BEE603 - Microprocessor and

Microcontroller

Compiled by,

Mr.K.Dwarakesh
Assistant Professor
Dept. of EEE
BIHER
 Processor System Architecture

The typical processor system consists of:

 CPU (central processing unit)

 ALU (arithmetic-logic unit)
 Control Logic
 Registers, etc…
 Memory
 Input / Output interfaces

Interconnections between these units:

 Address Bus
 Data Bus
 Control Bus
The 8085: CPU Internal Structure
 The 8085: CPU Internal Structure

The internal architecture of the 8085 CPU is capable of performing the following
operations:

 Store 8-bit data (Registers, Accumulator)

 Perform arithmetic and logic operations (ALU)

 Test for conditions (IF / THEN)

 Sequence the execution of instructions

 Store temporary data in RAM during execution

The 8085: Registers
 The 8085: CPU Internal Structure

Registers

 Six general purpose 8-bit registers: B, C, D, E, H, L

 They can also be combined as register pairs to

perform 16-bit operations: BC, DE, HL

 Registers are programmable (data load, move, etc.)

Accumulator

 Single 8-bit register that is part of the ALU !

 Used for arithmetic / logic operations – the result is always stored in the
accumulator.
 The 8085: CPU Internal Structure

• The Program Counter (PC)

– This is a register that is used to control the sequencing of the execution of
instructions.
– This register always holds the address of the next instruction.
– Since it holds an address, it must be 16 bits wide.
• The Stack pointer
– The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register that is used to point into memory.
– The memory this register points to is a special area called the stack.
– The stack is an area of memory used to hold data that will be retreived soon.
– The stack is usually accessed in a Last In First Out (LIFO) fashion.
 The 8085 and Its Busses
• The 8085 is an 8-bit general purpose microprocessor that can
address 64K Byte of memory.
• It has 40 pins and uses +5V for power. It can run at a maximum
frequency of 3 MHz.
– The pins on the chip can be grouped into 6 groups:
• Address Bus.
• Data Bus.
• Control and Status Signals.
• Power supply and frequency.
• Externally Initiated Signals.
• Serial I/O ports.
 The 8085 Bus Structure

The 8-bit 8085 CPU (or MPU – Micro Processing Unit) communicates with the other units
using a 16-bit address bus, an 8-bit data bus and a control bus.
 The Address and Data Busses
•
• The address bus has 8 signal lines A8 – A15 which
• are unidirectional.
• The other 8 address bits are multiplexed (time shared) with
the 8 data bits.
– So, the bits AD0 – AD7 are bi-directional and serve as
A0 – A7 and D0 – D7 at the same time.
• During the execution of the instruction, these
lines carry the address bits during the early part,
then during the late parts of the execution, they
carry the 8 data bits.
– In order to separate the address from the data, we can
use a latch to save the value before the function of the bits
 The Control and Status Signals
• There are 4 main control and status signals. These are:
• ALE: Address Latch Enable. This signal is a pulse that
become 1 when the AD0 – AD7 lines have an address on
them. It becomes 0 after that. This signal can be used to
enable a latch to save the address bits from the AD lines.
• RD: Read. Active low.
• WR: Write. Active low.
• IO/M: This signal specifies whether the operation is a
memory operation (IO/M=0) or an I/O operation
(IO/M=1).
• S1 and S0 : Status signals to specify the kind of
operation being performed .Usually un-used in small
systems.
 Frequency Control Signals
• There are 3 important pins in the frequency control group.
– X0 and X1 are the inputs from the crystal or clock generating
circuit.
• The frequency is internally divided by 2.
– So, to run the microprocessor at 3 MHz, a clock running
at 6 MHz should be connected to the X0 and X1 pins.

– CLK (OUT): An output clock pin to drive the clock of the rest of the
system.

• We will discuss the rest of the control signals as we get to them.

