Earth and Life Science

Quarter 2 – Module 2:

Natural Hazards
Earth and Life Science - Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 7: Natural Hazards
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jessa S. Alarcon; Kenneth Torrevillas

Editor: Jeshamenme A. Baluyot
Reviewer: Felina L. Sarmiento
Illustrator: Maia Mari S. Yasar
Layout Artist: Kate E. Lapid
Cover Design: LRMDS-Bataan

Management Team:
Schools Division Superintendent : Romeo M. Alip, PhD, CESO V
Asst. Schools Division Superintendent : Roland M. Fronda, EdD, CESE
Chief Education Supervisor, CID : Milagros M. Peñaflor, PhD
Education Program Supervisor, LRMDS : Edgar E. Garcia, MITE
Education Program Supervisor, AP/ADM : Romeo M. Layug
Education Program Supervisor, Science : Edwin R. Bermillo
District Supervisor, Mariveles : Francisco B. Bautista
Division Lead Book Designer : Kenneth G. Doctolero
District LRMDS Coordinator, Mariveles : Jaypee M. Villa
School LRMDS Coordinator : Donna T. Santos-Villanueva
School Principal : Amelinda A. Fandialan
District Lead Layout Artist, Science :
District Lead Illustrator, Science :
District Lead Evaluator, Science :

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Bataan

Office Address: Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan
Telefax: (047) 237-2102
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 What I Need to Know

This module is written to help the student to understand the endogenic processes
that occur within the Earth. At the end of this module, student is expected to learn
the following competencies:
1. The learners will able to describe the various hazards that may happen in the
event of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides (S11/12ES-If-30)

1.3 Describe and explain the hazards associated with earthquakes

1. 2 Give examples of possible geologic hazards associated with earthquakes

1.3 Construct a campaign material that contain information on the potential

danger of earthquake hazards within your area.

2. The learners will able to identify areas prone to hazards brought about by
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides (S11/12ES-If-31)

3. The learners shall be able to identify human activities that speed up or trigger
landslides (S11/12ES-If-33)

3.1 Identify and understand how certain human activities can hasten the
occurrence of landslides.

3.2 Find possible and practical solutions on how to lessen these identified human
activities to lessen or prevent the occurrence of landslides.

3.3 Design an information campaign to inform locals how they contribute to the
occurrence of landslides in their area.

4. Use hazard maps, to identify areas prone to hazards brought about by tropical
cyclones, monsoons, floods, or ipo-ipo S11/12ES-Ig-36
4.1. Define tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, or ipo-ipo
4.2. Identify the various hazards that may happen for each natural
phenomenon.
4.3. Explain the various hazards for each natural phenomenon.

5. Describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion, submersion, and salt
water intrusion (S11/12ES-Ih-38)

5
6. Cite ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land development, waste disposal,
and construction of structures on coastal processes (S11/12ES-Ii-41)

6.1. Recognize the coastal processes that influence the coastal landforms
and associated hazards;

6.2. Illustrate and describe how the coastal processes determine the present
coastal hazards whether coastal erosion, submersion or saltwater intrusion;

6.3. Identify and appraise their chosen area within the community for
possible coastal hazards; and

6.4. Design a field activity of a chosen coastal area to assess or monitor the
present condition of the area.

What I Know

Geologic hazard is an extreme natural event in the crust of the earth that
pose a threat to life and property, for example, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
tsunamis (tidal waves) and landslides. Let’s see what you already know about these
hazards. Let’s enjoy doing this activity!

Instruction: Complete the statement below by choosing the right word on the box.

Rocks hydrometeorological earth Soil

storm surges mudslides thunderstorms
tropical cyclones landslides tornadoes

1. __________ occur when masses of 2.__________, 3._________, 4._________or move

down a slope. Debris flows, also known as 5.________, are a common type of fast-
moving . On the other hand, 6. _________ hazards consist of 7. ________ (also
acknowledged as typhoons and hurricanes), 8. _________, hailstorms, 9. __________,
blizzards, heavy snowfall, avalanches, 10. __________, floods which include
flash floods, drought, heat waves and cold spells. Hydrometeorological conditions
also can be a component in other as hazards such as landslides, wild fires, locust
plagues, epidemics, and volcanic eruptions.

