10 VIII August 2022

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46453
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VIII Aug 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

An Essay on Quantum Processors

KVR Pranav
Student, CVR College of Engineering, Mangalpalli, Ibrahim Patnam, Hyderabad

Abstract: Fundamentally we need a processor to carryout computations and intelligent jobs. A CPU in a computer based on Intel
technology has been common. As is time getting advanced researchers continued working on large problems for solutions with
in minimum time. They expect quantum computers could give good answer in minimum time. This article tried to understand
the quantum processors.

I. INTRODUCTION
A processor in a computer is an integrated electronic circuit which performs the calculations. A processor performs arithmetical,
logical, input/output (I/O) operations. Further a processor also has to perform basic instructions that are passed from an operating
system (OS). Most of the intelligent processes are dependent on the operations of a processor.
The terms processor, central processing unit (CPU) and microprocessor are synonyms. Most people use the word “processor”
interchangeably with the term “CPU” now a days. Technically CPU is just one of the processors inside a personal computer (PC)
A processor is also one which measures efficiency in terms of the ability to process instructions at a given time, and maximum
number of bits/instructions used and clock speed.
Every time that an operation is preformed, the processor will have to interpret the operating system. The processing of operations
can be faster or slower. This has a greater impact on the “processing speed” of the CPU.
Intelligent systems are technologically advanced machines that perceive and respond to the domain of the problem. Intelligent
systems can take many forms
from automated vacuums to facial recognition programs.
A normal processor mainly is used in every personal computer. Fundamentally the central processing unit is described as a
processor of the system. CPU is made of integrated chips to organize all the components at a single place. Different manufacturers
provide different load based processors for computer systems and mobile systems. The processors are designed based on available
versions and generations, namely Intel i5, AMD A8 etc.
An AI processor: Processors used in artificial intelligence and machine learning-based problems are known as AI processors.
These are one of the neuro-morphic processing units, which are designed on the basis of machine learning and artificial neural
network. Computations are faster on these processors. These processors can study the human behavioral conditions and execute
computations.
Quantum processors are also known as quantum processing units (QPUs). Some companies announced during conferences, but
have not actually demonstrated by characterizing the performance. Some of the QPUs are Circuit-based quantum processors and
some are Annealing quantum processors.

Neuro-morphic computers and spiking neural networks

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1590
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VIII Aug 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Quantum computing taps into the fundamental quantum nature of matter at subatomic levels. They are supposed to have vast
computing power. The fundamental unit of quantum computing is the quantum circuit, which is an arrangement of qubits into
quantum gates and measurements. The more qubits a quantum processor possesses, the more complex and valuable are the quantum
circuits that it can run.
The ability design parallel, programmable operations between desired qubits within a quantum processor is key for building
scalable quantum information systems. In most of the state-of-the-art approaches, qubits interact locally constrained by the
connectivity associated with fixed spatial layout. Also quantum processor with dynamic, non-local connectivity entangled qubits
are coherently transported, in a highly parallel manner,. This is done across two spatial dimensions, between layers of single- and
two-qubit operations.
The invention of 'Eagle' processor is a novel device in tapping into the massive computing potential of devices based on quantum
physics.

Quantum information systems derive their power from controllable interactions that generate quantum entanglement. The natural,
local character of interactions limits the connectivity of quantum circuits. Non-local connectivity can be engineered via a global
shared quantum data bus., but in practice these approaches have been limited in size.
A challenge in quantum information processing is to develop architectures which allow coherent signals to be exchanged at the
resource in an efficient manner, without inducing classical behavior.
Higher goals of QPU design involves generating multi-qubit devices with a modular architecture.
Qubits are made using physical systems, such as the spin of an electron or the orientation of a photon. These systems can be in many
different arrangements all at once, a property known as quantum superposition. Qubits can also be inextricably linked together using
a phenomenon called quantum entanglement.
Entanglement has to be efficiently generated within the chip and passed onto to classical circuitry. Some of them are flexible
choice of qubit devices. Different Connectivity Graphs are to be designed to suite Entangling Gate Sets and High-Fidelity
Operations.

3D Integration in QPU can be achieved by enhanced flexible connectivity and extensibility. Flip chip – separate chips control qubit
couplers, ALD membranes chip, controls or couplers which can be the capping layer and High quality air bridges –
electromagnetic hygiene.
Some of the High-Q Resonators enable higher qubit coherence of QPU performance by unique material, quantum device
characterization capabilities, state-of-the-art world class fabrication facility and takes in to account of History of advanced quantum
design successes.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1591
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VIII Aug 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

