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Contents
1.1 DESIGN ACTION................................................................................................................................................4
1.2 CALCULATION OF REQUIRED MAIN REINFORCEMENT..........................................................................5
1.3 CALCULATION OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT.............................................................................................6
1.4 DEFLECTION......................................................................................................................................................8
1.5 (a) COLUMN Solution.....................................................................................................................................9
(b) FOUNDATION...............................................................................................................................................9
2.(a) CHECK MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM STEEL AREAS AND MINIMUM BAR SPACING................10
2.(b) Detailing of Beam x-section, Shear reinforcement, etc..................................................................................11
2(c) (i) Anchorage Length.........................................................................................................................................11
(ii) Lap length............................................................................................................................................................11
(iii) Cover to reinforcement.......................................................................................................................................12
3. (a) Categorize the columns in your project plan....................................................................................................13
3. (b) Selection of foundation on your design............................................................................................................13
3 (c) Loading path analysis in building.....................................................................................................................14
Conclusion and recommendation..............................................................................................................................14
References.................................................................................................................................................................14

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 The floor plan of a Factory and the relevant floor loads are shown below.

L2 L1 L2

L3

L3

L3
2

L3

A B C D

Permanent (Dead) action Variable (Live) action

Precast concrete floor slab = 2.75kN/m2 Ceiling and services = 0.6 kN/m2
Floor finishes = 1.5 kN/m2 Unfixed Partitions = 1.4 kN/m2
Beam self-weight to be considered for RC beam. Factories (EC1) = 5.0 kN/m2

The design data of proposed building are as below:

Table 1

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 DOSE Homework solution Cohort 10

Reinforced Concrete Design in accordance with EC 2

1.1 DESIGN ACTION
Loading
Permanent Self-weight of beam = bh γ conc =0.6 x 0.3 x 25 = 4.5 kN/m
Slab Total permanent slab load (gk) = 2.75 + 1.5 = 4.25 kN/m2
Variable Total variable slab load (qk) = 5 +1.4 + 0.6 = 7.0 kN/m2
w = slab load + beam self-weight = (1.35 gk + 1.5 qk) L3 + 1.35 beam self-weight
w= (1.35 x 4.25 + 1.5 x 7) x 3 + 1.35 x 4.5 = 54.79 kN/m
Ultimate load Total ultimate load (W) = w x span = 54.79x 9 = 493.11 kN (where L=L1)

Design moment
Maximum design moment, MEd = wL2 /8 = 54.79x9x9/8 = 554.75 kNm

Design shear
VEd = W/2 = 493.11/2 = 246.56 kN

493.11 kN
246.56 kN

S.F.D
-246.56kN

B.M.D
554.75 kN.m
5 marks

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1.2 CALCULATION OF REQUIRED MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Ultimate Moment of Resistance (MRd)
Effective depth
Assume diameter of main bar (φ) = 25 mm
Assume diameter of link = 10 mm
Cover for exposure class 1 (c) = 20 mm (Table 4.2)
d = h - c- link – φ/2 = 600 – 20 – 10 -25/2 = 557.5 = 558 mm
Main Steel (As1)
K= M/ fck b d2 = 534.7 x 106/(35x300x5582) = 0.16 < 0.167 SR

MRd = 0.167 x fck b d2 = 0.167 x 35 x 300 x 5582 x 10-6

= 545.98 kN.m < 503.2 kNm so singly reinforced, SR
For Singly reinforced

Provide 2H16 (402 mm2) Minimum compression reinforcement

z = d (0.5 + √ (0.25 – (3K/3.4)) < 0.95d
= 558(0.5 + √ (0.25 – (3 X 0.167/3.4)) = 0.82 d for SR
= 0.82x 558=457.56 < 0.95x558=530.1 (< 0.95d)
As1 =MRd /(0.87fykz)
= 534.7 x106/ (0.87 x500 x 463 ) = 2654.8 mm2

Therefore, from Bar Area Table 3.10, provide 4H32 (As1 = 3220 mm2).

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1.3 CALCULATION OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
b=300mm, d=558mm

Ultimate design shear force (at center of supports) VEd = 246.55 kN

Design shear at face of support = VEd = 246.55 – (54.79 x 0.125) = 239.65 kN

Determine VRd,max _ Max crushing strength of concrete "strut"

Assume θ = 22° and therefore, cot θ = 2.5

VRd,max = 0.124bd(1- fck/250) fck

= 0.124 x 300 x 558(1-35/250) x 35 x 10-3 = 624.8 kN > 239.65 kN

Therefore, our assumption of θ = 22° and cotθ = 2.5 is correct.

