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Sight Distances

This document discusses sight distance requirements for highway design. It covers stopping sight distance, decision sight distance, passing sight distance, and intersection sight distance. Calculation methods are provided for each along with considerations for horizontal and vertical curves, driver eye heights, and passing vehicle speeds. The document references the ERA highway design manual for further guidance on sight distance standards.
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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
212 views9 pages

Sight Distances

This document discusses sight distance requirements for highway design. It covers stopping sight distance, decision sight distance, passing sight distance, and intersection sight distance. Calculation methods are provided for each along with considerations for horizontal and vertical curves, driver eye heights, and passing vehicle speeds. The document references the ERA highway design manual for further guidance on sight distance standards.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

3/16/2009

Instractor: 
Eyassu Tesfamariam (PhD)

Assist. Instractor: 
Sophonyas Asrat(BSc)

Course contents
y Highway route selection 
y factors considered in highway route selection 
f d d h h l
y Steps in highway route selection
y Geometric design of highways: 
y Design controls and criteria
y Functional classification systems of highways 
y Vehicle and driver characteristics
y Highway cross‐section elements: 
y Lane and shoulders, sidewalks, medians, and pedestrian crossings
p g
y Elements of geometric design:
y Horizontal alignment, Transition and super‐elevation, Vertical 
alignment, Sight distance, Intersections and Interchanges
y Earthwork quantities and mass‐haul diagram
y Drainage and drainage structures

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3/16/2009

Sight distance
y Length of the roadway ahead visible to drivers 
g y
y It must allow driver to perceive, reaction, stop, change speed, 
and swerve etc. when necessary

y Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)
y Decision Sight Distance (DSD)
y Passing Sight Distance for two‐lane highways (PSD)
P i  Si ht Di t  f  t l  hi h  (PSD)
y Intersection Sight Distance (ISD) 

Sight distance
y Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) 
y Perception‐reaction distance (d
d (d1) + braking distance (d
) b k d (d2)

d1 = vt = 0.278Vt SSD = d1 + d 2
where: 
v = design speed, m/sec f = coefficient of friction  
v2 V2
d2 = = V = design speed, km/hr g = acceleration of gravity, 
2 fg 254 f t = perception & reaction  9.8 m/sec2
time (PRT), 2.5 sec d1 / d2 = distance, m
y Perception reaction distance: the distance travelled from the time the 
P i   i  di   h  di   ll d f  h  i  h  
object is sighted to the instant the brakes are applied. 
y Recommended PRT = 2.5 sec (average driver  1.0 – 1.5 sec)
y PRT = 2.5 sec may not be adequate for the most complex, unexpected conditions 
encountered in actual driving
y Braking distance: the distance required to stop after brake activation
( f = a/ g where, a = deceleration rate, typical value 3.5 m/s2 )

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Sight distance
y Effect of grade on SSD
g
V2
d2 = Where:     G = grade in %
254 ( f ± G )
y SSD on upgrades are shorter than downgrades

y Decision Sight Distance (DSD)
y Distance required to detect an information source difficult to 
perceive.. recognize the hazard, select the appropriate action and 
complete the maneuver.
y Intersection area, Interchange area or other places where needs to 
make speed/path/direction changes.

Sight distance
y Calculation of DSD
V2
DSD = 0.278Vt +
254 f
y Avoidance maneuver A, t = 3 sec
Stop!
y Avoidance maneuver B, t= 9.1 sec

DSD = 0.278Vt
y Avoidance maneuver C, 10.2 – 11.2 sec
Speed/path/direction
y Avoidance maneuver D, 12.1 – 12.9 sec
change
y Avoidance maneuver E, 14.0 – 14.5 sec

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Sight distance
y Control of sight distance
y Drivers eye height
   h h 1.07 m
  ERA geometric 
y Object height for SSD 0.15 m design manual, 2002
y Object height for PSD 1.30 m

This part will be covered in the 
y .
design of vertical alignment

Sight distance
y Control of sight distance (Horizontal curve)
g ( )

On the inside of horizontal 
curves, it may be necessary 
to remove buildings, trees 
or other sight obstructions 
or widen cuts on the 
insides of curves to obtain 
the required sight distance.