6
Instructions: Answer the following questions as many as you can using the map
below.
Give 5 most common human activities that
will trigger and hasten the occurrence of
landslides.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What’s In

In the previous module, it talks about Earth’s History. And as we continue our
lesson, this module focusses on the different hazards caused by geological processes
such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides. But before that, let’s have
a quick recap about the lesson tackled by the previous module.

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. How old is the Earth in years?

a. 4 600 years
b. 46 000 years
c. 4 600 000 years
d. 46 000 000 years
e. 4 600 000 000 years
2. What were the first organisms to live on the Earth?
a. Dinosaurs
b. Bacteria
c. Sea pens
d. Shell fish
e. Angiosperms

7
3. Plants and animals started to live on the land when there was enough ozone
in the atmosphere to stop ultra violet radiation.
a. True
b. False
4. What did the earliest mammals look like?
a. Bacteria
b. Shrews
c. Primates
d. Dinosaurs
e. Whales
5. Which is the correct order of evolution?
a. Dinosaurs > birds > fish > amphibians
b. Amphibians > fish > birds > dinosaurs
c. Fish > amphibians > dinosaurs > birds
d. Birds > fish > amphibians > dinosaurs
e. Mammals > fish > birds > dinosaurs

Notes to the Teacher

This module prepares students to be ready in natural disaster.

8
 What’s New

Make a little investigation in your community; identify the different natural hazard
that is occurring in your town and what happen before, during and after the
disaster.

NATURAL HAZARDS BEFORE DURING AFTER

1.

2.

3.

Lesson
Geologic Processes and Hazards
3

What is It

Geologic hazards phenomena can occur suddenly, or slowly. Sudden

phenomena include:

EARTHQUAKES - LIQUEFACTION (SOILS), TSUNAMIS

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS - LAVA FLOWS, ASH FALL, LAHARS

LANDSLIDES - ROCK FALLS OR SLIDES, DEBRIS FLOWS, MUD

FLOWS

Geologic hazards can play a significant role when infrastructure is

constructed in their presence. The unpredictable nature of natural geologic

9
hazards makes identifying, evaluating, and mitigating against them a unique
challenge.

“Landslides are aggravated by human activities”. The following are the

list of most common human activities that will trigger and hasten the
occurrence of landslides.

Removal of vegetation
Interference with, or changes to the natural drainage
Leaking pipes such as water and sewer
Modification of slopes by construction of roads, railways,
buildings, subdivisions
Overloading slopes
Mining and quarrying activities
Vibration from heavy traffic, blasting during road constructions
of nearby mining activities
Excavation of rocks

About 80% of Bataan is mountainous or hilly with Mount Mariveles and

Mount Natib dominating the interior. It is good to know that Province of
Bataan is not included in the top 10 earthquake prone area in the Philippines.
The provinces of Zambales and Pampanga form common boundaries to the
north. Take note of the neighbor province of Bataan, which is Pampanga, that
is included in the earthquake prone are in the Philippines. Even though the
province is not considered as prone area when it comes to earthquake,
geographically it is prone to landslide since Bataan is mountainous.

When it comes to the distribution of active volcano in the country, the

small, but voluminous Mariveles stratovolcano is located at the southern end
of the Bataan Peninsula, on the west side of Manila Bay, Luzon Island,
Philippines. It is known as Balon Anito.

Although there are no known eruptions in historic times, it is a still

active stratovolcano of andesitic composition. It has a 4-km-wide caldera open
to the south. Mount Samat can be found in the District of Pilar on the north
and Mount Limay in Limay District on the east are 2 large, young flank cones.

10
 Bataan peninsula is located southwards from the western shores of
central Luzon, forming the enclosed and well-sheltered Manila Bay to the east
that is nearly cut off from the open China Sea in the west. That is why many
Barangay in Bataan are coastal areas. But still, the province is not prone to
tsunami since there is a narrow outlet separates the peninsula from
Corregidor Island and Cavite to the south

What’s More

Instructions: Complete the concept map on the Geological Processes and Hazards
in the Philippine setting using metacards.

