TUTORIAL -1 ‘A vehicle traveling at a speed of SO Kmph was stopped within 2.5 secs after the full application of brakes, Calculate the skid resistance. [Ans: 9.567) ‘A braking test was done ina dumper traveling at the speed of 90 Kmph. If the dumper was moving downwards on the road of 3° slope to horizontal and the braking efficiency is 85% only. After the application the brakes, the skid marks were seen as 40.2 m in length. Determine the average skid resistance of the pavement. /Ans: 0.984) ‘After application of the brakes fully, a car was stopped in 1.9 secs and skid marks are measured as 7.5 m in length, Determine the average skid resistance, /Ans: 0.424 ‘A tmuck moving at a speed of 45 Kmph was stopped after application of the brakes fully. The length of skid marks was 14m. If the average skid resistance of the pavement is 80%, determine the braking efficiency of thetruck, Ans: 71.1%] [A vehicle hits ¢ bridge abutment ate speed estimated by an investigator as 15 Kmph. Skid marks of 30 m on the pavernent (f= 0.35) followed by skid marks of 60 m on the gravel shoulder (= 0.50) approaching to the abutment are cbserved. Ifthe speed limi is 60 Kmph, isthe driver speeding? Jans: Yes (U=102.38 Emph> V = 60Kmph)] (Note: If grade of road and braking efficiency are not given, it can be assumed to be leveled and 100% respectively) . A lady driver of car applied brakes and barely avoided hitting the truck parked due to technical problem on the road way. The vehicle let skid marks of 25 m. Assuming, f= 0.6 and the braking efficiency of 95%, determine whether the drive was in violation ofthe 45 Xmph speed limit at that location if she was taveling, (@) Uphill on 3 slope (@) Downhil on 23° slope and (c) On the level roadway. 1Ans: Yes, violation of limit (a) U= $2.75, (b) U= 58.14, (c) U= 60.19) > 45Kmph] A deer is running across the level road and a driver did his best to avoid hitting this deer by attempting to stop his car. However, during the braking, his car slide fom the concrete pavement to graveled shoulder but finaly came to halt safely. If the traveling speed of ths car is 60 Kmph and the coefficient of friction on the concrete pavement and graveled shoulder are 0.4 and 0.3 respectively, then what would be the length of skid mark on the graveled shoulder. The length of the skid mark resulted ffom braking the vehicle on concrete pavement is 15.5 m and the road is level. ns: 15.927 m] . Speed observations from a radar speed meter have been taken, giving the speeds of the subsidiary streams composing the flow along with the volume of traffic of each subsidiary stream. The readin, ae as under: T i" 205 | 669 |10-13)14-17]18-21]22-25}26-29)30-33 be s7se-nfer-a 146-49]50-53]54-37]58-61 t | | sabelsiary 4 7 | 20 | 44 2 | 79 | 4s} 0 ee a of 7 ja 80 | 8 Je l36 | 26] 9 [10] 3 (Vehicle/t) L |_| Caleulate: (i) Time mean speed (ii) Space mean speed (ii) Variance about space mean speed (Ans: 33.55 Kmplt 30.10 Kmph and 103.50] ‘Twenty five spot sped observations were taken in Kmph and were as under: 50, 40, 60, 54, 45, 31, 72, 58, 43, 52, 46, 55, 43, 65, 33, 69, 34, 51, 47, 41, 62, 43, 55, 40, 49 Gi) Space mean speed and (ii) Verify the [Ans: 49.56 Kimph and 47.26 Kophj ‘Spot speed studies were carried out at 2 certain stretch of a highway and the consolidated data collected are en below. ‘Speed range (Kmph) | 0-10 | 10-201 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-50 | 50-60 | 60-70 | 70-80 | 80-90 [90-100 TWo.of vehicles observed! 