QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Session 1 – Basic of numbers

RATIONAL NUMBERS

A number which can be expressed in the form p/q where p and q are integers and
q ≠ 0 is called a rational
number.

For example, 4 is a rational number since 4 can be le written as 4/1 where 4 and 1 are integers and the
denominator 1 ¿ 0. Similarly, the numbers 3/4, –2/5, etc. are also rational numbers.

Recurring decimals are also rational numbers. A recurring decimal is a number in which one or more digits at the
end of a number after the decimal point repeats endlessly (For example, 0.333... 0.111111...., 0.166666...., etc. are
all recurring decimals). Any recurring decimal can be expressed as a fraction of the foam p/q and hence it is a
rational number. We will study in another section in this chapter the way to convert recurring decimals into
fractions.

Between any two numbers, there can be infinite number of other rational numbers.

Integers

All integers are rational numbers. Integers are classified into negative integers, zero and positive integers. Positive
integers can be classified as Prime Numbers and Composite Numbers. In problems on Numbers, we very often
use the word “number” to mean an “integer.”

Prime Numbers.

A number other than 1 which does not have any factor apart from one and itself is called a prime number.

Examples for prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 etc.

There is no general formula that can give prime numbers. Every prime number greater than 3 can be written
in the form of (6 k + 1) or (6k – 1) where k is an integer.

Relative Primers

Two numbers are said to be relative primes or co-primes if they do not have any common factor other than 1. For
example, the numbers 15 and 16 do not have any common factors and hence they are relative primes. Please
note that none of the two numbers may individually be prime and still they can be relative primers. Unity is a
relative prime to all numbers.

Multiples
If one number is divisible exactly by a second number, then the first number is said to be a multiple of the second
number. For example, 15 is a multiple of 5; 24 is a multiple of 4.

Even and odd numbers

Numbers divisible by 2 are called even number whereas numbers that are not divisible by 2 are called odd
numbers.

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Examples for even numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, etc. Examples for odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 etc.

Perfect Numbers
A number is said to be a perfect number if the sum of ALL its factors excluding itself (but including 1) is equal to
the number itself.

For example, 6 is a perfect number because the factors of 6, i.e., 1, 2 and 3 odd up to the number 6 itself.
Other examples of perfect numbers are 28, 496, 8128, etc.

Factors

If one number divides a second number exactly, then the first number is said to be a factor of the second
number. For example, 5 is a factor of 15; 3 is a factor of 18. Factors are also called sub-multiples or divisors.

Composite Numbers

Any number other than 1, which is not a prime number is called a composite number. In other words, a
composite number is a number which has factors other than one and itself.

Examples for composite numbers are 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15 etc.

IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

Numbers which are not rational but which can be represented by points on the number line are called irrational
4 3
numbers. Examples for irrational numbers are √ 2, √ 3 , √ 5, √ 9 , etc.

Numbers like π , e are also irrational numbers.

Between any two numbers, there are infinite number of irrational numbers.

Another way of looking at rational and irrational numbers is

RULES FOR DIVISIBILITY

In n number of situations, we will need to find the factors of a given number. Some of the factors of a given
number can, in a number of situations, be found very easily either by observation or by applying simple rules. We
will look at some rules for divisibility of numbers.

Divisibility by 2
A number divisible by 2 will have an even number as its last digit (For example 128, 246, 2346, etc.)

Divisibility by 3
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 3.
For example, take the number 9123, the sum of the digits is 9 + 1 + 4 + 2 + 3 = 15 which is a multiple of 3.
Hence, the given number 9123 is divisible by 3. Similarly 342, 789 etc. are all divisible by 3. If we lake the number
74549, the sum of the digits is 29 which is not a multiple of 3. Hence the number 74549 is not divisible by 3.

Divisibility by 4
A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed with its last two digits is divisible by 4.
For example, if we take the number 178564, the last two digits form 64. Since this number 64 is divisible by 4, the
number 178564 is divisible by 4.
If we take the number 476854, the last two digits form 54 which is not divisible by 4 and hence the number
476854 is not divisible by 4.