Landslides Debris avalanche

Creep Lahar

Settlement Bombs and ballistic projectiles

Ground rupture Ash fall

Liquefaction Tsunami

Landslides Volcanic gases

Fault creep Volcanic earthquakes

Lateral spread Geologic Hazards

Tsunami Earthquake
Lava flow Mass Movement
Debris flow Volcanic Eruption

Pyroclastic flow

11
 Geologic Processes and Hazards

Lesson Natural Hazards, Mitigation and

Adaptation: Hydrometeorological
4 Phenomena

What is It

The natural phenomenon and various hazards.

12
Tropical cyclones – out at sea purpose large waves, heavy rain, flood, and high winds,
disrupting international shipping and, at times, causing shipwrecks. Tropical
cyclones stir up water, leaving a cool wake at the back of them, which motives the
place to be less favorable for subsequent tropical cyclones.

Monsoons – is historically a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by using way of

corresponding modifications in precipitation, on the other hand is now used to
describe seasonal modifications in atmospheric circulation and precipitation related
with the uneven heating of land and sea.

Floods – fertilized through annual inundations". Inundation, alluvion, deluge.

Geological phenomenon - a natural phenomenon involving the structure or
composition of the earth.

Tornado - a violent destructive whirling wind accompanied by a funnel-shaped cloud

that progress in a narrow path over the land.

Storm surge & storm tide - Storm surge and giant waves produced through
hurricanes pose the greatest hazard to existence and property along the coast.

Storm Surge is an bizarre upward shove of water generated by way of a storm's

winds. Storm surge can attain heights well over 20 feet and can span lots of miles of
coastline.

Storm Tide is the water level upward shove all through a storm due to the
aggregate of storm surge and the astronomical tide.

13
 The destructive strength of storm surge and giant battering waves can result
in loss of life, structures destroyed, beach and dune erosion and road and bridge
harm along the coast. Storm surge can tour various miles inland. In estuaries and
bayous, salt water intrusion endangers public health and the environment.

Heavy rainfall & inland flooding - Tropical cyclones often produce widespread,
torrential rains in greater of 6 inches, which may additionally also stop result in
deadly and risky floods. In fact, flooding is the crucial hazard from tropical cyclones
for human beings living inland. Flash flooding, described as a fast upward thrust in
water levels, can appear rapidly due to extreme rainfall. Longer time duration
flooding on rivers and streams can persist for several days after the storm. When
drawing shut water on a roadway, continuously take into account “Turn Around
Don't Drown”.

High Winds - Tropical storm- force winds are sturdy sufficient to be unstable to these
caught in them. For this reason, emergency managers layout on having their
evacuations entire and their personnel sheltered earlier than the onset of tropical
storm-force winds, now not hurricane-force winds.

Hurricane ‐ force winds, seventy-four mph or more, can wreck constructions and cell
homes. Debris, such as signs, roofing material, siding and small devices left out of
doorways give a boost to be flying missiles for the duration of hurricanes. Winds can
continue to be above storm electrical strength well inland. In 2004, Hurricane
Charley made landfall at Punta Gorda on the southwest Florida coast and produced
predominant injury nicely inland for the duration of central Florida with gusts of
greater than one hundred mph.

Rip currents - The robust winds of a tropical cyclone can purpose unsafe waves that
pose a considerable hazard to mariners and coastal residents and visitors. When the
waves ruin alongside the coast, they can produce lethal rip currents - even at large
distances from the storm.

Rip currents are channeled currents of water flowing away from shore,
commonly extending previous the line of breaking waves, that can pull even the
strongest swimmers away from shore.

Tornadoes - Hurricanes and tropical storms can also produce tornadoes. These
tornadoes most often occur in thunderstorms embedded in rain bands well away
from the center of the hurricane; however, they can also occur near the eye wall.
Usually, tornadoes produced by tropical cyclones are relatively weak and short-lived,
but they still pose a significant threat.