Design shear at d from face of support = VEd = 239.65 – (54.79 x 0.558) = 209.08 kN
Design shear links:
Asw/s = VEd / (0.78d fyk cotθ)
= 209.08x1000/(0.78x558x 500x 2.5)=0.384mm
Refer to Asw/s table
Provide(H10@350(0.468mm))10mm links at 350mm centers, Asw/s = 0.26 mm
Minimum (Nominal) Links
Asw,min/s = (0.08 fck0.5b)/ fyk = (0.08 x 350.5 x 300)/500 = 0.284
Refer to Asw/s table
Provide (H8@350(0.468mm)) 8mm links at 350mm centers, Asw/s = 0.287 throughout the beam.

Distance = L – support width =L’ = 9000 -250 – 2x 1520=5710

No of links = 1 + L’/s = 1 + (5710/350) = 17.3 = 17
Maximum spacing of links transverse and longitudinal is 0.75d = 0.75 x 458 = 343.5 mm = 350 mm
OR H8 @ 300 mm c/c (Asw/s = 0.335)
Our spacing is 350mm longitudinal
B – 2cover-2link= (250 – 2(20) – 2(10) = 190mm transverse < 343.5 mm

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Case II If VEd > Vmin
Design shear links:
Asw/s = VEd / (0.78d fyk cotθ)
= 209.08x1000/ (0.78x558x 500x 2.5) =0.384
Refer to Asw/s table
Provide 10mm links at 350mm centers, Asw/s = 0.468
Asw,min/s = (0.08 fck0.5b)/ fyk
= (0.08 x 350.5 x 300)/500 = 0.284
Refer to Asw/s table
Provide 8mm links at 350mm centers, Asw/s = 0.287
Shear resistance of links actually specified
Vmin = Asw/s x 0.78d fyk cotθ = 0.287 x 0.78 x 558 x 500 x 2.5/1000 = 156.14 kN
Extent of shear links
Shear links are required at each end of beam from face of support to point where
V = Vmin = 156.14 kN
Distance x = (VEd - Vmin)/w = (239.65- 156.14)/54.79 = 1.52m

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 VEd=239.65kN

Vmin=156.14kN

X=1.52m

X=1.52m
VEd=239.65kN

D=1.52m Vmin=156.14kN

Number of H10 links at 350mm centers required at each end of beam is

1 + (x/s) = 1+ 1520/350=5.34 =5 nos

Distance, D=L- support width - 2x= 9000 -250 – 2x 1520=5710m

Nominal link = 5710/350=16.3=16
Maximum spacing of links transverse and longitudinal is 0.75d = 0.75 x 558
= 418.5mm ͌ 420 mm > 350 mm
Our spacing is 350mm longitudinal
(300 – 2(16) – 2(5) = 258mm transverse < 490 mm

1.4 DEFLECTION
Effective span is LESSER of:

Distance between center of supports = 9m

Clear span (between supports) plus effective depth (9000 – 250 +558) =9308mm

Therefore, assumed span length of 9m is correct.

Actual span/ effective depth ratio = 9000/558 = 16.13

Permissible basic ratios (EC2 table 4.14) can be modified because: tension reinforcement provided >
required (i.e As1,prov > As1,req)

So, multiply table 4.14 values by As1,prov > As1,req ( upper limit = 1.5)

So, modification factor = 3220/2654.8=1.2

(Table 4.14) Basic span/depth ratio for s.s beam is 18

So, our actual permissible span/depth ratio = 1.2x18= 21.9 >16.13
Actual ratio (16.13) < permissible ratio (21.9)

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1.5 (a) COLUMN Solution
d2 = c + link + dia./2 =25 + 8 + (25/2) = 45.5mm 400 mm

d2/h = 45.5/400 = 0.114 < 0.15 ------ design chart no 9C

Ned/ bh fck = 1400 x 103/ (400x400x 30) =0.29 400

As provided for 4H25 =1960 mm2

As fyk / bh fck = 1960 x500/(400x400x30) = 0.2

From design chart no. 9c, 4H25

Med/ bh2 fck = 0.119

Med = 0. 119x bh2 fck = 0.119 x 400 x400x400x30 x10-6 = 228.48 kNm

(b) FOUNDATION
σ max > N/LB + 6M/ BL2 = (1400/3.75x 3.75) + (6x 228.48/3.753)