12 | 18 | 68 | #9 | 208 oss pret a | 31 3 | Determine: (i) Upper sped limit for regulation —_({i) Lower Speed limit for regulation (ill) Spezd 1 check design elements (iv) Modal speed LAns: 60 Knipl, 30 Koryph, 84 Kmph and__Kmphy11. A truck teavelling at 40 Kmph is approaching a stop sign. At tome ty and at a distance of 20 m, the truck begins to slow down bu decelerating at 4 mvs* . Will the tuck be able to stop in time? [Ans: 15.43m <20 m, Hence stop in tne] 12. The following speed data were collected during a two-minute segment of a spot speed study (speed in Kmph) 92, 82, 78, 86, 100, 91, 63, 75, 86, 90, BB, 79, 95, 84 (a) Estimate: i) The time mean speed. fi) The space mean speed (b) What will be the average dehsity of the above traffic stream if the mean headway is 8.6 sec. (Ans: 84.93 km/hr, 83.88 ka/hr, $ velo 13. Estimate the theoretical capacity of a traffic lane with one way traffic flow at a stream speed of 40 Kmph ‘Assume the average space gap between vehicles to follow the relation S, = 0.278 Vt. Where V is ste: speed in Kmph, t is the average reaction time = 0.7 sec.; assume average length of vehicles = 5.0 ‘m[Ans:3130 vehicles/hr/lane] 14. What is the theofetical capacity of a waffic lane with one way traffic flow ata steam speed of 50 Kmpl if the average reaction time is 0.9 sec and average length of vehicles is 7.0 m. (Ans: 2562 vehicles flane) 15, Calculate the theoretical maximum traffic capacity for a traffic lane at the speed of 80 Kmph, Assume the coefficient of friction (f) as 0.4, total reaction time (t) as 0.75 sec and average length of the vehicle as 6.0 m. Assume the average space gap between vehicles to follow the relation, S, = 0.278 Vt + (V#/ 25 4 1) [Ans: 934 veb/h/lane] 16. The free mean speed on a roadway is found to be 80 Kmph. Under the stopped condition the average spacing. between vehicle is 6.9 m. Determine the capacity of flow. [Ans: 2900 vehicles/hr/lane} 17. In the road at Tripureshwor, it is found thet the ffee mean speed is only 75 Kmph. Under the stopped condition the average spacing between the vehicle is only 6.3 m. What is the maximum capacity of flow in that rosd? (Ans: 2962 vehicles/tr/lane] . 18. The data collected after speed and delay studies by floating car method on a stretch of urban road of length 3.5 Km are given below. Determine the average values of volume, journey speed and running speed of the traffic stream along either direction. Trip| Direction | Journey | Total Stopped | No ofVehicles | No of Vehicles | No of Vehicles No| of Time Delay * | Overtaking | Overtaken | From Opposite Trip _| (Mia seq)| _(Min— sec) | Direction T[A-B | 6-32 1-40 a 7 268 2 B-A | 7-14 1= 50 5 3 186 3 [| A-B | 6-50 1=30 3 3 280 <[ B-a | 7-40 2-00 2 1 200 S| A-B | 6-10 1=10 Fz 5 250 6 | B-A | 8-00 2-22 2 2 170 7 |A-B_ | 6-28 1-40 z 3 290} e [| B-A | 1-30 1-40 5 z 160, TAns: For A-B direction: 12.39 velmin, 31.72 Kmph and 41,0 Kmph and For B-A Direction: 19.36 veh/min, 31.72 Kmph and 35.71 Kmph) 19, The following tables give the particulars collected for a section of road 0.7 Km long during the course of a moving observer study: eek. North bound ‘Stopped | Vehicles meet with in the opposite | VehicTos meet ine same 4 ere Time! Time direction | direction (PCL) b ”) | (min) Car Bus Truck | Overtaking | Overtaken 7 Tor 10.08 o 5 4 020. a 2 0.92 0.10 13 | o 0 2 1 E 0.77 0.08 19 2 u 1 1 4 0.03 0.14 a 4 t 0 5 0.84 0.08 2 t o il 0 1 6 1.06, 0.13, 19. 7 2 1 (Journey: South bound Ste od Vehicles meet with in the opposite | Vehicles meet in the same| fan Howrey Tne Tae direction ttrection (PCU) (nin) _|Car But__[ Truck — | Overtaking | Overtaken 7 7.00 0.05 19 0 2 1 T 2 0.87 0.07 2 a 3 1 0 3 1.20 O11 23 J, 1 6 2 1 «| 1.18 012 7 > 1 2 o 5 1.06, 0.09. 