Structural Analysis and Design of Residential Building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi at Bakunbahal, Lalitpur, Nepal
Structural Analysis and Design of Residential Building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi at Bakunbahal, Lalitpur, Nepal
Of
Residential Building Of Mr. Bhaskar
Raj Joshi
At
Bakunbahal, Lalitpur, Nepal
December 2021
Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................4
Introduction.....................................................................................................4
Functional, Aesthetic and cost requirement...................................................4
Building Performance objective......................................................................5
Special Requirement of Geotechnical Investigation, Material Test................6
Preliminary Design Concept of Structural System..........................................6
2 Design of Primary Structural System....................................................................8
Structural Design Criteria................................................................................8
Primary Structural scheme, system, elements and material..........................8
3 Structural analysis and definition of design parameters.......................................8
Desired design parameters.............................................................................8
Deflection of slab and beams...................................................................8
Lateral drift................................................................................................9
Crack control............................................................................................9
Foundation settlement..............................................................................9
Permanent deformation allowed..............................................................9
Calculation of loads.........................................................................................9
Dead loads..............................................................................................10
Live loads................................................................................................10
Seismic loads......................................................................................... 10
Load cases and combinations...................................................................... 11
Load Cases.............................................................................................11
Load Combinations.................................................................................12
Vertical (gravity) load analysis...................................................................... 12
Floor Finish.............................................................................................12
Live load................................................................................................. 12
Wall load.................................................................................................13
Static Lateral load analysis........................................................................... 14
Check for applicability of equivalent lateral load (ELF) analysis............14
Torsion check at each floor.................................................................... 15
Description of Modal analysis....................................................................... 16
Modes and their characteristic............................................................... 16
Axial loads, SF, BM, OTM......................................................................16
4 Presentation of Computer Analysis Result..........................................................17
5 Design of Structural Members.............................................................................18
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Design of slab................................................................................................18
Design of Beam.............................................................................................20
Design of Column..........................................................................................22
Design of foundation..................................................................................... 24
6 Checks.................................................................................................................29
Check for Strong column weak beam:..........................................................29
7 CONCLUDING REMARKS..................................................................................29
8 REFERENCE.......................................................................................................30
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
1 INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The basic aim of the structural design is to build a structure, which is safe, fulfilling the
intended purpose during its estimated life span, economical in terms of initial and
maintenance cost, durable and also maintaining a good aesthetic appearance.
A building is considered to be structurally sound, if the individual elements and the building
as a whole satisfy the criteria for strength, stability and serviceability and in seismic areas
additional criteria for ductility and energy absorption capabilities. The overall building must
be strong enough to transfer all loads through the structure to the ground without collapsing
or losing structural integrity by rupture of the material at the critical sections, by
transformation of the whole or parts into mechanisms or by instability.
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
According to Ductility code, Spacing of Stirrups in beam should not exceed d/4 or 8 times
diameter of minimum size of bar adopted and should not be less than 100 mm. So, for
considering construction difficulties in actual field, it is logical to use d/4 as spacing as per
the construction practice in Nepal.
Column:
Preliminary design of column is done from the assessment of approximate factored gravity loads
and live loads coming up to the critical section. To compensate the possible eccentric loading
and earthquake loads the size is increased by about 25% in design. For the load acting in the
column, live load is decreased according to IS 875: 1978. Initially a rectangular column is
adopted in this building project so as to provide internal aesthetics required from architecture
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
point of view but the column size and shape will vary as per the requirement for the analysis,
design and aesthetic value. The cover provided is 40 mm and the grade of concrete used in
the column design is M20.