14
 What’s More

Directions: Cite at least five (5) phenomena/events, hazards and appropriate

precautionary measures for each phenomenon/event.

Phenomena/ Events Hazards Precautionary Measures

1

Lesson Natural Hazards, Mitigation and

5 Adaptation: Marine and Coastal

Processes and their Effects

What is It

Ideas of coastal processes (waves, tides, sea-level changes, crustal movement,

and storm surges)

15
Marine coastal processes:
- waves, tides, sea level changes, crustal movement and storm surges that results to
coastal erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion.

A. Coastal Erosion
- is wearing down the coastlines by the movement of wind and water.
- it is not a constant process; instead the rate of erosion depends on other events
such as cyclones.

* Shorelines
- plays an important role to prevent coastal erosion.

Three (3) Classification of shoreline:

1. Hard stabilization – is done by building structures that will slow down the erosion
on areas that are prone to erosion.

2. Soft stabilization – includes the process of beach nourishment

3. Retreat – is the option taken by the residents near areas where coastal erosion is
already severe.

B. Submersion
- happens because of the changes in the sea level, specifically, when it rises
dangerously above the normal level.
- it will most likely occur in reclaimed lands, these areas are originally belongs to
oceans, riverbeds or lakes.
- most of the lands that are affected are the low-lands.

C. Salt Water intrusion

- It is the movement of saltwater into the fresh aquifer
- It happens between the Fresh water and saltwater boundaries.
- Most of the fresh water boundaries that are available to the locale, the intrusion of
the salt water into the fresh aquifer is dangerous (not as dangerous as disaster but
the risk of having no freshwater available in the locale) because the fresh water
withdraws very fast and replaced by the saltwater due to the differences in pressure.

Impacts of urban and rural development

16
 The essential hazard to the health, abundance and range of fish is the
destruction of their habitat.

Rural, metropolis and industrial development in estuarine areas has impacted

mangrove, sea grass, saltmarsh and coastal lagoon communities via land clearance,
agriculture, dredging, reclamation and waterfront development. Some communities,
such as the sea grass Posidonia australis (strap weed), are of particular difficulty due
to the truth they do not easily recolonize an area.

In freshwater environments, enhancement has precipitated fish populations

to decline by means of the removing of vegetation from river banks, wetlands and
floodplains, increased sediment, vitamins and air pollution into streams, and the
removal of natural have in mind and snags from rivers.

Many fish want to journey a lengthy way to survive, break out predators and
competitors, and breed and rear in unique waters. Many are stopped from migrating
through barriers, such as dams, weirs, floodgates and road crossings.

Things to do that damage aquatic vegetation, block channels and waterways,

and disturb the balance between sediment and water flows in rivers and estuaries
all make contributions to the destruction of fish habitat.

There are matters on the other hand that we can do to defend and rehabilitate
fish habitat.

Stormwater and run-off

Water coming into waterways overland or from drains can be a substantial

trouble for the health of aquatic habitats.

Problems can arise from massive inflows of water, such as occurs when it
floods, or from components in the water, or both. Run-off can lift supplies with it
that do now not belong in watercourses. For example, topsoil, chemicals, rubbish,
vitamins and oil and grease off roads. At times, this polluted water will motive an
algal bloom or a fish kill.

The accelerated extent and speed of water coming into watercourses in the
path of a flood is moreover a problem. This enlarge has come about due to the fact
of large land clearing at some stage in most catchments and, in particular in
increased urbanized areas, the increase of the land surface below difficult surfaces.
More water runs off quicker from a car park than an enjoying region and tons less
then again runs off from a forest.

Vegetation serves to sluggish the go with the waft of water and enlarge its
infiltration into soil and groundwater storages. This allows the water to waft greater
in many instances into watercourses over a longer length of time.

Sedimentation

Unsealed roads are sizeable source of run-off and sedimentation. Overland

flow, the place the compaction of the capacity of the avenue or different surface to
take in water is reduced, is some other aspect that contributes to improved
sedimentation. Water varieties channels and contains its load of sediment into the
waterway.