130 > 99.55 +26= 125.55 kN/m2

σ min < N/LB - 6M/ BL2 = (1400/3.75x 3.75) - (6x 228.48/3.753)

0 < 99.55 -26= 73.55 kN/m2

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2.(a) CHECK MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM STEEL AREAS AND MINIMUM BAR SPACING
Provide 4H32 (3220)
0.04Ac ≥ As1 ≥ (0.6bd)/fyk ≥ 0.0015bd
0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04 x 300 x 600 =7200 mm2 > As1 OK
(0.6 x 300 x 558)/500 = 201 mm2 < As1 OK
As1 ≥ 0.0015 bd = 0.0015 x 300 x 558 =251 mm2 OK
Therefore, 251 < 2646.16 < 7200 OK
Min and Max spacing of tension reinforcement
Our spacing = (b – 2c – 2link –n ф)/ (n-1) = [300 – 2(20) – 2(10) – 4(32)]/3 = 37.33 mm
Min horizontal or vertical spacing between bars should not be less than:
1. Maximum bar diameter
2. 20 mm
3. dg + 5mm, if dg (max aggregate size) exceeds 32 mm > 37.33
Max Spacing = 150mm > 37.33 mm. Therefore, OK.

2.(b) Detailing of Beam x-section, Shear reinforcement, etc

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2(c) (i) Anchorage Length
(1)P The calculation of the required anchorage length shall take into consideration the type of steel and bond
properties of the bars.

(2) The basic required anchorage length, Ib,rqd, for anchoring the force As,σ sd in a straight bar assuming
constant bond stress equal to fbd follows from:

Where O"sd is the design stress of the bar at the position from where the anchorage is measured from.

(3) For bent bars the basic required anchorage length, Ib,rqd, and the design length, Ibd, should be measured
along the centre-line of the bar.

(4) Where pairs of wires/bars form welded fabrics the diameter, ¢, in Expression (8.3) should be replaced by
the equivalent diameter.

(ii) Lap length

The following are the specifics of the lap between the bars: -Force transmission from one bar to the next is
ensured. -Keeps concrete from peeling at joints. And-Avoids major disturbance, which has a negative
influence on structural performance.

(2) Lap: The lap between the bars should be staggered and should not be positioned in regions where there is
a lot of force or moment (such as plastic hinges). Exceptions are described in section (4) below. -
Symmetrical structure is required for most parts.

(3) The gap between the lapping bars shall be no more than 4 or 50 mm. Otherwise, the lap should be as
long as a clean area that is greater than 4 or 50 mm. - A vertical space of at least 0.3 times the length of the
lap 10 must separate two adjacent laps. - The clear gap between adjacent bars for adjacent laps must be at
least 2 or 20 mm.

(4) If the specifications meet (3) above, the maximum percentage of tensioned lap finish bars that can be
used is 100% if the bars are all in one layer. The proportion should be adjusted to 50% if the bars are on
multiple tiers.

(iii) Cover to reinforcement

To protect the rebar from corrosion and offer fire protection, reinforcing concrete caps are necessary. The
thickness of the cover is determined by the weather and the type of structural part. The minimum thickness
of the reinforcing cover must be shown in the drawing or derived from the applicable implementation
requirements.

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Minimum Concrete Cover for Reinforcement