Divisibility by 5

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A number is divisible by 5 if its last digit is 5 or zero (eg. 15, 40, etc.)

Divisibility by 6
A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible both by 2 and 3 (18, 42, 96, etc.)

Divisibility by 7
If the difference between the number of tens in the number and twice the units digit is divisible by 7, then the
given number is divisible by 7. Otherwise, it is not divisible by 7.

Take the units digit of the number, double it and subtract this figure from the remaining part of the number. If
the result so obtained is divisible by 7, then the original number is divisible by 7. If that result is not divisible by 7,
then the number is not divisible by 7.

For example, let us take the number 595. The units digit is 5 and when it is doubled, we get 10. The remaining
part of the number is 59. If 10 (Which is the units digit doubled) is subtracted from 59 we get 49. Since this result
49 is divisible by 7, the original number 595 is also divisible by 7.

Divisibility by 11
A number is divisible by 11 if the sum of the alternate digits is the same or they differ by multiples of 11 - that is,
the difference between the sum of digits in odd places in the number and the sum of the digits in the even places
in the number should be equal to zero or a multiple of 11.

For example, if we take the number 132, the sum of the digits in odd places is 1 + 2 = 3 and the sum of the digits
in even places is 3. Since these two sums are equal, the given number is divisible by 11.
If we take the number 785345, the sum of the digits in odd places is 16 and the sum of the digits in even places is
also 16. Since these two sums are equal, the given number is divisible by 11.

If we take the number 89394811, the sum of the digits in odd places is 8 + 3 + 4 + 1, which is equal to 16. The
sum of the digits in even places is 9 + 9 + 8 + 1, which is equal to 27. The difference between these two figures is
11 (27 — 16), which is a multiple of 11. Hence the given number 89394811 is divisible by 11.

The number 74537 is not divisible by 11 because the sum of the digits in odd places is 19 and the sum of the
digits in even places is 7 and the difference of these two figures is 12 and this is not a multiple of 11.

Divisibility by numbers like 12, 14, 15 can be checked out by taking factors of the number which are relatively
prime and checking the divisibility of the given number by each of the factors. For example, a number is divisible
by 12 if it is divisible both by 3 and 4.

RECURRING DECIMALS

A decimal in which a digit or a set of digits is repeated continuously is called a recurring decimal. Recurring
decimals are written in a shortened for the digits which are repeated being marked by dots placed over the first
and the last of them, thus In case of 1/7, where the set of digits 142857 is recurring, the dot is placed on top of
the first and the last digits of the set or alternatively, a bar is placed over the entire set of the digits that recur.

Recurring decimal

A recurring decimal like 0.33333….. is called a pure recurring decimal because all the digits after the decimal
points are recurring.

A recurring decimal like 0.16666666…. is called a mixed recurring because some of the digits after the decimal
are not recurring on (in this case, only the digit 6 is recurring and the digit 1 is not recurring).

A recurring decimal is also called a "circulator'. The digit, or set of digits, which is repeated is called the "period"
of the decimal. In the decimal equivalent to 8/3, the period is 6 and in 1/7 it is 142857.

As already discussed all recurring decimals are rational numbers as they can be expressed in the form p/q, where

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p and q are integers. The general rule for converting recurring decimals into fractions will be considered later. Let
us first consider a few examples so that we will be able to understand the rule easily.

