors, scalar products, angles between vectors, and determining parallel/perpendicular vectors.

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Adio Babatunde Abiodun Cabax
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787 views6 pages

Ss 1 Further Mathematics Lesson 9

This document discusses vectors in two dimensions, including: 1. The projection or resolution of vectors, which is the length of one vector projected onto another. 2. The scalar (dot) product of two vectors, which is the product of their magnitudes and the cosine of the angle between them. It is used to find the angle between vectors and determine if they are parallel or perpendicular. 3. Properties of the scalar product including commutativity, distribution, and conditions for parallelism and perpendicularity. 4. Examples of finding projections of vectors, scalar products, angles between vectors, and determining parallel/perpendicular vectors.

Uploaded by

Adio Babatunde Abiodun Cabax
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LESSON: 9

SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS


CLASS: SS1
TOPIC: VECTOR IN TWO DIMENTIONS (cont'd)
CONTENT:
1. Projector or Resolution of vectors
2. Scalar(dot) product : Application of scalar (dot) product.

Sub-Topic 1: PROJECTION OR RESOLUTION OF VECTORS


B

⍬
O N A
If the position vector of the pointA relative to a reference point o is a and that of the point B
relative to O is b, we call the length ON the projection of the vector b on the vector a. If a
denotes the unit vector in the direction of the vector a then
a =/ậ/ and /ậ/ = 1
Now
/on/ = /OB/ cos Ө
= /b/ cos Ө
=/ȃ/ /b/ cos Ө
Then the projection of the vector b on a is ȃ •b where ȃ is the unit vector in the direction of the
vector a.
Also the projection of the vector a on b is a.b^ Where b^ is the unit vector in the direction of the
vector b.
As the resolved part of a in the direction of b the projection of the vector a on b can also be
viewed.
Examples:
Find the projection of the vector p on the vector q n if:
a. p=2i+3 i∧−i+4 j
b. p=4 i−5 j∧q=−i+ j
c. p=6i +2 j∧q=2i+3 j
d. p=3 i +2 j∧q=i+3 j

SOLUTION:
(a) Let the projection of q on p be u, then
p.q
U1=
¿ p /¿¿
/ P/ =√ 4 +9

= √ 13
p.q = (2)(-1) + (3)(4) = -3 + 12 = 9
Therefore,

×√ = √
a 13 a 13
U1 =
√13 √13 13
(b) . Let the projection q on p be, U2, then
p.q
U2 =
¿ P /¿¿
/p/ = √ 16+25 = √ 41
p.q = (4)(-1) + (-5)(1) = -9
Therefore,
−a √ 41 −a √ 41
U2 = X =
√ 41 √ 41 41
(c) Let the projection q on p be U3, then
p.q
U3 =
IpI

/P/ = √ 36+ 4 = √ 40
p.q = (6)(2) + (2)(3) = 12 + 6 = 18
Therefore,

U3 =
18
X
√ 40 = 18 √ 40
√ 40 √ 40 40
(d) Let the projection of q and p be U4, then
p.q
U4 =
¿ P /¿¿
/p/ = √ 9+3 = √ 13
p.q = (3)(1) + (2)(3) = 3+6 = 9

Therefore,

U4 =
a
X
√13 =
a √ 13
√13 √13 13
EVALUATION:
For each pair of the following, find the projection of the second vector on the first vector:
(1) a = 3i^ – 4 ^j (2)b = 5i^ + 8 ^j (3)m = 7i^ + 3 ^j (4)n = 2i^ –5 ^j (5) x = 4i^ - 5 ^j (6) y = 3i^ - 7 ^j

SUB TOPIC 2:- SCALAR(DOT) PRODUCT ; APPLICATION OF SCALAR(DOT) PRODUCT.


1. Scalar Product:

The scalar product of two vectors a and b is written a.b and is defined as the product of the
lengths of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between them.
Thus if Ө is the angle between the vectors a and b then a.b =/a/ cos Ө .
Let i^ and ^j be two unit vectors which are perpendicular to each other.
Let
a= axi^ + ay ^j
b=bxi^ + by ^j
Then
a.b = (axi^ + ay ^j ) . (bxi^ + by ^j )
= axbxi^ . i^ + axbyi^ . ^j + aybx ^j . i^ + ayby ^j . ^j
As i^ and ^j are unit vectors which are mutually perpendicular to each other we have
(a) i. i = 1X1 cos00 = 1
(b) j.j = 1 X 1 cos00 = 1
(c) i.j =1 x 1 cos 900 =0
(d) j.i = 1 x 1 cos 900 = 0

