Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 13th ed.

Chapter 5: Tissues

Chapter 5: Tissues

I. Introduction
A. Introduction
(Outcome 5.1.1) 1. Cells are organized into layers or groups to form tissues some
cells in the body (like blood cells) are separated from each other in fluid filled spaces/
intercellular spaces (means between cells). Other cells in the body are tightly packed,
with structures called intercellular junctions that connect their cell membranes
together
(Outcome 5.1.2) 2. Intercellular junctions connect cell membranes between tightly
packed cells
(Outcome 5.1.2) 3. Three types of intercellular junctions: tight junction, desmosome,
gap junctions
(Outcome 5.1.2) 4. Tight junctions are located in cells that line the inside of the
digestive tract or in cells that line the surface of the body and line body cavities.
(Outcome 5.1.2) 5. Tight junctions function to close the space between cells by
fusing cell membranes. the area where the 2 cell membranes fuse surrounds the cell
like a belt, and the junction closes the space between the cells
(Outcome 5.1.2) 6. Desmosomes are located in cells of outer skin layer
(Outcome 5.1.2) 7. Desmosomes function to form a reinforced structural unit
(Outcome 5.1.2) 8. Gap junctions are located in cells of the muscle cells of the heart
and digestive tract
(Outcome 5.1.2) 9. Gap junctions function to allow exchange of substances such as
ions and small molecules
(Outcome 5.1.3) 10. The four major types of tissues of the human body are:
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

II. Epithelial Tissues

A. General Characteristics
(Outcome 5.2.4) 1. Epithelium covers the body surface and organs, forms grandular
tissues, and lines internal organs
(Outcome 5.2.4) 2. Epithelial tissue always has a free surface
(Outcome 5.2.4) 3. The underside of epithelial tissue is anchored by a basement
membrane to connective tissue.
(Outcome 5.2.4) 4. Epithelial tissue lacks blood vessels
(Outcome 5.2.4) 5. Because epithelial tissue cells divide continuously, its injuries
heal rapidly.
(Outcome 5.2.4) 6. Epithelial cells are tightly packed.

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 (Outcome 5.2.4) 7. In many places, desmosomes attach epithelial cells together.
(Outcome 5.2.4) 8. Epithelial cell functions include: protection, secretion,
absorption, and excretion
(Outcome 5.2.4) 9. Epithelial tissues are classified according to the shape and
numbers of layers of cells
(Outcome 5.2.4) 10. Squamous cells are thin and flat, cuboidal cells are cubelike,
and columnar cells are elongate
(Outcome 5.2.4) 11. Epithelial tissues with single layers of cells are simple and those
with two or more cell layers are stratified

B. Simple Squamous Epithelium

(Outcome 5.2.5) 1. Simple squamous epithelium consists of one layer of flat cells
(Outcome 5.2.5) 2. Substances pass easily through simple squamous epithelium.
(Outcome 5.2.5) 3. Examples of places you find simple squamous epithelium are
alveoli of lungs and walls of capillaries

C. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

(Outcome 5.2.5) 1. Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of one layer of cube-shaped
cells
(Outcome 5.2.5) 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium is located lining the follicles of the
thyroid glands, covering the ovaries, and lining kidney tubules, and ducts of certain
glands

D. Simple Columnar Epithelium

(Outcome 5.2.5) 1. Simple columnar epithelium is composed of one layer of
elongated cells
(Outcome 5.2.5) 2. The cells of simple columnar epithelium can be ciliated or
nonciliated
(Outcome 5.2.5) 3. Cilia extend from the free surface and move constantly
(Outcome 5.2.5) 4. Cilia aid in moving eggs through the uterine tubes to the uterus
(Outcome 5.2.5) 5. Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium lines the uterus and
portions of the digestive trac
(Outcome 5.2.5) 6. Simple columnar epithelium can secrete digestive fluids and
absorb nutrients from digested foods
(Outcome 5.2.5) 7. Microvilli are tiny cylindrical processes extending from the free
surfaces of simple columnar epithelium
(Outcome 5.2.5) 8. Microvilli function to increase the surface area of an epithelium
(Outcome 5.2.5) 9. Goblet cells are scattered among the columnar cells of simple
columnar epithelium tissue and secrete a protective fluid called mucus onto the free
surface of the tissue

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E. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
(Outcome 5.2.5) 1. The cells of pseudostratified columnar epithelium appear to be
multiple (stratified) but they are not.
(Outcome 5.2.5) 2. Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells have cilia on their
apical surface
(Outcome 5.2.5) 3. Goblet cells scattered throughout secrete mucus.
(Outcome 5.2.5) 4. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is located nasal cavity,
parts of urethra, upper respiratory passages