Example 1

Express 0.6666…. in the form of a fraction

Sol. = 0.666. ..
Let x = 0.66 …… (1)
As the period is of one digit, we multiply the given number by 10 1 i.e., 10
Therefore. 10x = 6.666 ….. (2)
(2) — (1) gives, 9x=6
x = 6/9 = 2/3

Example 2

Express0.81 in the form of a fraction

Sol. = 0.818181 ……
Let x = 0 8181 ….. (1)
As the period IS containing 2 digits, we multiply by 10 2 i.e., 100
Therefore 100 x = 81.8181 ….. (2)
(2) — (1) gives, 99 x = 81
x = 81/99 = 9/11

Example 3

Express the recurring decimal 0.024 in the form of a fraction

Let x = 0.024024 -------- (1)

As the period contains 3 digits, we multiply with (10)³ i.e., 1000, therefore
1000 x = 24.024024 -------- (2)
(2) — (1) gives. 999x = 24
x = 24/999 = 8/333

Unit Digit

Every number when raised to the power of 5 or its multiples gives the same unit digit as the original number. So,
a simple rule is to divide the power by 4 and raise the number to the power of remainder. The number thus at the
unit place is the unit digit of the resultant.
Example: Find the unit digit of (23)⁹⁹⁹ + (47)⁵⁵⁵ + (992)⁹⁶⁸
Solution : 999/4, remainder is 3, so unit digit for (23)⁹⁹⁹ is 7 ( (3)³ = 27). Similarly, for 2 nd and 3rd expression unit
digit will be 3 and 6. Adding 7, 3 and 6. We get our unit digit for the expression i.e. 6.

Remainders

Cyclicity of remainder helps us find the remainders for number raised to high powers. It tells us that if a number
A^n is divided by d, remainders follow a pattern.

Example:
4^n is divided by 9.
When 4^1 is divided by 9, it gives a remainder 4
When 4^2 is divided by 9, it gives a remainder 7
When 4^3 is divided by 9, it gives a remainder 1

Again, when 4^4 is divided by 9, it gives a remainder 4

So, The remainder for 4^n divided by 9 will be 4 for (3k+1), will be 7 for (3k+2) and will be 1 for (3k+3).

Digital Root

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Digital root of a number is the sum of all the digits of a number until the resultant becomes a single digit. For
Example, 999’s digital root will be 9. (9+9+9 = 27, 2+7 = 9)

Number of zeroes

When we talk about number of zeroes, we mean the zeroes at the end of a number. Now, we know that 0 at the
end of any product can only be seen if that number is a multiple of 10. Number of zeroes in any product is equal
to the number of times 10 appears in the product. 10 can only be attained by multiplying 5 by 2. So Number of
zero in any product will always be equal to pairs of 5&2 available in them.

Examples: Find the number of zeroes in the expression (24)⁶ × (15)⁴

Solution : In (24)⁶ there is (2)¹⁸ and in (15)⁴ there’s (5)⁴. So, There will be 4 set of 10s and hence there are 4 zeroes.

Indices and Surds

Index is the power which is raised to any number or variable. Indices (plural of Index) mean that you have to
multiply the base with itself given number of times. In 2^4, 4 is the index of 2. A^m= a*a*a…..m times.

Laws of Indices:

There are some fundamental rule of indices, which we have to follow while performing algebraic operations on it.

 Whenever a number or variable is raised to power 0, It always results in 1.

 A^m × A^n = A^(m+n)
 A^m ÷ A^n = A^(m-n)
 (A^m)^n = A^mn

Laws of Surds

 √a × √b = √ab
 √a ÷ √b = √(a/b)

Base Systems

Our number system is said decimal system because we use 10 characters in it i.e. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 & 9. So, In
decimal system our base is 10. Those of you familiar with computer language know that computer works on a
binary system, which means it has only two digits i.e. 0&1.

Any base system can be made following the same pattern. Most popular ones are Decimal, Binary, Hexadecimal
and Octadecimal.
In hexadecimal, Our base is 16. So, we use letters from 0-9 and alphabets from A-F. So, Let’s say, you being an
intelligent person decide to start your own number system with base 5. In that case, you are supposed to use
numbers 0-4 and so on.
Note: To avoid confusion, if we have to say that the number 4321 is in base 5, we represent it as (4321)₅

Example:  Convert 435 into base 6.

