Defined terms

From these three undefined terms, important concepts in geometry will be

defined. Remember that we need defined terms because we want to be precise and
concise on the meaning of a term. Definitions will enable us to understand each
other and to make sure we mean the same thing about a certain term.

Below are some definitions derived from the undefined terms, point, line,
and plane.

1. Definition of a Segment

Segment 𝐴𝐵, denoted by ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐵 or ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐴, is the union of points A, B and all
the points between them. 𝐴 and 𝐵 are called the endpoints of the segments.

● ●
A B

11
CO_Q3_Mathematics 8_ Module 2
2. Definition of Between

Point 𝑈 is said to be between 𝐹 and 𝑁 if and only if 𝐹, 𝑈, and 𝑁 are

distinct points of the same line and 𝐹𝑈 + 𝑈𝑁 = 𝐹𝑁.

2 cm 3 cm ⃡ , 𝑼 is between 𝑭 and 𝑵
In 𝐹𝑁
● ● ● since 𝐹, 𝑈, and 𝑁 are
F U N distinct points on the same
line and 𝐹𝑈 + 𝑈𝑁 = 𝐹𝑁 and
2cm + 3cm = 5cm 2𝑐𝑚 + 3𝑐𝑚 = 5𝑐𝑚.

3. Definition of Collinear Points and Coplanar Points

When points are on the same line, they are called collinear points.

●D

● ● ●
A B C

Note that points A, B, and C are on the same line, hence they are said
to be collinear, while point D is not on the same line with the other three, thus,
these four points A, B, C, and D are noncollinear.
When points are on the same plane, they are called coplanar points.

Notice that points B, I, and G are on the same plane P, hence they are
said to be coplanar.

Can points and lines be coplanar? The answer is yes. As long as they
are on the same plane, they are said to be coplanar like the one illustrated
below.

In the figure, points J,

O, Y and line 𝑛 are all
on the same plane 𝑆,
hence they are
coplanar.

12
CO_Q3_Mathematics 8_ Module 2
4. Definition of a Ray

Ray is a part of a line that has one endpoint and goes on infinitely in
one direction.

In the figure above, ray PQ starts from point P and goes on to the right
without bound. P is called the endpoint of 𝑃𝑄. Can you call it ray PR? The
answer is yes.

5. Definition of an Angle

An angle is the union of two noncollinear rays with a common endpoint.

The common endpoint being

shared by 𝑈𝑇 and 𝑈𝑉 is point U
called the vertex. The angle
formed could be named as ∠1 or
∠𝑇𝑈𝑉 or ∠𝑉𝑈𝑇.

6. Definition of Congruent Angles

Two angles are congruent if and only if their measures are equal.

In symbol:
∠𝑋 ≅ ∠𝑌, if and only if 𝑚∠𝑋 = 𝑚∠𝑌.

7. Definitions of Acute Angle, Right Angle, and Obtuse Angle

An acute angle is an angle with a measure greater than 0° but less than 90°.

A right angle is an angle with a measure of 90° .

An obtuse angle is an angle with a measure greater than 90° but less than
180°.

13
CO_Q3_Mathematics 8_ Module 2
8. Definition of Adjacent Angles

Adjacent angles share a common vertex and a common side, but do not
overlap.

∠ABD and ∠CBD are ∠EFG and ∠GFH have F as

adjacent angles which have a common vertex, and 𝐹𝐺 as common
common vertex B and a common side, but the interiors of the two
side 𝐵𝐷. The interiors of ∠ABD angles intersect, this means that
and ∠CBD do not intersect and the two angles have common
therefore, the two angles have no interior points. Thus, ∠EFG and
interior points in common. ∠GFH are not adjacent angles.

9. Definition of Supplementary Angles

Two angles are supplementary when the sum of their angles is 180°.

10. Definition of Linear Pairs

A linear pair of angles is formed when two lines intersect. Two

angles are said to be linear if they are adjacent angles formed by two
intersecting lines and are supplementary.