3 0 1 1 1 6] 1.2 0.10 ir o = 2 0 ‘Assuming an equivalency factor of 1, 3 and 2 for each car, bus and truck respectively, calculate the flow in PCU per hour in both directions of traffic. Also calculate the journey speed and running speed in both directions. =‘ Ans: For north bound direction: $55 PCUs/br, 47.0 Kmph and $3.0 Kmpk and For south bound Direction: 870 PCUs/r, 42.5 Kmph and 47.6 Kmph) ABCD is a street running north to south comprising of Three adjacent sections. The bh table below gives the length of each section: Section AB 3 BC. ic a) Length Km] 500. Intersection 600 Intersection 450 ‘Again the following table gives the details of observations (Average of test runs) by the moving observer team: (Moving Observer Traveling South Sections | THe taken to travel [Vehicle met within ‘Vehicle i the same dection (see) opposing direction Overtakin Overtaken ‘AB 152 25 4 3 B 15 ~ BC. 172 i 3 2 z c 10) 7 = = CD, 138, 2 3 4 (Moving Observer Traveling North Sections | Tine taken to wavel | Vehicle met with in Vehicle in the same direction (sec) ‘opposing direction Overtaking. Overtaken DE 132 50 2 1 Cc 2 5 : cB 160 35 3 4 | B 18. ~ | 5 BA 145) a I 1 T Calculate the flows and running speeds in each section in both directions and the over each directions. all journey speeds in Ans: or Sea Bo Daan] — Fora Bond Dan aC) ‘ane bees ee Ngee | St, besten F008] "Spat | Sats Pettey Git, [rem a hein) SE, from ‘AB | 357 12.4 [BAT 303, 12.4 Sef] as, betas tae] 19 Steet se Sees A vehicle of weight 2.0 ton skids through # distance equal to 40 m before colliding with another parked vehicle of weight 1.0 ton, After collision both the vehicle skid through a distance equal to 12 m beforestopping. Compute the initia! speed ofthe moving vehicle. Assume coefficient of friction as 0.5. Ans: 92.29 Kmph) 22. A muck of weight 2.0 T skids throueh a distance equal to 50 m before colliding with another parked Minibus of weight 1.0 T. After collision both the vehicle skid through a distance equal to 12 m before stopping ‘Compute the initial speed of the moving vehicle. Assume coefficient of friction as 0.4. (Ans: 88.50 Kmpb] 23. Two vehicles A and B epproaching at right angles, A fom West and B from South, collide each other. After the collision, vehicle A skids*in North direction 50° North of west and vehicle B, 60° East of North. The initia! skid distances of vehicle A and B are 38 m and 20 m respectively before collision. The skid distances after collision is 15 m and 36 m respectively. Ifthe weights of vehicles B and A are 6.0 T and 4.0 T, calculate the original speeds ofthe vehicles. The average skid resistance of the pavement is found to be 0.55, (Ans: 96.1 Kmph and 79.2 Kmph] 24, Ihis observed that on an average a vehicle driver drives S000 Km during the course of a year. The probability ‘of having an accident is 100 per 200 million vehicle-Kms. What is the probability of a driver having at least ‘two accidents during his driving career extending to 25 years? [Ans: 0.1287} € 25. The accident records for thret consecutive years at an uncontrolled junction indicate the number of accidents as 3, 6 & 9 in the year 1972, 1973 & 1974 A.D. respectively. Calculate the probability of 4 accidents ‘occurring per year at the site." (Ans: 0.1339] 26. An impatient car driver stuck bebind a slow truck traveling at 32 kmph decides to overtake the truck. The sccelerating characteristics ofthe car is given by: a 2.0-0.05v dt Where, v is the speed (1m/sec) and tis the time in seconds. . (A) What is the acceleration after 2, 3, 20 and 250 secs? (B) What ia the maximum speed attainable by car? (C)Whea will the acceleration of the car approach zero? (D)How far will the car travel in 200 secs? 27, The impatient car driver mentioned above in example approaches an intersection controlled by a two-way stop sign. The through traffic is quite heavy with an average gap of 5 sec. Ifthe driver can accelerate his car such that dv — =2.0-0.05v: at and his perception reaction time is 0.75 sec, determine if he can clear the intersection. Assume that width of intersection is 7.5 m and hs car ism long. 28, Derive the working expression for estimating speed at time t, acceleration at time t and distance covered after time t by a vebicle given thatthe acceleration is related to speed by oa py at Follasng 