Solution: Dividing 435 by 6. Our quotient is 72 and remainder is 3. This remainder is our unit digit.
Again dividing that 2 by 6 we get Q= 12 and remainder 0. This is our tens place digit. Dividing 12 again, we get 2
as quotient and remainder is 0. Again 0 is our hundreds place digit. Since, we can’t divide 2 by 6 anymore, so 2
will be our thousands place digit.
Hence, (435)₁₀ = (2003)₆.

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 Class Assignment
1. If the numbers 974c084 is completely divisible by 4, what will be the smallest
whole number in place of c ?

(1) 8 (2) 6 (3) 5 (4) 0

(5) 4

2. A certain number when divided by 13 leaves a remainder of 2. What will be the

remainder when square of that number is divided by 13?

(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 6

(5) 7

26
∧32
3. Which is the largest of these fractions : 15 19 30
: : ?
16 24 36

15 32 26 19
(1) (2) (3) (4)
16 36 30 24
(5) Cannot be determined

4. A three-digit number 9a4 is added to another three digit number 889 to give the
four digit number 17b3 Which is divisible by 11, then the value of (a+b) is-

(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 9 (D) 10

5. A number 123x is divisible by 7. What is the value of x if the number is also

divisible by 3 ?
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 6 (4) 9

(5)More than 1 value of x is possible

6. If N is the highest 4 digit number divisible by 12,40,32 &72, What is the value of
N?

(1) 9990 (2) 9020 (3) 8640

(4) 8900 (5) None of These

7. Find the sum of first 5 triangular numbers.

(A) 12 (B) 35 (C) 27 (D) 15

8. Each question contains a statement followed by Quantity I and Quantity II. Read
the contents clearly and answer your questions accordingly.
a) Quantity I > Quantity II b) Quantity I ≥ Quantity II
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 c) Quantity II > Quantity I d) Quantity II ≥ Quantity I
e) Quantity I = Quantity II or Relation cannot be established
5
Quantity I: The sum of ( ) of a number and 35 % of the same number is 213. What
6
is the 65 % of the number?
Quantity II: 60% of 50% of 480 =?
A. a B. b C. c D. d E. e

9. There are 7 consecutive even numbers and 4 consecutive odd numbers. The
average of 7 even numbers is 42. The product of 3rd largest even number and
largest odd number is 748. Find the sum of the 4 odd numbers?
A. 80 B. 68 C. 56 D. 72 E. None of these

10. Let 'a' be an odd natural number. If 'a' is divided by 6, it leaves a remainder 'b'.
If b2 is divided by 4, it leaves remainder c. Which of the following must be true
for c?

(A) c = 3 (B) c = 5 (C) c = 1 (D) c = even

11. Find the number of zero in the following expression.
47!/23!
(A) 10 (B) 8 (C) 7 (D) 6
.
12. A cream biscuit making machine can make 1000 biscuits in 2.5 hours, a cream
roll making the machine can make 200 cream rolls in 5 hours while a candy-
making machine can make 3500 candies in 7 hours. The candy making machine
starts at 10 am, cream biscuit making machine starts at 1 pm and cream roll
making machine starts at 2 pm. Find the sum of the number of candies, cream
rolls and cream biscuits manufactured till 5 pm on the same day. 
A. 3440 B. 4550 C. 4220 D. 5650
E. 5220 

13. The difference of two numbers is 425. On dividing the larger number by the
smaller, we get 2 as quotient and 125 as remainder. What is the smaller number?
A. 100 B. 200 C. 300 D. 400 E. None of these

14. How many natural numbers are there between 10 and 205 which are exactly
divisible by 8?
A. 12 B. 24 C. 8 D. 16 E. None of these

(10 a+ b)
15. If a: b = 1: 3, then what is the value of ?
(10 a−b)
A. 13: 7 B. 7: 13 C. 1: 3 D. 3: 1
E. None of these
(10+3) 13
=> = = 13: 7
(10−3) 7