Slab:
Span of slab = 3.63m
Percentage of steel = 0.1 % (assume)
From Clause 23.2.1 of [IS 456: 2000]
Using deflection criteria for combination of continuous and simply supported slab,
= Mft x basic value
Where,
Basic value = 26
Mft = 1.8 for 0.1 % tension steel
Therefore,
d =2370/(26 x 1.8) = 50.7 mm
Adopt,
Effective depth d = 105 mm
Overall depth D = 105+ 20 = 125 mm
Beam:
Effective length of beam = 4.572 m
Assuming percentage of steel = 2 %
Now,
Span ≤ (Mft x Mfc) x Basic Value x Correction Factor
Eff. Depth for span x Correction Factor for Flange
Where,
Mft = 0.7
Mfc = 1.25 for 1% steel
Correction factor for span = 1
Correction factor for flange = 1
Therefore,
d =4572/ (0.7 x 1.25 x 26) = 201 mm
Adopt
Effective depth d = 310mm
Overall depth D = 350 mm
Width of beam b = 230 mm
Similarly, from the total weight of building, the tentative size of columns is assumed to make
the finite element model.
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Deflection criteria as directed by code Clause 23.2.1 of [IS 456: 2000] and ductility criteria of ACI
code. The cover provided is 30 mm and the grade of concrete used in the design is M20.
According to which,
Span ≤ (Mft x Mfc) x Basic Value x Correction Factor
Eff. Depth for span x Correction Factor for Flange
Lateral drift
The deformation of the buildings is also determined and found that the drift limit is
compliance with the provision of NBC 105. According to NBC 105, the ratio of the inter-
storey deflection to the corresponding storey height shall not exceed 0.010 nor shall the
inter-storey deflection exceed 60 mm.
Crack control
Concrete is weak in tension and hence cracks when subjected to flexure, as flexure results
in tensile forces in the bottom fibers (assuming loads are applied on top-when load is
reversed, the tension will be at top) and also compression in top fibers, above NA. Hence we
check for crack widths, for durability as well as in cases where excessive crack widths are
not permitted. The surface width of the cracks should not, in general, exceed 0.3 mm in
members. As per IS 456 Annex F, the crack width is calculated.
Foundation settlement
Foundation settlement may be caused by some or a combination of the following reasons:
Elastic compression of the foundation and the underlying soil.
Inelastic (or plastic) compression of the underlying soils, which is much larger than
the elastic compression. The inelastic compression can be predicted by the theory of
consolidation.
Ground water lowering: Repeated lowering and raising of water level in loose
granular soil tends to compact the soil and cause settlement of the ground surface.
Vibrations due to pile driving, blasting and oscillating machineries may cause
settlement in deposits of granular soils.
Seasonal swelling and shrinkage of expansive clays.
Ground movement on earth slopes, such as surface erosion, slow creep or landslide.
Permanent deformation allowed
The deformation of the buildings is also determined and found that the drift limit is
compliance with the provision of NBC 105.
Calculation of loads
Load calculation is done using the NBC 102:1994 as reference. At first type of material is
selected and value of unit weight of the materials is taken from the above mentioned code.
Thickness of the material is selected as per the design requirement. Knowing area,
thickness and unit weight of materials, loads on each section is found.
The following are assumed for detail load calculation.
R.C.C Slab, Beam and Column = 25.0 KN/m3
Screed (25mm thick) = 19.2 KN/m3
Cement Plaster (20mm thick) = 20.40 KN/m3
Marble Dressed = 26.50 KN/m3
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Live loads
Live load for the floor and roof is taken from IS 875 part 2 as referred by National building
code. For residential Building, Following load has be taken (Table 1, IS 875 Part 2)
All rooms and kitchens- 2 KN/m2
Toilet and bath rooms- 2 KN/m2
Corridors, passages, staircases including tire escapes and storerooms- 3 KN/m2
Balconies- 3 KN/m2
For Roof Load, Table 2 of IS 875 part 2 has been taken for the estimation. Flat,
sloping or curved roof with slopes up to and including 10 degrees
Access provided- 1.5 KN/m2
Access not provided except for maintenance- 0.75 KN/m2
Seismic loads
Lateral loads on the building frames are caused primarily by wind pressure. In addition;
earthquake shocks produce horizontal sway, which results in inertia forces acting
horizontally on the structure. But in a seismically active area like Nepal and particularly in RC
frame buildings wind load is not so vital so, only the lateral load due to earthquake shock is
considered in this case. For the analysis and design of earthquake action following method
has been applied in this building.