Microprocessor Communication and Bus Timing

•
• To understand how the microprocessor operates and uses
these different signals, we should study the process of communication
between the microprocessor and memory during a memory read or write
• operation.
• Lets look at timing and the data flow of an instruction
fetch operation. (Example 3.1)
 Steps For Fetching an
•
Instruction
Lets assume that we are trying to fetch the instruction at memory
location 2005. That means that the program counter is now set to that
value.
– The following is the sequence of operations:
• The program counter places the address value on the address
bus and the controller issues a RD signal.
• The memory’s address decoder gets the value and determines
which memory location is being accessed.
• The value in the memory location is placed on the data bus.
• The value on the data bus is read into the instruction decoder
inside the microprocessor.
• After decoding the instruction, the control unit issues the
proper control signals to perform the operation.
 Timing Signals For Fetching an Instruction

• Now, lets look at the exact timing of this sequence of events as that is
extremely important. (figure 3.3)
– At T1 , the high order 8 address bits (20H) are placed on the address
lines A8 – A15 and the low order bits are placed on AD7–AD0. The
ALE signal goes high to indicate that AD0 – AD8 are carrying an
address. At exactly the same time, the IO/M signal goes low to indicate
a memory operation.
– At the beginning of the T2 cycle, the low order 8 address bits are
removed from AD7– AD0 and the controller sends the Read (RD)
signal to the memory. The signal remains low (active) for two clock
periods to allow for slow devices. During T2 , memory places the data
from the memory location on the lines AD7– AD0 .
– During T3 the RD signal is Disabled (goes high). This turns off the
output Tri-state buffers in the memory. That makes the AD7– AD0
lines go to high impedence mode.
 Demultiplexing AD7-AD0

– From the above description, it becomes obvious that the AD7– AD0
lines are serving a dual purpose and that they need to be
demultiplexed to get all the information.
– The high order bits of the address remain on the bus for three clock
periods. However, the low order bits remain for only one clock
period and they would be lost if they are not saved externally. Also,
notice that the low order bits of the address disappear when they
are needed most.
– To make sure we have the entire address for the full three clock
cycles, we will use an external latch to save the value of AD7– AD0
when it is carrying the address bits. We use the ALE signal to
enable this latch.
 Demultiplexing AD7-AD0
8085
A15-A8

ALE

AD7-AD0 Latch
A7- A0

D7- D0

– Given that ALE operates as a pulse during T1,

we will be able to latch the address. Then
when ALE goes low, the address is saved and
the AD7– AD0 lines can be used for their
purpose as the bi-directional data lines.
 Generating Control Signals
• The 8085 generates a single RD signal. However, the signal
needs to be used with both memory and I/O. So, it must be
combined with the IO/M signal to generate different control
signals for the memory and I/O.
– Keeping in mind the operation of the IO/M signal we can
use the following circuitry to generate the right set of
signals:
 A closer look at the 8085
Architecture
• Previously we discussed the 8085
from a programmer’s perspective.

• Now, lets look at some of its

features with more detail.
 The ALU
• In addition to the arithmetic & logic circuits, the ALU
includes the accumulator, which is part of every
arithmetic & logic operation.

• Also, the ALU includes a temporary register used for

holding data temporarily during the execution of the
operation. This temporary register is not accessible by
the programmer.
 The Flags register
– There is also the flags register whose bits are affected by the arithmetic &
logic operations.
• S-sign flag
– The sign flag is set if bit D7 of the accumulator is set after an
arithmetic or logic operation.
• Z-zero flag
– Set if the result of the ALU operation is 0. Otherwise is reset. This
flag is affected by operations on the accumulator as well as other
registers. (DCR B).
• AC-Auxiliary Carry
– This flag is set when a carry is generated from bit D3 and passed
to D4 . This flag is used only internally for BCD operations.
(Section 10.5 describes BCD addition including the DAA
instruction).
• P. arity flag
– After an ALU operation if the result has an even # of 1’s the p-
flag is set. Otherwise it is cleared. So, the flag can be used to
indicate even parity.
• CY-carry flag
– Discussed earlier
 More on the 8085 machine cycles
• The 8085 executes several types of instructions with each
requiring a different number of operations of different types.
However, the operations can be grouped into a small set.
• The three main types are:
• Memory Read and Write.
• I/O Read and Write.
• Request Acknowledge.

• These can be further divided into various operations (machine

cycles).
 Opcode Fetch Machine Cycle
• The first step of executing any instruction is the Opcode fetch cycle.
– In this cycle, the microprocessor brings in the instruction’s Opcode
from memory.
• To differentiate this machine cycle from the very similar
“memory read” cycle, the control & status signals are set as
follows:
– IO/M=0, s0 and s1 are both 1.
– This machine cycle has four T-states.
• The 8085 uses the first 3 T-states to fetch the opcode.
• T4 is used to decode and execute it.
– It is also possible for an instruction to have 6 T-states in an opcode
fetch machine cycle.
 Memory Read Machine Cycle

• The memory read machine cycle is

exactly the same as the opcode fetch
except:
– It only has 3 T-states
– The s0 signal is set to 0 instead.