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 16. If 18 subtracted from four times of a number and the resultant is 6 more than
the 2 times of the number, then find that number?
A. 16 B. 12 C. 14 D. 20 E. 18

17. The school HM has certain amount of chocolates which distributed among the
students of three classes A, B and C. If the HM gave four – fifteenth of the total
number of chocolates that he has to class A, the remaining he gave seven –
twenty two to class B and from the remaining he gave 36 chocolates to class C.
Find the total number of chocolates HM distributed?
A. 78 B. 72 C. 75 D. 80 E. None of these

18. There are 5 consecutive odd and 3 consecutive even numbers. The sum of 5
consecutive odd numbers is 115. The highest even number is twice that of highest
odd number. Find the average of those 3 consecutive even numbers?
A. 56 B. 50 C. 54 D. 52
E. None of these
19. If N and x are positive integers such that NN = 2160 and N2 + 2N is an integral
multiple of 2x, then the largest possible x is
A. 10 B. 8 C. 12 D. 14
E.  6

20. If N=(11^p+7)(7^q–2)(5^r+1)(3^s) is a perfect cube, where p,q,r and s are

positive integers, then the smallest value of p+q+r+s is:

A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8 E. 9

21. In each of the following questions, a question is followed by three statements I, II

and III. Read all the statements to find the answer to given question and then
answer accordingly that which statement/s can give the answer alone/together.
If a12÷ ax x a4÷ a2y x a-z = a2, find the value of (x + y + z).
I). x = 3y II). x > z > y III). x – z = 2
A. All I, II and III B. Any two of the three C. Only II and III
D. Only I and III E. Even I, II and III together are not sufficient.

22. If 10^(67)-87 is written as an integer in base 10 notation, what is the sum of

digits in that integer

a) 663

b) 480

c) 583

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 d) 589
23. A rod is cut into 3 equal parts. The resulting portions are then cut into 12. 18 and
32 equal parts, respectively if each of the resulting portions have integer length,
the minimum length of the rod is
a) 6912 units

b) 884 units

c) 288 units

d) 240 units

24. Let A, B and C be three positive integers such that the sum of A and the mean of
B and C is 5. In addition, the sum of B and the mean of A and C is 7. Then the
sum of A and B is:

          A) 7   B) 4       C) 5         D) 6 

25. How many numbers with two or more digits can be formed with the digits
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, so that in every such number, each digit is used at most once and
the digits appear in the ascending order?

A) 500   B) 502       C) 504         D) 506 

Solution
1.
AS , 974 C 084 is divisible by 4
¿ any number will be divisible by 4 ,
when last two digit of number will be divisible by 4
So ,We can put 0¿ makedivisible by 4

2.
As ,the number leaves remainder 2 whenis divided by 13
so , when same number will be divided by 13 ,
the remainder will be square of remainder that will=22=4

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3.

15 19 26 32
, , ,
6 24 30 36
675+570+ 624+640
So largest will be ,
720
675 15
Hence , Greatest will be i .e.
780 16
4.

Solution: 9a4 + 889 = 17 9+a 3, Since no carry is being forwarded to the hundreds
place that means a= 0 or 1. Now 17b3 is divisible by 11. So, b+1 = 10, hence b= 9.
A+B = 9.

5.

123 x
as , number is divisible by 7∧3
so , ∑ of digit will be divisible by 3
so , if we put x=9
number will be ,
1239is divisible by 3∧7 both

6.
Highest number will be ,
LCM of ( 12,40,32,72 )
12=4 ×3
40=4 ×2 ×5
32=4 ×2 ×2 ×2
72=4 ×3 × 3× 2
LCM =4 × 3 ×2 ×5 ×2 ×2 ×3 ×3 × 2=8640
7.
Solution:
Triangular numbers are 1, 1+2= 3, 1+2+3 = 6, 1+2+3+4= 10, 1+2+3+4+5= 15,
1+2+3+4+5+6 = 21, 1+2+3+4+5+6+7= 28.
Sum of first 7 triangular numbers will be = 1+3+6+10+15+21+28 = 84