17
Increased sediments in the waterway can lead to:

- dirty water due to elevated amounts of suspended sediments

- limited light penetration
- excessive sediment deposition
- smothering of aquatic habitats (eg riffle zones)
- increased amounts of poisonous materials getting into the meals chain.

Pesticide pollution

What are pesticides?

Pesticides are elements that are used to control organisms hazardous to flora
or animals. They can encompass chemical materials that manipulate plants, insects,
fungi, micro-organism and pest animals.

Impact on fish and other organisms

Pesticide usage affords a predicament for land managers. Whilst supplying

widespread will enlarge in manufacturing and rate savings, the viable results of
pesticides on the surroundings may also be significant.

Over the preceding 20 years synthetic chemicals and components such as

pesticides are suspected of inflicting about 8% of fish kills. However, fish kills are
not the completely result of exposure to poisonous substances. Fish populations can
show the consequences of publicity through reduced viability of sperm, eggs and
larvae, accelerated incidence of abnormalities and reduced existence expectancy.
Pesticides can additionally motive skeletal defects and growth discount of fish when
eggs are uncovered to certain levels

What’s More

Directions: Use the map (or google map if available on their smart phones) and
identify the possible communities prone to coastal erosion, submersion, and
saltwater intrusion and give at least 3 example of activity that will affect the coastal
processes.

1. Land development
2. Waste disposal
3. Construction of structures on control coastal processes.

18
 What I Have Learned

Directions: Upon looking at the Region 3 Map, enumerate places within the Region
that is prone to natural hazards such as earthquake, volcanic eruption and landslide
and typhoon. You will be graded according to the Rubrics below.

19
Rubrics 1

EXCEEDS MEETS NEEDS

NOT VISIBLE
EXPECTATIONS EXPECTATIONS IMPROVEMENT
6pts
10pts 8pts 7pts

Activity completed on
Activity completed on
time; demonstrate
time; demonstrate Activity Did not complete
excellent level of
acceptable completed on the activity and did
understanding of the
understanding of the time; not answer the
topic in presenting the
topic in answering the questions
answers;
question;

What I Can Do

Observe you community. Write your own observations for each of human activities.
1. Which of the following list of human activities are applicable to your communities?
2. Are there other human activities which you think can also hasten natural hazard?
3. What would be the ways to minimize the natural hazard?

20
You will be graded according to the Rubrics 1.

Assessment

Directions: Make a poster containing information on the potential danger of

natural hazards within your area. Make sure that if will be uploaded in your
Social Media as way of dissemination the information or campaign. You will be
graded according to the Rubrics below.

5 4 3 2 1

Content Content is Content is Content is Content is Content is

accurate accurate accurate but either inaccurate.
Poster and all but some some required questionable Information
contains required required information is or is
appropriate informatio information missing incomplete. incomplete,
items and n is is missing and/or not Information inaccurate,
information presented and/or not presented in a is not or not
(information is in a logical presented in logical order, presented in presented in
appropriate to order. a logical making it a logical a logical
assigned order, but is difficult to order, order,
topic). still follow. making it making it
generally difficult to difficult to
easy to follow. follow.
follow.
Presentation Presentatio Presentatio Presentation Presentation Presentatio
n is neat, n is mostly flows well. is n has no
Poster is clean, clean, well- neat and Some tools are unorganized. flow.
neat, and organized clean. used to show Tools are not Insufficient
creative. The and Information acceptable used in a information
information is presented is organized understandin relevant and lacking
well organized, in a in a logical g. manner. some of the
interesting, creative manner and Lacking member’s
accurate, and way. shows some Each some of the information.
reflects an degree of member’s members’
understanding Presentatio creativity. information is information/
of the topic. n is colorful The overall represented and or
and presentatio and identified information
creative. n is with their is not
Informatio interesting. name. identified
n is
interesting
and
accurate.