a) The seismic co-efficient method
Following calculations have been made to estimate the total base shear in the
buildings:
Determination of seismic load as per NBC 105: 2020
Seismic Parameter Notation Reference Value Unit Remarks
Site sub soil cl. 4.1.3.4 Table 4-4 Soil Type D Kathmandu valley
condition
Height of the building H 14.22 m
from foundation
T1=1.25*kt*H^(3/4)
where, kt=0.075 for
RC moment
Time period T1 cl. 5.1.2 & 5.1.3 0.69 sec resisting frame
Ch(T)= α as
Spectral shape factor Ch(T) cl. 4.1.2 2.25 Ta<T<Tc
Seismic zoning 0.35 Kathmandu valley
factor Z cl. 4.1.4
Importance Factor I cl. 4.1.5 Residential building
1.00 (Other structure)
Over Stress Factor Ωu cl. 5.4 Table 5-2 1.50
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Live load
Application of live load is shown in figure below.
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Wall load
Load coming from the weight of wall is applied on the beam underneath the wall if there is
not any beam below the wall load is applied to nearby beam in the direction of wall.
Application of wall load is shown in figure below.
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
The maximum drift under extreme as well as serviceability load condition (EQy and EQx) is
in the permissible value as prescribed by the code NBC 105: 2020.
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Beam and column are assumed to be line element having six degree of freedom at each node
and slab is assumed to be shell element having six degree of freedom at each node. Floor
diaphragm is used in the structure to reduce degree of freedom to three for each floor level.
Imposed loads have been modeled as uniform distributed loads. Similarly, wall loads are
modeled as uniformly distributed line loads. The columns and walls were “fixed” at their
base. The beam-column joints were modeled as rigid.
The 3D model is assumed to be fixed at tie beam level. Suitable assumptions are made and
FE model as shown in Figure 8 is developed.
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Support Factored
Slab Panel Condition W Effective Span Ratio Moment Coefficients Moments fy fck d' dreqd DProvided
Lx Ly Ly/Lx
2 m m KNm 2 2 mm mm mm
KN/m N/mm N/mm
First Floor
Slab
Two adjacent 9.34 2.670 3.320 1.24 Short Span -Ve 0.047 3.13 415 20 19 33.67 125
1 edges Short Span +Ve 0.035 2.33 415 20 19 29.05 125
discontinuous
Long Span -Ve 0.060 3.99 415 20 27 38.04 125
Long Span +Ve 0.045 3.00 415 20 27 32.94 125
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Design of Beam
Longitudinal reinforcement in beams is also based on critical load combination. It is calculated
from the envelope of bending moment diagram. Lap splices are provided at locations where
flexural yielding due to earthquake forces does not occur.
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Provide 2-legged 8mm vertical stirrups @4" c/c at near the joints and @6" c/c at the middle
portion of all the beams as shear reinforcement.
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Design of Column
The rectangular columns are designed with the help of ETABS and checked manually. The
method carried out during the structural analysis is verified with other possible methods. There
is not significant change in the design values. The interaction curve provided in literature is then
used to design these columns.
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Size Provided Rebars Provided Rebars Provided Rebars Provided Rebars Provided Rebars ID
Grid B, D,
ID mm mm n1 d1 n2 d2 n1 d1 n2 d2 n1 d1 n2 d2 n1 d1 n2 d2 n1 d1 n2 d2
B1 350 350 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 16 4 12 C1
A-
B2 350 350 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 12 C2
A3 350 350 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 16 4 12 C1
C1 350 350 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 12 4 16 4 12 C2
C2 350 350 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 16 4 12 4 16 4 12 C1
C3 350 350 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 16 4 12 4 16 4 12 C1
D1 350 350 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 16 4 12 4 16 4 12 C1
D2 350 350 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 16 4 12 4 16 4 12 C1
D3 350 350 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 20 4 16 4 16 4 12 4 16 4 12 C1
Design
Data
fck 20 N/mm2
2
fy TOR 500 N/mm
Cl.