𝐵𝐷 is the common side, 𝐵𝐴 and 𝐵𝐶 are

opposite rays, ∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 and ∠𝐶𝐵𝐷 forms a linear
pair.

11. Definition of Vertical Angles

Opposite angles formed by two intersecting lines are vertical angles.

∠1 and ∠3 are vertical angles.

∠2 and ∠4 are also vertical
angles. Noticed that these angles
are opposite each other.

14
CO_Q3_Mathematics 8_ Module 2
12. Definition of Perpendicular Lines

Perpendicular lines are two lines that intersect to form a right

angle.

⃡
𝐴𝐵 intersects 𝐶𝐷⃡ at point E.
A
∠𝐴𝐸𝐷, ∠𝐴𝐸𝐶, ∠𝐵𝐸𝐶, and ∠𝐵𝐸𝐷
are right angles form by these
E ⃡
two intersecting lines, hence, 𝐴𝐵
C D ⃡
is perpendicular to 𝐶𝐷. In
⃡ ⊥ 𝐶𝐷
symbol, 𝐴𝐵 ⃡ .
B

13. Definition of Perpendicular Bisector

A perpendicular bisector 𝑃𝑅 of a line segment 𝑋𝑍 is a line

segment perpendicular to 𝑋𝑍 and passing through the midpoint.

P ̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝑋𝑍
𝑃𝑅 ̅̅̅̅ at point 𝑌. 𝑃𝑅
̅̅̅̅ divides 𝑋𝑍 ̅̅̅̅
into two equal parts. Thus,
𝑋𝑌 = 𝑍𝑌. Furthermore, 𝑋𝑌 ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑍𝑌
̅̅̅̅.
X Y Z
R

14. Definition of Polygon

A polygon is a closed figure such that the union of three or more coplanar
segments, which intersect at endpoints, with each endpoint shared by
exactly two noncollinear segments.

B D

A C E

Polygon Not Polygon

Point C is shared by
more than two segments.

15. Definition of Convex Polygon

A polygon is convex if and only if the lines containing the sides of the
polygon do not contain points in its interior.

B
F If each diagonal, except
G
C its endpoints, is entirely
Exterior in the interior of the
Interior
A
E polygon, then the
D
H polygon is convex, like
polygon EFGH.

15
CO_Q3_Mathematics 8_ Module 2
16. Definition of Nonconvex (Concave) Polygon

A polygon is nonconvex (concave) if and only if at least one of its sides is

contained in a line, which contains also points in the interior of the
polygon.

K ⃡ which contains ̅̅̅̅

𝐿𝑀 𝐿𝑀 also
J
L contains points in the interior of
the polygon, hence, polygon JKLM
M is nonconvex.

17. Definition of Regular Polygon

A regular polygon is a polygon that is both equilateral and

equiangular.

E Exterior
Interior E
angle
angle
R O A R A

Central O
angle D D
M M N

The regular polygon DREAM has five Regular polygon DREAM

interior angles ∠𝑅𝐷𝑀, ∠𝐸𝑅𝐷, ∠𝐴𝐸𝑅, ∠𝐸𝐴𝑀, ∠𝐴𝑀𝐷. has also five exterior angles.
These angles are equal, These angles are obtained when
one of the intersecting sides is
𝑚∠𝑅𝐷𝑀 = 𝑚∠𝐸𝑅𝐷 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝐸𝑅 = 𝑚∠𝐸𝐴𝑀 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝑀𝐷. extended such as ∠𝐴𝑀𝑁. The
outside angle along with the
The polygon DREAM has five equal sides, vertex is an exterior angle.
𝐷𝑅 = 𝑅𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐴𝑀 = 𝑀𝐷. Point O is the center of
the given polygon. ∠𝑂 is the central angle.

18. Definition of a Triangle

A triangle is a three-sided polygon.