F. Stratified Squamous Epithelium

(Outcome 5.2.5) 1. Stratified Squamous epithelium is named for its Apical layer
(Outcome 5.2.5) 2. Cells nearest the free surface of stratified squamous epithelium
are squamous while cells in the deeper layers are cuboidal
(Outcome 5.2.5) 3. Stratified squamous epithelium that accumulates keratin is
located skin
(Outcome 5.2.5) 4. Keratin is protein
(Outcome 5.2.5) 5. Keratinization produces a covering of dry, tough, protective
material that prevents water and other substances from escaping from underlying
tissues and blocks chemicals and microorganisms from entering
(Outcome 5.2.5) 6. Stratified squamous epithelium that does not accumulate keratin
is located lining the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal

G. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

(Outcome 5.2.5) 1. Stratified cuboidal epithelium consists of two or three layers of
cube-like cells
(Outcome 5.2.5) 2. Stratified cuboidal epithelium is located lining ducts of mammary
glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas

H. Stratified Columnar Epithelium

(Outcome 5.2.5) 1. Stratified columnar epithelium consists of several layers of
elongated and cube-like cells
(Outcome 5.2.5) 2. Stratified columnar epithelium is located in part of the
male urethra, and parts of the pharynx

I. Transitional Epithelium
(Outcome 5.2.5) 1. Transitional epithelium is specialized to change in response to
increased tension
(Outcome 5.2.5) 2. Transitional epithelium forms the lining of the urinary bladder,
the ureters, and part of the urethra
(Outcome 5.2.5) 3. When the wall of the bladder contracts, the transitional
epithelium consists of several layers of cuboidal cells

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 (Outcome 5.2.5) 4. When the wall of the bladder is distended, the transitional
epithelium appears to contain only a few layers of cells

J. Glandular Epithelium
(Outcome 5.2.6) 1. Glandular epithelium is composed of cells that are specialized_to
produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids
(Outcome 5.2.6) 2. Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that open onto a
surface
(Outcome 5.2.6) 3. Endocrine glands secrete their products into tissue
fluid or blood
(Outcome 5.2.6) 4. An example of a unicellular exocrine gland is Goblet cells
(Outcome 5.2.6) 5. Multicellular exocrine glands are divided into: duct type (simple
or compound) and the structure of their secretory units (tublar, alveolar, or
tubuloalveolar).
(Outcome 5.2.6) 6. A simple gland communicates with the surface by means of a
duct that does not branch before it reaches the glandular cells or secretory portion,
and a compound gland has a duct that branches rapidly before reaching the secretory
portion.
(Outcome 5.2.6) 7. Tubular glands are glands that consist of epithelial-lined tubes.
(Outcome 5.2.6) 8. Alveolar glands are glands whose terminal portions from saclike
dilations.
(Outcome 5.2.6) 9. Merocrine glands release fluids by exocytosis.
(Outcome 5.2.6) 10. Apocrine glands release small portions of their glandular cell
bodies
(Outcome 5.2.6) 11. Holocrine glands release entire cells.
(Outcome 5.2.6) 12. The secretion of a serous cell is watery and has a high
concentration of enzymes.
(Outcome 5.2.6) 13. The secretion of a mucus cell is mucus.

III. Connective Tissues

A. General Characteristics
(Outcome 5.3.7) 1. Connective tissues function to bind structure, support and
protection, serves as framework, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, protect
against infections, helps repair tissue damage
(Outcome 5.3.7) 2. Matrix of connective tissue is the: binds structure, support and
protection, serves as framework, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, protect
against infections, helps repair tissue damage
(Outcome 5.3.7) 3. Matrix consists of fibers and ground substances
(Outcome 5.3.7) 4. Connective tissues have varying degrees of vascularity, epithelia
avascular