21
Pictures,Clip Images, Images, Most images Images are No images
Art and pictures, pictures, and/or inappropriat or artwork
Artwork clip art and and clip art artwork is are e and included.
drawn and drawn colorful and artwork
Images, artwork are artwork are appropriate. shows little,
pictures, clip colorful, mostly The layout if any,
art and drawn and colorful and shows little creativity.
artwork are appropriate appropriate. creativity The layout is
colorful and to the Layout may and/or is not messy,
appropriate to topic. show some organized
the assigned Layout degree of logically or disorganized
topic. The creativity cluttered. or cluttered.
layout flows flows well, but is not
well and shows shows organized
creativity. The creativity, logically
overall result is and is and/or is
pleasing to the pleasing to cluttered.
eye. the eye.

Overall The poster The poster

Presentation fulfills all fulfills all
requiremen but one of
The poster ts of the the
fulfills all assignment requirement
requirements and s of the
of the represents assignment
assignment the and shows
and shows the student’s that the
student’s full full student put
potential. potential. forth an
honest effort
to complete
the
assignment.

22
 Additional Activities

Directions: Come up with an information board or placard or poster (that can be post
later in your Social Media Accounts) containing the following information:

a. What are landslides

b. What may cause or trigger landslides

c. How human activities can hasten the occurrence of landslides

EXCEEDS MEETS NEEDS

NOT VISIBLE
EXPECTATIONS EXPECTATIONS IMPROVEMENT
6pts
10pts 8pts 7pts

Activity completed on Activity completed on

time; demonstrate time; demonstrate
Activity completed Did not complete
excellent level of acceptable
on time; presents 1 the activity and
understanding of the understanding of the
answer that is not did not answer
topic in presenting the topic in answering
presented well any of the
answers; presents 3 the question; and
questions
answer correctly presents 2 answer
correctly

23
 24
•VOLCANIC GASSES
PROJECTILES
BALLISTIC
•BOMBS AND
•LAHAR
FLOW •FAULT CREEP
•MASS MOVEMENTS •PYROCLASTIC •LIQUEFACTION
•LATERAL SPREAD •DEBRIS FLOW •TSUNAMI
•CREEP •LAVA FLOW •GROUNDRUPTURE
ERUPTION
4. LANDSLIDES 3. VOLCANIC 2. EARTHQUAKE
1. GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
What’s In:
1. E
2. B
What I Know: A Answers may vary 3. A
What I Know: A 4. C
11. Removal of vegetation 5. C
12. Interference with, or changes to the 1. Landslide
natural drainage 2. Rock
13. Leaking pipes such as water and sewer 3. Earth
14. Modification of slopes by construction 4. Soil
of roads, railways, buildings, subdivisions 5. Mudslide
15. Overloading slope 6. Hydrometeorological
16. Mining and quarrying activities 7. Tropical cyclone
17. Vibration from heavy traffic, blasting 8. Thunderstorm
during road constructions of nearby mining 9. Storm surge
activities 10. Tornadoes
18. Excavation of rocks
Answer Key
 25
Assessment:
Easy
1. mid-oceanic ridges, hot spots, and subduction zones
2. Volatiles help break the chemical bond in rocks, and at the same time,
lower the melting temperature of rocks.
Difficult
3. Decompression melting is occurred by reducing the pressure at a
constant temperature.
4. Rising magma from the mantle brings heat with it which can melt the
surrounding rocks at the shallower depths.
What I have Learned:
✓ Earthquakes
✓ Volcanic Eruptions
✓ Tsunami
✓ Landslides
✓ Subsidence Floods
✓ Droughts
What’s More B
PHENOMENA/ EVENTS HAZARDS PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURES
TROPICAL CYCLONE HIGH AND STRONG Ensure that house can
WINDS withstand heavy rain
and strong winds.
THUNDERSTORM LIGHTNING AND Learn more about your
THUNDER areas severe
thunderstorm risk
FLOODS DROWNING Know the flood warning
system in your locality.
TORNADO LOST OF HOME Inspect pre-designated
areas to ensure the best
protection.
STORM SURGE DROWNING Stay off the beach when
weather disturbance
exists.