29, Elowing are the data collected in a spot speed studies carried out at certain stretch of a highway. Determine 1) 85% percentile and 15* percentile speeds for the regulation of mixed traffic. I) the 98" percentile design speed for checking the geometric design elements of highway ‘SIN | Speed range No, of vehicles observed T O10 | 1 7 10-20 0 13 20-30 7 sad | 5 40-50, 200 {é 580 7 5 7 60-70 120° 7 Toa cr s 80-90 30 10 , 90-100 10 30. Given that the speed in a certain section of street follows a normal distribution with w=SOkmph and ‘9l0kmph, find the probability that speed inthis section lies between 45 kmph and 62kmph, (0.5764) 31. A certain raffic steam has a mean speed of 40 Rmph and standard deviation of 2kmph. Assuming that speed follows a normal distribution, what percentage of vehicles inthe stream will have the speed exceeding 43 mph? 16.68] 32, A roadway has an average hourly volume of 360 veh/h. Assuming that the arrival of vehicle is Poisson distribution, estimate the probabilities having 0, 1, 2, 3,4 and 5 or more vehicles over a 20 sec interval. Plot the histogram of Poisson distribution for A=360 veh/h 33. An officer commutes daily from his suburban home to his downtown office. On an average the trip one way takes 24 minutes, with a standard deviation of 4 minutes. Assume the distribution of trip-times to downtown tw be normally distributed. ‘2) What is the probability that that a trip will take at least % hours? ) Ifthe working hour stars at 9: 00 AM and he leaves his house at 8:45 AM in the morning, ‘what percentage of he time he late at work? (0.668, 98.78] 34, A traffic stream has a free flow speed of 90 kmph and a jam density of 80 veivkm. Estimate the maximum flow per lane. Determine the density of traffic stream in a two way fous lane road ifthe one-way flow in the road is 6400 vehvn in one direction. 35. Three vehicles are traveling a 1.5 km segment of a highway and the following observations are made: Vehicle A: 1.2 min Vehicle B: 1.5 min Vehicle C: 1.7 min. 1) What isthe average travel speed of the three vehicles? ii) What isthe time mean speed and space mean speed of three vehicles?Tutorial 2 (Highway Capacity, Street Lighting, Signal design; Intersection) imate the theoretical capacity of a traffic lane with one way traffic flow at a stream speed of 40 ‘Kmph. Assume the average space gap between vehicles to follow the relation S, = 0.278 Vt, Where V is stream speed in Kmph, t is the average reaction time = 0.7 sec.; assume average length of vehicles = 5.0 m[Ans:3130 vehicles/hr/lane] ei is the theoretical capacity of a traffic lane with one way traffic flow at a stream speed of 50 L Kumph if the average reaction time is 0.9 sec and average length of vehicles is 7.0 m [Ans: 2562 vehicles/he/lane] culate the theoretical’ maximum traffic capacity for a waffic lane at the speed of 80 Kmph. Cal » of ‘Assume the coefficient of friction (f) as 0.4, total reaction time (t) as 0.75 sec and average length of the vehicle as 6.0 m. Assume the average space gap between vehicles to follow the relation, S, = 278 Vit+ (W254 H. [Anis: 934 veb/hr/lane] ‘The free mean speed on a roadway is found to be 80 Kmph. Under the stopped condition the average Spacing between vehicles is 6.9 m. determine the maximum capacity of flow. [Ans: 29000 vehicles/hr/lane] 5. Galoulate the spacing between lighting units to produce average lux of 6.0 in a street lighting system forthe following conditions: Steet width= 15m, Mounting height= 7.5m Lamp size = 6000 (Ans: 23.2 m) Jumen; Luminaire type = I. n the design of street lighting in the road of Biratnager of 18 m width, the mounting height’of 8.0 m Jad lamp size.of 7000 lumen is selected. What is the spacing between lighting units to produce ~ average lux of 5.5? (Ans: 31.90 m] 7. Te 15 minute traffic counts on the cross roads A and B during