R The symbol “∆” followed by the three

letters representing the noncollinear points
(or the vertices) is used to name the
triangle. Every triangle, like ∆𝑇𝑅𝐼 has three
T I
̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅
sides (𝑇𝑅 𝑇𝐼), three angles (∠𝑇, ∠𝑅, ∠𝐼),
𝑅𝐼, ̅̅̅̅
and three vertices (T, R, I)

16
CO_Q3_Mathematics 8_ Module 2
19. Definition of Angle Bisector of a Triangle

An angle bisector of a triangle is a segment contained in the ray, which

bisects the angle of the triangle, and whose endpoints are the vertex of this
angle and a point on the opposite side.

O
̅̅̅̅ is an angle bisector of ∆𝐿𝑂𝑉. It
𝑂𝐸
is the bisector of ∠𝐿𝑂𝑉. The endpoint O of
the angle bisector is the vertex of ∆𝐿𝑂𝑉
and the other endpoint E is on the
L V opposite side. Thus, ∠𝐿𝑂𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐸𝑂𝑉.
E

20. Definition of an Altitude of a Triangle

A segment is an altitude of a triangle if and only if it is

perpendicular from a vertex of the triangle to the line that contains the
opposite side.

I T
T S S

S Y A E F A L N E
Every triangle has ̅̅̅̅ is ̅̅̅̅,
In ∆𝑆𝐴𝐹, 𝑆𝐸 In ∆𝐿𝑆𝐸, 𝐿𝐼 , 𝑆𝑁
three altitudes. In ̅̅̅̅ are the
one of the three and 𝑇𝐸
∆𝑆𝑇𝐴, ̅̅̅̅
𝑇𝑌 is one of
altitudes. three altitudes.
the three altitudes.

21. Definition of Median

A segment is a median of a triangle if and only if its endpoints are a

vertex and the midpoint of the opposite side .

R
Every triangle has also three medians. Median,
except its endpoints, is always in the triangle’s
O M interior. Unlike altitude that can be drawn from
the exterior of the triangle. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑂 is the median to
̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑅 𝑅𝐿 is the median to 𝑁𝐴 ̅̅̅̅, and ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑀 is the
̅̅̅̅.
median to 𝑅𝐴
N L A

17
CO_Q3_Mathematics 8_ Module 2
 22. Definitions of Acute, Right, Obtuse, and Equiangular Triangle

An acute triangle is a triangle in which all angles are acute.

A right triangle is a triangle in which one of the angles is a right angle.
An obtuse triangle is a triangle in which one of the angles is obtuse.
An equiangular triangle is a triangle in which all angles are congruent.

O D S D

H T R Y U N Y A
Acute Right Obtuse Equiangular
Triangle Triangle Triangle Triangle

23. Definitions of Scalene, Isosceles, and Equilateral Triangle

A scalene triangle is a triangle with no congruent sides.

An isosceles triangle is a triangle with at least two congruent sides.
An equilateral triangle is a triangle with all sides congruent.
E B A

H R G I H T
Scalene Isosceles Equilateral
Triangle Triangle Triangle
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝐼
𝐵𝐺 ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐴𝑇
𝐻𝐴 ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐻𝑇
̅̅̅̅

Take note of these definitions because you will be using them in your
future lessons.

Axioms

In the axiomatic structure of a mathematical system, axiom is defined as a

logical statement accepted to be true without proof. Axioms can be used as a
premise in a deductive argument. In the Elements, Euclid presented 10
assumptions, five of which are not specific to geometry, and he called them
common notions (axioms), while the other five are specifically geometric in
which he called them postulates.

18
CO_Q3_Mathematics 8_ Module 2
The following are examples:

Common Notions (Axioms):

Axiom 1. Things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one
another. This is transitive property of equality.

Axiom 2. If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal. This is addition
property of equality.

Axiom 3. If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal. This
is subtraction property of equality.