The Two Qubit Gate Technology is to Realize fast high-fidelity gates with tunable couplers. Some of them are on or near-
resonance gates with tunable fixed frequency qubits & couplers, Parametric gates with tunable, fixed frequency qubits and
couplers, and CR gates with fixed and tunable frequency qubits.
A two-qubit gate is the central building block of any quantum computer - and the UNSW team's version of it is the fastest that's ever
been demonstrated in silicon, completing an operation in 0.8 nanoseconds, which is ~200 times faster than other existing spin-based
two-qubit gates. In the Simmons' group approach, a two-qubit gate is an operation between two electron spins—comparable to the
role that classical logic gates play in conventional electronics. For the first time, the team was able to build a two-qubit gate by
placing two atom qubits closer together than ever before, and then - in real-time - controllably observing and measuring their spin
states.
Parametric Amplifiers are Quantum limited amplifiers for high fidelity qubit readout and precision quantum measurement:\.
Some of them are AlOX capped parametric amplifiers, SiN capped parametric amplifiers, Al traveling Wave Parametric
amplifiers (TWPAs)
A number of visionary architectures addressed this challenge and proposed theoretically over the past two decades. On the basis of
coherent, dynamical transport of quantum information using movable traps or photonic links, these techniques have been the subject
of intensive experimental explorations; across different platforms.. However, a true progress has been limited to small-scale, few-
qubit systems lacking good connectivity, easy programmability and parallelism.
IBM measures progress in quantum computing hardware through three performance attributes: Scale, Quality and Speed. Scale is
measured in the number of qubits on a quantum processor and determines how large of a quantum circuit can be run. Quality is
measured by Quantum Volume and describes how accurately quantum circuits runs on a real quantum device. Speed is measured
by CLOPS (Circuit Layer Operations Per Second), which is a metric devised by IBM introduced in November 2021.
Eagle' is IBM's first quantum processor developed and deployed to contain more than 100 operational and connected qubits. For
this, IBM researchers built on innovations pioneered within its existing quantum processors, such as a qubit arrangement design to
reduce errors and architecture to reduce the number of necessary components.

II. CONCLUSION
Quantum computers exploit the laws of physics, especially those of quantum mechanics that study subatomic particles in practice,
the one that tells us how nature really works. Their fundamental unit is the quantum bit or qubit, linked to the state in which a
particle or an atom is found and whose peculiarities allow to carry out the calculations in a much faster way. Thus Quantum
computers perform calculations based on the probability of an object's state before it is measured - instead of just 1s or 0 s; which
means they have the potential to process exponentially more data compared to classical computers. It may be noted that classical
computers carry out logical operations using the definite position of a physical state. These are usually binary, meaning its
operations are based on one of two positions. A single state - such as ‘on or off’, ‘up or down’, ‘1 or 0 –‘ is called a bit.
In quantum computing, operations instead use the quantum state to produce a qubit. These states are the undefined properties of an
object such as the spin of an electron or the polarization of a photon.

III. CURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Some TOP QUANTUM COMPUTING COMPANIES are Strange-works, Zapata Computing, Cold-quanta, QC Ware, IBM,
D-Wave Systems, Bleximo, Xanadu, , Intel, Microsoft, Atom Computing
There's plenty of hope and expectation but the big day itself remains a long way off. That's because so far, no single accepted
approach to quantum computer has proved ideal. Also, the key work of stabilizing those qubits is arduous and expensive. One
theoretical computer scientist Scott Aaronson told Gizmodo, that “actually building a useful quantum computer is a massive
technological undertaking.” Among all these companies IBM is making developments at faster phase.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1592
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue VIII Aug 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

These companies may be either collaborating in joint research or using a quantum computer of companies that are doing core
research in the technology.
Despite the research ongoing for a decade, a commercial quantum computer is still years away. Yet researchers of different
organizations are making small progress to make their quantum computers more reliable and efficient. Every day, breakthroughs
are occurring with revelations of quantum applications in research papers or in patents.
Currently IBM has 18 QUANTUM COMPUTERS. Eighteen quantum computers might not sound like a lot. But given that each
one is an unwieldy device chilled within a fraction of a degree above absolute zero by good researchers, it's large establishment. It
is reported in references that that Google's quantum computers lab near Santa Barbara, California, has some five machines,
and Honeywell only has six quantum computers.
IBM is on a path to at least double the performance of its quantum computers every year, something it's done for four years running
so far. It scores its machines on a measurement, it invented called quantum volume in terms of the number of qubits in a machine
and the reduction in error rates that hobble quantum calculations.
Therefore Quantum computing is no longer in its infancy. The technology today is advancing with largely future benefits.
Companies like IBM, Google, Microsoft, Intel and Honeywell along with IonQ, Quantum Circuits and Rigetti computing
are working hard to bring quantum computing to maturity. They hope to satisfy customers' desire to solve classes of computing
problems that are impossible for conventional computers.

IV. QUANTUM FUTURE

Google quantum computers are set aside the supercomputers.
Amazon, IBM and Microsoft are working rigorously, to bring global access to quantum computing.
IBM reports that quantum computer can be 100,000x faster by 2025. Honeywell says
IBM is working to make its quantum computers accessible to those who understand the weird physics concepts like superposition
and entanglement that make quantum computers. It's doing so by packaging computational operations into standard recipes it calls
circuits that apply a sequence of transformations to qubits, the quantum data storage elements that are far more adaptable than
conventional computers' bits.

V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author of this article expresses thanks to the authors of references and the Wikipedia from which he collected diagrams.

REFERENCES
[1] Quantum Computer Design: An introduction - EDN Asia, 2019 .
[2] Quantum Processor Development – AQT@LBNL.
[3] Get Ready for Custom Quantum Processor Units - Altium's ., 2022,
[4] Quantum Processor - Quantum Processor.
[5] Essential Hardware Components of a Quantum Computer
[6] National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019.
[7] Quantum Computing: Progress and Prospects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25196.
[8] Understanding Quantum Computing, IJSEAS, Vol. 1, issue 6. Sept., 2015

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