Cover 40 mm
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Type b D Re -Bar
Design of foundation
The foundations used in the building are of isolated and combined type as per the requirements.
The depth of the footing is governed by one way and two way shear (punching shear).The soil
type is assumed to be of medium type. So the allowable bearing capacity of soil is assumed to
be 150 KN/m2. The dimension of footing has been fixed based on manual preliminary
calculation and checked for soil pressure in SAFE 2016. Joint Reaction is given in below:
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Figure 13: Soil Pressure Contour on the Raft < 150 kN/m2 (Bearing Capacity Check)
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Figure 14: Deformation of Raft in Service Load < 25mm (Settlement Criteria Check)
Figure 15: Reinforcement contour along critical direction (Max = 2082 mm2/m)
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Combined footing:
Depth =400 mm
Longitudinal reinforcements= Top – 16mm@ 150mm c/c spacing
Bottom -16mm@125mm c/c spacing
Transverse reinforcements= Top – 12mm@ 125mm c/c spacing
Bottom -12mm@125mm c/c spacing
Conceal beam is kept along longitudinal grid lines of dimension 400 x 400 mm with 2 legged -
8mm stirrups binding reinforcements of combined footing at 400 mm width.
Isolated footing:
Depth =350 mm
Reinforcements= 12mm@125mm c/c spacing bothways
Strap Beam:
Size: 250x450 mm
Required Provided Reinforcement Provided Stirrups
Reinforcement Reinforc
(mm2) ement
area
(mm2)
no Dia. no Dia.
(mm) (mm)
Top 583 2 20 1 16(extra) 829 2 legged 8mm dia. @ 150mm c/c
Bottom 1097 2 20 3 16(extra) 1232 at mid and @100mm c/c at joints
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
6 Checks
Check for Strong column weak beam:
Check for Strong column weak beam is done defining column sections with provided
reinforcements is the SAP model with section to be checked analysis option. The analysis
results in the form of column/beam ratio are shown in a figurative format below which is well
above 1.4 as specified by IS 13920.
7 CONCLUDING REMARKS
Reinforced concrete construction is common all over the world. It is used extensively for
construction of variety of structures such as buildings, bridges, dams, water tanks, stadium,
towers, chimneys, tunnels and so on.
Experiences from past earthquakes and extensive laboratory works have shown that a well-
designed and detailed reinforced concrete structure is suitable for earthquake resistant structure.
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Structural Analysis and Design Reports of Residential building of Mr. Bhaskar Raj Joshi
Ductility and strength required to resist major earthquake can be achieved by following the
recommendations made in the standard codes of practice for earthquake resistant design.
Detailing of steel reinforcement is an important aspect of structural design. Poor reinforcement
detailing can lead to structural failures. Detailing plays an important role in seismic resistant
design. In seismic resistant design, actual forces experienced by the structure are reduced and
reliance is placed on the ductility of the structure. And, ductility can be achieved by proper
detailing only. Thus, in addition to design, attention should be paid on amount, location and
arrangement of reinforcement to achieve ductility as well as strength.
Design and construction of the structure are inter – related jobs. A building behaves in a manner
how it has been built rather than what the intensions is during designing. A large percentage of
structural failures are attributed due to poor quality of construction. Therefore, quality assurance
is needed in both design and construction.
In earthquake resistant construction quality of materials and workmanship plays a very
important role. It has been observed that damages during earthquakes are largely dependent on
the quality and workmanship. Hence, quality assurance is the most important factor in the good
seismic behavior of the structure.
8 REFERENCE
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