Axiom 4. Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
This is reflexive property.

-
-

19
CO_Q3_Mathematics 8_ Module 2
Axiom 5. The whole is greater than the part.

>
The following axioms below are both used in geometry and other field of
mathematics.

 Symmetric Property of Equality

 For all real numbers 𝑝 and 𝑞, if 𝑝 = 𝑞. then 𝑞 = 𝑝.

 Substitution Property of Equality

 For all real numbers 𝑝 and 𝑞, if 𝑝 = 𝑞, then 𝑞 can be substituted

for 𝑝 in any expression.

Geometrical Postulates:

Postulate 1. A straight line segment can be drawn joining any two distinct
points.

Postulate 2. Any straight line segment can be extended indefinitely in a

straight line.

Postulate 3. Given any straight line segment, a circle can be drawn having the
segment as radius and one endpoint as center.

20
CO_Q3_Mathematics 8_ Module 2
Postulate 4. All right angles are congruent.

Postulate 5. If a straight line meets two other lines, so as to make the two
interior angles on one side of it together less than two right
angles, the other straight lines will meet if produced on that side
which the angles are less than two right angles.

Postulate 5 asserts that two distinct straight lines in a plane are either parallel or
meet exactly in one point.

Postulate 5 is referred to as the parallel line postulate. This postulate was

questions by many mathematicians. To them, the postulate seemed less obvious
that the others and claimed that it should be proven rather than simply
accepting it as a fact.

The following are other postulates about point, line, plane, and figures formed by
these and the basic postulates.

 If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

21
CO_Q3_Mathematics 8_ Module 2
  If two points of a line are in a plane, then the line containing these points is
in the plane.

 Segment Addition Postulate

 If points 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 are collinear and point 𝑄 is between points
𝑃 and 𝑅, then 𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑅

 Angle Measurement Postulate

 To every angle there corresponds a unique real number 𝑟 where

0 < 𝑟 < 180°.

In geometry, angles are measures

in units called degrees. In
symbol °. Angle FUN is 45
degrees. In notation, 𝑚∠𝐹𝑈𝑁 = 45°

 Angle Addition Postulate

° °
°

A System of Logic (Proof)

The sets of axioms (or postulates) you just learned were used to deduce new
propositions or to prove other statements using the rules of inference of a system
of logic. In other words, the system of logic is your proof. Euclid used deductive
reasoning in organizing the Euclidian geometry.

22
CO_Q3_Mathematics 8_ Module 2
Theorems

Theorems are the new statements which are deduced or proved using sets of
axioms, system of logic, and previous theorems. These are statements accepted
after proven deductively.

The following are some theorems about points, lines, and planes.

Theorems Descriptions Illustrative Example

If two different lines intersect,

Theorem 1 then they intersect at exactly
one point.

If a line not contained in a plane

intersects the plane, then the
Theorem 2
intersection contains only one
point.

If a point lies outside a line, then

Theorem 3 exactly one plane contains both
the line and the point.

If two distinct (different) lines

Theorem 4 intersect, then exactly one plane
contains both lines.

Linear Pair If two angles form a linear pair,

Theorem then they are supplementary.

Vertical Angles
Vertical angles are congruent.
Theorem

23
CO_Q3_Mathematics 8_ Module 2
 Point on the perpendicular
Perpendicular bisector of a segment is
Bisector Theorem equidistant from the endpoints
of the segment.

Isosceles Triangle Base angles of isosceles triangles

Theorem are congruent.

The exterior angle of a triangle is

equal to the sum of the two
remote interior angles of the
Exterior Angle
triangle. The exterior angle of a
Theorem
triangle is greater than either of
the measures of the remote
interior angles.

Triangle Angle The sum of the measures of the

Sum Theorem angles of a triangle is 180°.

Now that you have learned definitions, postulates and theorem, you are now ready
for the next activities.

24
CO_Q3_Mathematics 8_ Module 2