The standards for rebar coverings for various structural elements under various situations are listed below. a)
Concrete coverings of 25 mm or more, or less than twice the diameter of the rebar, must be provided at both
ends. b) A concrete cover of 40 mm or more is required for vertical reinforcing bars in columns with a
diameter of such reinforcing bars or greater. Use a 25 mm concrete cover for rebar in columns with
minimum dimensions of 20 cm or less and a maximum thickness of 12 mm. c) 30 mm or more or less than
the diameter of the rebar for vertical rebar of the beam. d) For slabs or wall tensions, compressive shears, or
other 15 mm or bigger reinforcements, such as bar diameters. e) Concrete coverings greater than the
diameter of other reinforcements larger than 15 mm. f) The bottom rebar cover shall be 75 mm for
foundations and other key structural components where concrete deposits directly on the ground. The
bottom cover can be decreased to 50 mm when pouring concrete into a thin layer of concrete. g) After
removing the formwork, the cover shall be at least 50 mm for concrete surfaces that are exposed to the
weather or the ground, such as retaining walls, slanted beams, sides of foundations, tops, and so on. h) The
paintings depict surfaces exposed to dangerous chemicals (or soil contaminated with such chemicals), acids,
alkalis, salt water atmospheres, sulfur, smoke, and so on. Increase the cover's thickness. I In the case of
liquids All steels must have a minimum cover of 40 mm or the diameter of the main bar, whichever is
greater, when preserving the structure. The cover should be expanded by 10 mm in the presence of seawater,
oil, or corrosive water. j) In the event of concrete exposed to hazardous surroundings, protection against
reinforcing can also be provided by using high-density impermeable concrete with an approved protective
coating. The extra cover specified in (b) and I above can be reduced in such instances. k) Cement mortar
cubes (blocks) or other permitted techniques must be used to ensure proper cover. EIC certified precast
concrete blocks must support the subgrade footing, grade beams, and slab reinforcement. It is not
permissible to utilize pebbles or stones. l) IS: 456 – 2000 specifies the minimum clear distance between
reinforcing bars.

3. (a) Categorize the columns in your project plan

 

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3. (b) Selection of foundation on your design
The main objective of foundation are designed to ensure structural loads are transmitted to subsoil safely ,
economically and without any unacceptable movement during the construction period and throughout the
anticipated life of the building structure.  
The foundation for proposed designed has been chosen by considering soil condition, structure type,
structural loading, economic factors, time factors relative to the proposed contract period and construction
problem. Sizing chosen foundation in the context of loading and ground bearing capacity and likely future
movement of structure. 
Foundation functions 
They are mainly load distribution, stability against overturning and sliding, minimizing differential
settlement, safe against undermining, level surface provision and distress minimization against soil
movement. 
Safety and stability of a building depends upon the quality of foundation. It should transmit the dead and
imposed loads to the sub-soil uniformly so that the pressure on it will not cause settlement that can weaken
the stability of the building. The foundation should be located in such a way that its performance will not be
affected in long run due to any unexpected internal and external influences and factors. In order to safeguard
the building against damage or distress that can be caused by various factors; the foundation serves the
following purposes.
3 (c) Loading path analysis in building 
 Load Path is the term used to describe the path by which loads are transmitted to the foundations
 Different structures have different load paths
 Some structures have only one path
 Some have several (redundancy good)
 Design structure to provide safe and economical load paths (material, size, connections)
 to be economical and safe, we must be able to predict what forces are in structure.

Multiple elements are used to transmit and resist external loads within a building. These elements define the
mechanism of load transfer in a building known as the load path. The load path extends from the roof
through each structural element to the foundation. An understanding of the critical importance of a complete
load path is essential for everyone involved in building design and construction.
The load path can be identified by considering the elements in the building that contribute to resisting the
load and by observing how they transmit the load to the next clement.
Conclusion and recommendation
As for the design suitability of the proposed project, the brace column, isolated square foundation
and brace frame is the most suitable as per the explanation made above. The design will have a better
durability, better load distribution if we selected as mentioned in above sectors by sector discussion which
is also under the euro code 2 practices.

References 
1. Regan, P., & Salter, P. (2016). Tests on welded-angle tension members, Structural Engineer (4th ed.,
pp. 25-30).
2. Malin,, A. (2014). W M C McKenzie - Design of structural elements (2004, Palgrave Macmillan).
Academia.edu. Retrieved 10 February 2022, from

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 https://www.academia.edu/40438480/W_M_C_McKenzie_Design_of_structural_elements_2004_Pa
lgrave_Macmillan_1_1_.
3.  Wong, M. (2014). Finite Element Analysis and Design of Steel-Concrete. Science Direct. Retrieved
10 February 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/limit-state-design.  
4. Carter, C., & Hajjar, J. (2016). CONNECTIONS IN RC STRUCTURES. Aisc.org. Retrieved 10
February 2022, from https://www.aisc.org/globalassets/continuing-education/education-archives/
connections/connections_viii_2017.pdf.
5. Brown, D., Iles, D., & Yandzio, E. (2009). RC Building Design: Medium Rise Braced Frames: In
accordance with Eurocodes and the UK National Annexes (pp. 72-75). The Steel Construction
Institute.
6. Merritt, F., & Ricketts, J. (2011). Building Design and Construction Handbook (6th ed.).

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