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B. Major Cell Types
(Outcome 5.3.8) 1. Examples of fixed cells are: fibroblasts, fixed macrophage,
adipocytes, melanocytes
(Outcome 5.3.8) 2. An example of a wandering cell is a macrophage
(Outcome 5.3.8) 3. Fibroblasts _is the most common kind of fixed cell in connective
tissues.
(Outcome 5.3.8) 4. Fibroblasts produce both fibers and amorphous ground substance.
(Outcome 5.3.8) 5. Macrophages originate as blood monocytes that leave the
circulation to differentiate in different tissues
(Outcome 5.3.8) 6. Macrophages are specialized for engulfing damaged cells or
pathogens that enter the tissue - they are not abundant but they play an important role
in mobilizing the body's defenses
(Outcome 5.3.8) 7. Mast cells are usually located near blood vessels
(Outcome 5.3.8) 8. Heparin functions to decrease the clotting ability of the blood and
help prevent harmful clots from forming in blood vessels.
(Outcome 5.3.8) 9. Histamine functions as a major mediator of inflammatory
processes. -significant role in gastric acid secretion and neurotransmission. C.
Connective Tissue Fibers
(Outcome 5.3.8) 1. The three types of fibers produced by fibroblasts are collagen
fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
(Outcome 5.3.8) 2. Collagenous fibers are made of collagen and consist of bundles of
fibrils that are coils of collagen molecules
(Outcome 5.3.8) 3. Collagenous fibers have great tensile strength.
(Outcome 5.3.8) 4. Collagenous fibers are important components of fascia, cartilage,
ligaments, tendons, bone and skin.
(Outcome 5.3.8) 5. Dense connective tissue contains abundant collagen fibers
(Outcome 5.7) 6. Loose connective tissue has sparse irregular network of collagen
and elastic fibers suspended within a relatively large amount of ground substance.
(Outcome 5.3.8) 7. Elastic fibers are composed of bundles of microfibrils embedded
in a protein called elastin
(Outcome 5.3.8) 8. Elastic fibers are common in body parts that normally subjected
to stretching
(Outcome 5.3.8) 9. Examples of places you find elastic fibers are vocal cords and air
passages of the respiratory system
(Outcome 5.3.8) 10. Reticular fibers are very thin collagenous fibers.
(Outcome 5.3.8) 11. They are highly branched and form delicate
supporting networks in a variety of tissues including those of the spleen

D. Categories of Connective Tissues

(Outcome 5.3.9) 1. The two categories of connective tissues are
connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissues

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 (Outcome 5.3.9) 2. Connective tissue proper includes loose connective tissue,
adipose tissue, reticular connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and elastic
connective tissue.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 3. Specialized connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, and blood

E. Loose Connective Tissue

(Outcome 5.3.9) 1. Loose connective tissue is located beneath most layers of
epithelium, in thin membranes throughout the body, beneath skin, and between
muscles.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 2. Most cells of loose connective tissue are fibroblasts.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 3. Loose connective tissue functions to bind skin to underlying
organs and to fill space between muscles. It also nourishes nearby epithelial cells

F. Adipose Tissue
(Outcome 5.3.9) 1. Adipocytes are cells that store fat
(Outcome 5.3.9) 2. Adipose tissue is located beneath the skin, around the kidneys,
behind the eyeballs, and on the surface of the heart
(Outcome 5.3.9) 3. Adipose tissue functions to protect, insulate, and store
fat

G. Reticular Connective Tissue

(Outcome 5.3.9) 1. Reticular connective tissue is composed of reticular fibers
(Outcome 5.3.9) 2. Reticular connective tissue supports the walls of the liver, spleen,
and lymphatic organs

H. Dense Connective Tissue

(Outcome 5.3.9) 1. Dense connective tissue consists of many closely
packed, thick, collagenous fibers, a fine network of elastic fibers, and a
few cells, most of which are fibroblasts
(Outcome 5.3.9) 2. Subclasses of dense connective tissue are regular and irregular
(Outcome 5.3.9) 3. Regular dense connective tissue binds parts together as parts of
tendons and ligaments
(Outcome 5.3.9) 4. Irregular dense connective tissue is located in the dermis

I. Elastic Connective Tissue

(Outcome 5.3.9) 1. Elastic connective tissue consists of yellow, elastic fibers, some
collagenous fibers, and fibroblasts
(Outcome 5.3.9) 2. Elastic connective tissue is located in the attachments between
bones of the spinal column, in the layers within the walls of certain hollow internal
organs, including the larger arteries, some portions of the heart and larger airways

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J. Cartilage
(Outcome 5.3.9) 1. Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 2. Cartilage provides support, frameworks, attachments, protects
underlying tissues, and forms structural models for many developing bones
(Outcome 5.3.9) 3. Cartilage’s extracellular matrix is composed of collagenous fibers
embedded in a gel-like ground substance
(Outcome 5.3.9) 4. Cartilage cells are called chondrocytes
(Outcome 5.3.9) 5. Lacunae are small chambers in cartilage
(Outcome 5.3.9) 6. Perichondrium is connective tissue covering of cartilage.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 7. Cartilage lacks blood supply
(Outcome 5.3.9) 8. Three types of cartilage are hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage,
and fibrocartilage
(Outcome 5.3.9) 9. The most common type of cartilage is hyaline.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 10. Hyaline cartilage has very fine collagenous fibers in its
extracellular matrix.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 11. Hyaline cartilage is located on the ends of bones, in
the soft part of the nose, in the supporting rings of the respiratory passages,
and in the embryo's skeleton
(Outcome 5.3.9) 12. Elastic cartilage has a dense network of elastic fibers in its
extracellular matrix in its extracellular matrix.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 13. Elastic cartilage is located in parts of the larynx and as the
framework for the external ear
(Outcome 5.3.9) 14. Fibrocartilage has many large collagenous fibers in its matrix.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 15. Fibrocartilage is located between vertebrae, in the knee joints,
and the pelvic girdle.