So a.b =axbx + ayby


The scalar product can be sometimes be called the dot product.
The angle between two vectors Ө can be defined from the definition of scalar product.
Thus from a.b = /a/ /b/ cosӨ , we have
a.b
Cos Ө =
IaI IbI
If a and b are parallel then Ө = 0 and a.b =/a/ /b/
π
If a and are perpendicular then Ө = and a.b =0
2
Example:
1. Find the dot product of the following pairs of vectors:
(a) a = i^ + 4 ^j and b = 5 i^ -3 ^j
(b) p = 6i^ - ^j and q = 2 i^ - 8 ^j

SOLUTION:
(a) a.b = (i^ + 4j) . (5i^ - 3 ^j
=(1)(5) + (4)(-3) = 7
(b) p.q = (6i – j ) . (2i^ - 8 ^j )
= (6)(2) + (-1)(-8) = 20
2. Find the cosine of the angle between the following pairs of vectors;
(a) m = 4i^ + 3 ^j and n= 2i^ + 5 ^j
(b) S = 7i^ – 4 ^j and t = 3i^ - 2 ^j

SOLUTION:
(a) Let the angle between the vectors m and n be 𝝰1 then
/m/ = √ 16+9
/m/ = √ 25
=5
/n/ = √ 4 +25
= √ 29

m•n = (4)(2) + (3)(5) = 23


m. n 23 √ 29 23 √ 29 23 √ 29
Cos𝝰1= = X = =
ImIInI 5 √29 √ 29 5 X 29 145
(b). Let the angle between the vectors s and t be α 2 then
/s/ = √ 49+16 = √ 65
/t/ = √ 9+ 4 =√ 13
s.t = (7)(3) + (-4)(-2) = 29

s.t 29 29 √ 5 29 √ 5 29 √ 5
Cos𝝰2 = = = X = =
IsIItI √ 55 X √ 13 X √ 13 √ 5 X 13 √ 5 5 X 13 65
PROPERTIES OF A SCALAR (DOT) PRODUCT
1. Commutative property

Let a = axi^ + ay ^j , b = bxi^ + by ^j


Then
a.b = (axi^ + ay ^j ) . (bxi^ + by ^j )
=axbx + ayby
=bxax + byay
=(bxi^ + by ^j ). (axi^ + ay ^j )
=b.a
2. Distribution property
i. a . ( b+ c ) =a . b+a . c
ii. if a /¿ b t h en a . b=¿ a//b /¿ . In particular a 2¿ a . a=¿/a /2
iii. if a ⏊ b then a . b=0
iv. Multiplication by a scalar (𝛌a ¿ . b=a . ( λb )= λ(a . b)
v. If ⍬ is the angle between a and b then
a.b
cos ⍬=
¿ aIIb/¿ ¿

Condition for parallelism If the vector a=¿ a xi^ + ay ^j is parallel to the vector b
=bxi^ + by ^j ,
ax ay
i.e a =𝛌b ¿ is a scalar) then = =𝛌
bx by
Condition for perpendicularity
If a ⏊ b, i.e a . b=0 then a x b x + a yb y = 0
Example :
1. Given that /p / =3 ,/q/ =4 and =-6, find the angle between p and q (WAEC)

SOLUTION:
p.q
¿
Let ⍬ −6 −6 −1
¿ p /¿ q/¿= = = ∨−0.5 . ¿
3 × 4 12 2

⍬ = cos-1 -0.5 = 1200.


2. If a = 3i - 4 j and b = 6i - 8 j find the scalar product of a and b

SOLUTION:
a . b=3 ×6+ (−4 )(−8 )=18+32=50

EVALUATION:
1. Evaluate: ( 8 i−15 ) . ( 8 i−5 j )
2. Given that: p=2i +3 j , q=i+ j , find t h e/2 p−3 p/¿
3. Find the unit vector direction of
(a) a=5 i+12 j

b = b=8 i+ 15 j
4.Find modulus of each of the following vectors
(a) 3 i+ 4 j
(b) 2 i+ j
(c) 2 i+3 j

5.Define the scalar (dot) product of vectors x and y


6.Find the dot product of the following pairs of vectors

ASSIGNMENT:
a. 8 i−3 j∧7 i+ 4 j
b. 2 i+ j∧2 i+ j
c. 4 i+3 j∧5 i+ 3 j
d. 9 i−3 j∧7 i+ 4 j

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