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NM Matrices

The document defines and explains matrices and various matrix operations. It states that a matrix is a rectangular array of elements where the value and position of each element is important. It then describes matrix notation, different types of matrices like vectors, various operations that can be performed on matrices like addition, multiplication, inverse, transpose, trace, and augmentation. It also defines some special matrices like diagonal, triangular, and tridiagonal matrices.

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Ahmad Shdifat
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76 views6 pages

NM Matrices

The document defines and explains matrices and various matrix operations. It states that a matrix is a rectangular array of elements where the value and position of each element is important. It then describes matrix notation, different types of matrices like vectors, various operations that can be performed on matrices like addition, multiplication, inverse, transpose, trace, and augmentation. It also defines some special matrices like diagonal, triangular, and tridiagonal matrices.

Uploaded by

Ahmad Shdifat
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Numerical Methods, 402303 Mechanical Engineering Department, The Hashemite University

MATRICES
A matrix is a rectangular array of elements in which the value and position of each element is important. The size of a matrix is described by the number of rows and columns in the matrix.

MATRIX NOTATION
Matrices are generally represented by a bold upper case letter A or an upper case letter between two square brackets [A]. The elements of a matrix are indexed by a double subscript indicating the row and column location of an element a(row)(column).
a11 a 21 A= M a n1 a12 a 22 M an2 L a1m L a 2m = [aij ] O M L a nm

i = 1, 2, K , n

j = 1, 2, K , m

where n and m are the number of rows and columns, consecutively. Single column matrices such as
b11 b 21 B= M bn1

Matrices

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Numerical Methods, 402303 Mechanical Engineering Department, The Hashemite University

are referred to as vectors and represented by a bold lower case letters. The elements are enclosed in either square or curly brackets.
b1 b1 b b 2 2 b= = M M bn bn

MATRIX OPERATIONS
Addition Matrices have to have the same size.
A+B =B+A (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

Multiplication Matrix multiplication is defined as


a i1 AB = ai 2 L aim b1 j b2 j M bmj = [cij ] = C

cij = ai1b1 j + ai 2 b2 j + ai 3b3 j + K + aim bmj =


AB BA size of ( AB) size of (BA )
Matrices

k =1

aik bkj

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Numerical Methods, 402303 Mechanical Engineering Department, The Hashemite University

A(B + C) = AB + AC A(BC) = ( AB)C

Identity Matrix The identity matrix is a square matrix (I), such that
IA = AI = A

The identity matrix has 1s on the diagonal and zeros everywhere else.
1 0 I= M 0
0 1 M 0

L L O L

0 0 M 1

Matrix Inverse If a matrix B exists such that


AB = BA = I

then matrix B is defined as the inverse of matrix A ( B = A 1 ). ie,


AA 1 = A 1 A = I

Matrix Transpose To transpose a matrix, the rows and columns are interchanged. Example for
a11 a 21 A= M a n1
Matrices

a12 a 22 M an2

L a1m L a 2m O M L a nm
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Numerical Methods, 402303 Mechanical Engineering Department, The Hashemite University

the transpose of the A matrix is


a11 a 12 T A = M a1m
a 21 a 22 M a 2m

L a n1 L an2 O M L a nm

or
A T = [aij ]T = [a ji ]

Matrix Trace The trace of a square matrix is the sum of all the elements on its principal diagonal. Example for
a11 a 21 A= M a n1
a12 a 22 M an2

L a1m L a 2m O M L a nm
n i =1

trace ( A) = a11 + a 22 + K + a nn = aii

Matrix Augmentation Two matrices of the same row size can be horizontally augmented as

Matrices

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Numerical Methods, 402303 Mechanical Engineering Department, The Hashemite University

a11 a 21 A= M a n1

a12 a 22 M an2

L a1m b11 b12 b L a 2m 21 b22 and B = M O M M L a nm bn1 bn 2


a12 a 22 M an2

L b1k L b2k O M L bnk

a11 a 21 A MB = M a n1

L a1m b11 b12 L a 2 m b21 b22 O M M M L a nm bn1 bn 2

L b1k L b2k O M L bnk

Row operations are applied to both matrix A and matrix B at the same time without interaction between the elements of the A and B matrices. Special Matrices
a11 0 A= M 0 a11 0 A= M 0 a11 a 21 A= M a n1
Matrices

0 a 22 M 0 a12 a 22 M 0 0 a 22 M an2

L 0 L 0 Diagonal matrix. O M L a nm L a1m L a 2m Upper triangular matrix. O M L a nm L 0 L 0 Lower triangular matrix. O M L a nm


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Numerical Methods, 402303 Mechanical Engineering Department, The Hashemite University


a11 a 21 0 A= 0 M M 0 a12 a 22 a32 0 0 a 23 a33 O 0 0 a34 O O 0 L L 0 O O a ( m1)( m2) 0 0 O a ( m1)( m1) a m( m1) L L M M 0 Tri-diagonal matrix. 0 a ( m1) m a mm 0

Matrices

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