This part will be covered in the 
design of horizontal alignment

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Sight distance
y Passing Sight Distance (PSD)
g g ( )
d1 =  distanced traversed during 
PSD = d1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4 perception/reaction time to 
the point where the vehicle 
just enters the left lane
d2 =  distanced traversed while 
driving on the left lane
d3 =  safe clearance length
d4 = distance traversed by an 
opposing vehicle (assuming 
d1 1/3d
/ d2 opposing vehicle travel at 
i   hi l   l   
the same speed of passing 
vehicle), usually taken as 
2/3d2

2/3d2
d1 d2 d3 d4

Sight distance
y Passing Sight Distance (PSD)
g g ( )
⎛ at ⎞
PSD = d1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4 d1 = 0.278 t1 ⎜V − m + 1 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
Where
t1 = time of initial maneuver, sec d 2 = 0.278Vt 2
a = average acceleration, km/hr/sec
V = average speed of passing vehicle, km/hr d 3 = refer to table !
m = difference in speed of passed & passing 
vehicle, km/hr
hi l  k /h 2
t2 = time passing vehicle occupies left lane, sec
d4 = d2
3
Table: Clearance distance (d3) Vs ambient speeds

ERA design manual, 2002

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3/16/2009

Sight distance
y Sight Distances  

y ERA design manual, 2002

Sight distance
y Assumptions in PSD calculation

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Sight distance
y Intersection sight distance
g
y Purpose – provide sight distance at intersections to allow 
drivers to perceive the presence of potentially conflicting 
vehicles and traffic control devices.

y Method – Specified areas along intersection approach 
legs and corners should be clear of obstructions. Two 
types of clear sight triangles are considered in 
  f  l   i h   i l     id d i  
intersection design: 
y Approach Sight Triangle and 
y Departure Sight Triangle

Sight distance
y Approach sight triangle
pp g g ISD = 0.278Vmajor t g
w + La
where, t g = ta +
0.278Vmiinor

ta: travel time to reach the major 
road from the decision point for 
a vehicle that does not stop

W: width of the intersection

La: Length of design vehicle

Vmajor: design speed of major road

Vminor: design speed of minor road

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Sight distance
y Departure sight triangle
p g g
ISD = 0.278Vmajor t g
ISD

Vmajor: design speed of 
major road
tg: time gap for minor road 
vehicle to enter the 
major road, 
7.5 sec for passenger car;
9.5 sec for single‐unit truck;
11.5 sec for combination truck.

Sight distance
y Example
y Two drivers each have a reaction time of 2.5 sec. One is obeying a 88.5 km/hr 
T  d i   h h     ti  ti   f     O  i   b i    88  k /h  
speed limit, and the other is travelling illegally at 112.6 km/hr. How much 
distance will each of the drivers cover while perceiving/reacting to the need to 
stop, and what will the total stopping distance be for each driver (using 
practical stopping distance assuming G = ‐2.5%)?
Driver 1 : Driver 2 :
d1 = 0.278Vt d1 = 0.278Vt
= 0.278 × 88.5 × 2.5 = 0.278 × 112.6 × 2.5
= 61.51 m = 78.26 m
V2 ⎡ a⎤ V2 ⎡ a⎤
d2 = , ⎢f = ⎥ d2 = , ⎢f = ⎥
254( f − G ) ⎣ g⎦ 254( f − G ) ⎣ g⎦
(88.5) 2 (112.6) 2
= = 92.84 m = = 150.29 m
⎛ 3.5 ⎞ ⎛ 3.5 ⎞
254⎜ − 0.025 ⎟ 254⎜ − 0.025 ⎟
⎝ 9.8 ⎠ ⎝ 9.8 ⎠
y .
SSD = d1 + d 2 SSD = d1 + d 2
= 61.51 + 92.84 = 154.35 m = 78.26 + 150.29 = 228.54 m

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3/16/2009

Sight distance
y Exercise:
y A driver is travelling at 80 km/hr on a wet road. An object is spotted 
on the road 140 m ahead and the driver is able to come to a stop just 
before hitting the object. Assuming standard perception reaction 
time and practical stopping distance, determine the grade of the 
road. (PRT = 2.5 sec, a = 3.5 m/s2)

y A test of a driver’s perception reaction time of two drivers (young 
and old) is being conducted on a special testing track with wet 
p
pavement and a driving speed of 90 km/hr. The young driver was 
g p 9 / y g
able to make a stop just in time before hitting an object that is 
visible 160 m ahead. The older driver fails to stop in time and strikes 
the object at a speed of 50 km/hr. Determine the perception / 
reaction time of the younger and older drivers.

y .

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