K. Bone
(Outcome 5.3.9) 1. Bone is the most rigid connective tissue.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 2. The hardness of bone is due to mineral salts such as calcium
phosphate
(Outcome 5.3.9) 3. Bone functions to support body structures, protect vital structures
of the cranial and thoracic cavities, and as attachment sites for muscles. It also stores
inorganic substances such as calcium and phosphorus and produces blood cells
(Outcome 5.3.9) 4. Bone matrix is deposited by bone cells called osteoblasts.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 5. Lamellae are thin layers of bone formed by osteoblast.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 6. Osteocytes form lamella around capillaries located
within tiny longitudinal tubes called central, or Haversian canals.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 7. Osteoblasts are located in lacunae where they mature into
osteocytes and are rather evenly spaced within the lamellae.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 8. An osteon is cylinder-shaped unit of compact bone. It contains a
central canal, lamella, and osteocytes.

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 (Outcome 5.3.9) 9. A central canal of an osteon contains blood vessels and nerves
(Outcome 5.3.9) 10. Canaliculi are minute tubes in the extracellular matrix of bone.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 11. Processes of osteocytes extend through canaliculi.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 12. Gap junctions attach osteocyte cellular processes together
so that materials can move between blood vessels and bone cells.
L. Blood
(Outcome 5.3.9) 1. Blood is composed of cells that are suspended in a fluid
extracellular matrix called plasma.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 2. Plasma is fluid part of blood.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 3. Cell types of blood are red blood cells, white blood cells, and
cellular fragments called platelets.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 4. Red blood cells function to transport gases.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 5. White blood cells function to fight infection.
(Outcome 5.3.9) 6. Platelets function to produce blood clots.
IV. Types of Membranes
(Outcome 5.3.10) A. Epithelial membranes are composed of epithelial and underlying
connective tissues.
(Outcome 5.3.10) B. Three types of epithelial membranes are serous, mucous, and
cutaneous.
(Outcome 5.3.10) C. Serous membranes line the body cavities that do notopen to the outside,
reducing friction between organs and cavity walls and secrete serous fluid
(Outcome 5.3.10) D. Mucous membranes line the cavities and
tubes that open to the outside of the body and secrete mucus
(Outcome 5.3.10) E. The cutaneous membrane is more commonly called skin.
(Outcome 5.3.10) F. Some membranes are composed entirely of connected
tissue. These include synovial membranes lining joints.
V. Muscle Tissues
A. General Characteristics
(Outcome 5.5.11) 1. Cells in muscle tissues are sometimes called muscle fibers due
to their elongated shape
(Outcome 5..5.11) 2. Muscle tissues are contractile, meaning they can shorten and
thicken.
(Outcome 5.5.11) 3. The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth, and
cardiac.
B. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
(Outcome 5.5.11) 1. Skeletal muscle tissue forms muscles that usually attach to
bones.
(Outcome 5.5.11) 2. Skeletal muscle tissue is under conscious control and is
therefore called voluntary.
(Outcome 5.5.11) 3. Striations of skeletal muscle tissue are alternating light and dark
cross-markings.

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 (Outcome 5.5.11) 4. Skeletal muscle tissue functions to move body parts
and in swallowing and breathing.
C. Smooth Muscle Tissue
(Outcome 5.5.11) 1. Smooth muscle tissue is called smooth because it lacks striations
(Outcome 5..5.11) 2. Smooth muscle tissue is located in walls of most
hollow internal organs
(Outcome 5.5.11) 3. Smooth muscle is involuntary because it cannot be consciously
controlled.
D. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
(Outcome 5.5.11) 1. Cardiac muscle tissue is located only in the heart.
(Outcome 5.5.11) 2. An intercalated disc is a specialized intercellular junction
located only in cardiac muscle tissue.
(Outcome 5.5.11) 3. Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated but unlike
skeletal muscle it is branched
(Outcome 5.5.11) 4. Like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle is involuntary.
VI. Nervous Tissues
(Outcome 5.6.12) A. Nervous tissues are found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral
nerves.
(Outcome 5.6.12) B. The basic cells of nervous tissue are neurons
(Outcome 5.6.12) C. In addition to neurons, nervous tissue also includes neuroglial cells.

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