8.
5
Quantity I: The sum of ( ) of a number and 35 % of the same number is 213. What
6
is the 65 % of the number?
Quantity II: 60% of 50% of 480 =?
A. a B. b C. c D. d E. e
Explanation:
Answer: C

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 Quantity I:

() ( )
5
6
x+
35
100
x = 213
(500 x+ 210 x )
= 213
600
710x = 213×600
(213 ×600)
=>x=
710
= > x = 180
65 % of the number = 180× ( 100
65
) = 117
Quantity II:
60% of 50% of 480 =?
3 1
× × 480 =?
5 2
144 =?
Hence, Quantity I < Quantity II

9.
Explanation:
Answer: C
The average of 7 even numbers = 42
The average of consecutive number/odd/even number is always the middle number.
The 7 even numbers are,
36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48
The product of 3rd largest even number and largest odd number = 748
(44 × x) = 748
x = 17
The four odd numbers are,
11, 13, 15, 17
Required sum = 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 = 56
10.  
Solution:
a= 6Q1 + b, b²= 4Q2 + c.
Now, C = 1,2,3 and b= 1,3 and 5 because a is odd.
Every possible value of gives c= 1
11.  
Solution:
Expression converts to 24 × 25 ×…..47. To find number of zeroes, we have to find the
number of 5s, because 2 is plenty in number. So, number 5s from 25,30, 35…45 will
be 6( in 25, there are 2 5s). Hence, No. of zeroes will be 6.

12.  
Explanation:
Answer: E
A cream biscuit machine can make 1000 biscuits in 2.5 hours
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 1000
Hence, the cream biscuit machine can make = 400 biscuits in one hour
2.5
Biscuits made by cream biscuits machine from 1pm till 5 pm = 400×4 = 1600
A cream roll machine can make 200 cream rolls in 5 hours 
200
Hence, the cream roll machine can make = 40 cream rolls in one hour
5
Cream rolls made by cream roll machine from 2pm till 5pm = 40×3 = 120
A candy machine can make 3500 candies in 7 hours.
3500
Hence, the candy making machine can make = 500 candies in one hour
7
Candies made by candy making machine form 10am till 5pm = 500×7 = 3500
Hence, the sum of number of candies, cream rolls and cream biscuits manufactured
till 5 pm on the same day = 3500(candies) + 120(cream rolls) + 1600(cream biscuits)
= 5220 

13.
Explanation:
Answer: C
Let the two numbers be x and y.
x – y = 425 ---(i) x – 2y = 125 ---(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get y = 300 (Smallest number)
Hence, x = 425 + 300 = 725

14.
Explanation:
Answer: B
First number = 16, Last number = 200
Last number = First number + (n – 1) × 8
=> 200 = 16 + (n – 1) × 8
=> n = 24

15.
Explanation:
Answer: A
a 1
=
b 3
(10+3) 13
=> = = 13: 7
(10−3) 7
16.
Explanation:
Answer: B
4x – 18 = 2x + 6
2x = 24
x = 12
17.

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 Explanation:
Answer: B
Total number of chocolates HM has = x
4 4x
Class A = ×x=
15 15
7 4x 7x
Class B = × (x – )=
22 15 30
Class C = 36
4x 7x
36 = x – ( + )
15 30
36 × 30 = 30x – 8x - 7x
X = 72

18.
Explanation:
Answer: D
The sum of 5 consecutive odd numbers = 115
x + x + 2 + x + 4 + x + 6 + x + 8 = 115
5x + 20 = 115
5x = 95
x = 19
The odd numbers are, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27
The highest  even number = 2 × 27 = 54
The even numbers are, 50, 52, 54
Required average = 52 (Because, the average of consecutive number/odd/even
numbers are always the middle number)