peak hour are observed as 178 and 42 vehicles per lane respectively approaching the intersection in the direction of heavier traffic flow. If the amber times required are 3 and 2 seconds respectively for two roads based on approach speeds, design the signal timings by trial cycle method. Assume an average time headway of 2.5 seconds during green phase. (Ans: 6, & = 22.25 see, Gy = 17.75 sec, C= 45 sec] 8. A5 minute traffic counts of intersecting roads A and B are observed as 150 and 120 vehicles per lane respectively approaching the intersection in the direction of heavier traffic flow. If the amber times required are 4 and 3 seconds respectively for two roads basedyon epproach speeds, design the signal timings by trial cycle method. Assume an average time headway of 2.5 seconds during green phase. [Ans: G,=13 moe 10 sec, C= 30 sec] Po roae 9, ph isolated signal with pedestrians indication isto be’ sailed WY right angled intersection with foad A 18 m wide and road B, 12 m wide. The heaviest volume per hour for each lane of road A and road B are 275 and 225, respectively. The approach speeds are 35 and 40 Kmph, for A and road B respectively. Design the timings of affic and pedestrian signals. (Ans: C= 50 sec, As =4 sec, Gy = 23.64 see, Ra 19,36 sec, Ry = 27.64 seo ] = 22.36 sec, Ay=3 sec, Gy = ansportation Engineering. [1 /Dr.P.B. Shahi MAA poe fh LV vefi 164 [Pe Road a is 13.5 m wide and road B, 10.5 m. An isolated signal with pedestrian’s indication are to be oa a right angled intersection. The peak volumes per hour for the road A and road B are 0 and 700 respectively. The approaching speeds for Road A and road B are respectively 60 Kmph anc 45 Kmph. Design traffic and pedestrian signals the timings [Aas: C= 45 sec, Ay=4 sec, Gi 21.11 sec, Ra= "Ay=3 sec, Gy = 16.89 sec, 1 Koad A is 18 m wide and road B is 12 m. An isolated signal with pedestrians indication are to be installed on a right angled intersection. The heaviest volume per hour for each lane of road A and road B are 300 and 250, respectively. The approaching speeds for Road A and road B are respectively 60 Kmph and 45 Kmph. Design traffic and pedestrian signals the timings. Take amber * periods 2-4 secs and pedestrian walking speed of 1.2 m/sec. [Ans: C = 50 sec, Ay= 4 sec, Gy = 23, 22.55 sec. Ay=3 sec, Gy = 19.58 sec, Ry = 27.45 sec} 12, The average normal flow of traffic on cro’s roads A and B during design period are 400 and 250 CU per ‘hour; the saturations flow values on these roads are estimated as 1250 and-1000 PCU per dur respectively. The all red time required for pedestrians crossing is 12 sec. Design two phase taffic signal by Webster's method. (Ans: C = 67.5 sec, Ay= 2 500, Gy= 29 sec, ‘Ast 2 see, Gy 22.5 sec] 13. The average normal flow of traffic on cross roads A and B during design period PCU per hour; the saturations flow values on these roads are estimated as 1500 and 1000 PCU hour respectively. The all red time required for pedestrians crossing is 15 sec. Desiga two phase waffic signal by Webster’s method. [Ans: C = 90.54 sec, Ai= 2 seo, G= 37.47 sec, ‘Aye 2 sec, Gy= 34.06 sec] | 14. A simple four leg intersection needs a fixed time signal. The critical flows in the N-S and E-W directions are 600 and 400 vehicle/hr. Saturation low is 1800 vehicle/ke. and the lost time per phase is observed to be 5.2 see. Determine the eycle length and distribution of green. [Ans: R = 6.4 sec, C = 50 sec, Ans = 2 sec, Gy.s Ant Aw 2 see, Ge.w™ 34.06 sec] | Siu the conflict points for the given intersections. Purpose the suitable methods of intersection “ol with necessary sketches. c, le ‘ration Engineering- [1 /Dr.P.B. Shahi 2Fo a rotary intersection from the following data (PCU/hr.) in an urabr COSFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION Wi0Tk oF AREA ATO GaguNTIee HEIGaT Fig2t Coeficient of Utilizetion ¢ exe