19.
Solution:
Given that N and X are positive integers such that NN = 2160 and N2 + 2N is an integral
multiple of 2x
Now we have to find the largest possible value for x
NN = 2160
We can rewrite this 2160 as (2p)q
such that 2p = N = q
pq = 160
We can try by substituting p and q with 2 and 80 respectively
(22)80 = 480
This doesn’t work so we can try by substituting p and q with 4 and 40 respectively
(24)40 = 1640
This also doesn’t work so now we can substitute p and q with 5 and 32 respectively
Such that (25)32 = 3232
Now we can say that N = 32
N2 + 2N ⟹ 322 + 232 = 2x × k (where k is the integral multiple)
N2 + 2N ⟹ 210 + 232 = 2x × k since 322 = (25)2

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 N2 + 2N ⟹ 210 (1 + 222) = 2x × k
This (1 + 222) is an odd number so the number is going to be 210 × multiple of the odd
number
Hence the largest power of 2 can be 10 i.e. 210
Xmax = 10
The largest possible x is 10
The question is "If N and x are positive integers such that NN = 2160 and N2 + 2N is
an integral multiple of 2x, then the largest possible x is 10.
Hence, the answer is 10
20.
Solution:
It has been given that N=(11^p+7)(7^q–2)(5^r+1)(3^s) is a perfect cube.
All the factors given are prime. Therefore, the power of each number should be a
multiple of 3 or 0.
p,q,r and s are positive integers. Therefore, only the power of the expressions in which
some number is subtracted from these variables are substracted from some number
can be made 0.
11^p+7:
This expression must be made a perfect cube. The nearest perfect cube is 119.
Therefore, the leat value that p can take is 9-7 =2.
7^q-2:
Least value that q can take is 2.
5^r+1:
Least value of r will be 2.
3^s:
Least value of S will be 3.
Minimum value of p+q+r+s = 2+2+2+3 =9

21.
Explanation:
Answer: D
a12÷ ax x a4÷ a2y x a-z = a2
=> a(12 – x + 4 – 2y – z) = a2
=> a(16 – x – 2y – z) = a2
=> 16 – x – 2y – z = 2
=> x + 2y + z = 14 ------ (i)
From I:
x = 3y
From II:
x>z>y
From III:
x–z=2
From I and III:
x = 3y
x
=> y = ----- (ii)
3
x–z=2
=> z = x – 2 ----- (iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii)

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 2x
x+ + x – 2 = 14
3
(3 x+ 2 x +3 x – 6)
=> = 14
3
=> 8x – 6 = 42
=> 8x = 48
=> x = 6
From (ii)
6
y= =2
3
From (iii)
z=6–2=4
Now, (x + y + z) = 6 + 2 + 4 = 12
Hence, only I and III are required.
22.
Answer (D)

10^(67)-87 is 999…..999913 (total 67 digits)

Sum of digits- 65 × 9+1+3 = 589.

23.
Answer (8)

The rod is cut into 3 equal parts thus the length of the rod will be a multiple of 3 Each
port is then cut into 512=2^2*3$

518-2-3-25 and $32-2455 parts and thus, each part of rod has to be a multiple of
$2^5*3^2=2885

Thus, the rod will be a multiple of $288-3-8645

Thus, the minimum length of the rod is 864 units

Hence option B is the correct answer.

24.

A+(B+C)/2=5 ->2a+b+c=10

B+(A+C)/2=7 ->2b+a+c=14

subtracting 2 equations we get:

b-a=4 (eliminates option 2 )

Adding 2 equations we get:

3*(a + b)+2c=24. 2c will be even so (a + b) also has to be even (eliminates option 3 &4 ).
Option 1 is our answer.
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25. As the digits appear in ascending order in the numbers, number of ways of forming a
n-digit number using the 9 digits
= 9Cn
Number of possible two-digit numbers which can be formed =
9C2+9C3+9C4+9C5+9C6+9C7+9C8+9C9
=(2^9)−(9C1+9C1)=(2^9)−(9C1+9C1)
=512−(1+9)=502

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