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Traffic Survey Data

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The major areas for which this data is required are:

Traffic Surveys  Planning prioritization and project initiation.

 Project design (Road Design).

 Planning maintenance.

 National Transport Statistics.

P. R. D. Fernando  Road Safety Measures.

Chartered Engineer
 Traffic Control.
B.Sc.(Hons), M.Eng. C.Eng., MIE(SL)

Objectives of Traffic Surveys Traffic Volume Surveys

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 It gives the idea of relative importance of roads and it helps in Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT)
deciding the priority for expansion and improvement of the  The average 24 hour traffic volume at a given location over
existing roads. full 365 day year.
 It is useful in planning the traffic control and operation of the  Measure both directions vehicles without veh. Classification.
existing roads and also for planning and designing new roads.  Basis of Highway planning
 It can be used for the analysis of traffic pattern trends.  Unit is Vehicles / day
 Classified volume survey are useful for the Geometric &
Pavement design of roads and computing road users capacity. Average Daily Traffic (ADT)
 Turning movement surveys are used in design of intersections,  The average 24 hour traffic volume at a given location over
Planning of signal timings and other controls etc; full 7 day.
 Pedestrian volume survey is useful for planning cross walks and  Measure both directions vehicles without veh. Classification.
side walks for pedestrians.  Basis of Highway planning
 Unit is Vehicles / day

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Definitions Traffic Volume Surveys

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Design Hourly Volume(DHV)

 Basis of highway design (design calculations)
Peak Hour Volume (PHV)
 Expected hourly volume at peak hour in target design year The maximum number of vehicles that pass
 Generally, 30~50th largest hourly volume among 1 year (30th highest is a point on a highway during a period of
most common) 60 consecutive minutes (V).

K – factor (design hour factor) Peak Hour Factor (PHF)

 Ratio between DHV and AADT The ratio of peak hour volume to highest V
PHF 
K
DHV flow which can move that road section. V15 * 4
AADT

 In Sri Lanka 30th highest volume is around 10% of the AADT. Hence for V
PHF 
V30 * 2
convenient Sri Lanka use K = 10% of AADT.

Example Types of Traffic Surveys

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 It is essential to know the magnitude of traffic data required or

I. Calculate the peak hour flow for following cases.
to be collected, which will then determine its quality and type of
II. Then, calculate the peak hour factors for each case.
vehicle classification to be adopted.
 Traffic counting falls in two main categories, namely;
Case 1 Case 2
 Manual method and
Time Period Traffic Flow Time Period Traffic Flow
 Automatic method.
6:00 – 6:30 245 6:00 – 6:15 100
6:30 – 7:00 315 6:15 – 6:30 150  There is no distinct difference between the two methods
7:00 – 7:30 385 6:30 – 6:45 125 however, the economic use or selection of an appropriate
7:30 - 8:00 215 6:45 - 7:00 300
method of traffic counting is a function of the level of traffic
8:00 - 8:30 275 7:00 - 7:15 275
8:30 – 9:00 415 7:15 – 7:30 400
flow and the required data quality.

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Manual Method Manual Method

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 The most common method of collecting traffic flow data is the

 Manual method is more reliable for short period of
manual method in early stages, which consist of assigning a person survey time.
to record traffic as it passes. Tally Counter
 This method of data collection can be expensive in terms of
manpower, but it is necessary in most cases where vehicles are to
be classified or taken loading conditions or count occupancy in
vehicles.
 Team of field recorders is employed to record the traffic volume
and commonly use methods are:
 Prescribed sheets
 Tally counts Prescribed Sheet
 Loggers
 Speed Gun

Speed Gun Manual counting Logger

Automatic Methods Automatic Method

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 These methods automatically record the vehicle information

Advantages
(Number of vehicles, Vehicle Types, Loading details of vehicles
 Minimal human errors which may are in manual methods.
crossing a section of the road in a desired period.
 Can work throughout day or the desired period.
 The most commonly used detector types are:
 Record the total hourly volume which may be difficult by manual
 Pneumatic Tube (ATR) – send Impulses of air to an air switch.
methods.
 Inductive Loop – Change in magnetic field
 Electronic Recorder - Closing of an electric circuit
Disadvantages
 Radar Detector – Radio active signals
 Some automatic methods are not possible to get the classified
 Video Camera – video image processing system vehicle counts, Loading details, occupancy details etc;.
 Weigh In Motion (WIM) - WIM system (sensor pads & loops)

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Automatic Methods Automatic Methods

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Induction Loop Detector

Pneumatic Tube

AVI in Image Processing Technology

Microwave Technology

Traffic Surveys Traffic Volume Surveys

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 Traffic surveys help in deciding the geometry design features,  Traffic volume surveys may be defined as the number of
pavement design and traffic control for safe and efficient vehicles crossing a selected section of the road per unit time at
movement of the traffic. any suitable selected period (per hour, per day).

 Usually the various traffic studies carried out are;

 Traffic volume survey (ADT, AADT, Turning Movement)
 Speed survey (Spot speed, Space speed)
 Origin & Destination survey
 Traffic flow characteristic
 Traffic Capacity Surveys
 Parking Surveys
 Accident Surveys

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Traffic Volume Surveys Traffic Volume Survey - Manual

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Methods of Conducting Volume Counts  Prescribed Record Sheet

 Manual Method  It gives traffic flow (volume)
 Prescribed Record Sheets  It is possible to get vehicle classification as well.
 Tally Counters
 Manual Counting Logger
 Tally Counters
 Automatic Method  It gives traffic flow (volume)
 Pneumatic Tube  It is possible to get vehicle classification as well.
 Induction Loop Detector
 Electronic Methods

Traffic Volume Survey - Manual Traffic Volume Survey - Automatic

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 Manual Counting Logger Pneumatic Tube

 It gives traffic flow (volume)  Use Automatic Traffic Recorder (ATR – Pneumatic Tube)
 Additionally, it gives vehicle classification as well.
 To find AADT & ADT
 It is not possible to get classified vehicle volume.

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Automatic Counting (ATR) Automatic Counting (ATR)

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 Procedure of survey;  Advantages

• Placing pneumatic rubber tube across the road and • Portable device for automatic traffic counts.
connected with ATR machine
• The cost is low.
• Two axles passing on the tube count as one vehicle • Installation does not required much efforts.
• Collect data on the total number of vehicles on a section of
road
• It gives total vehicle number without classification
• Any time intervals (normally 1 hour)

Automatic Counting (ATR) Traffic Volume Survey

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Automatic Traffic Counters
 Disadvantages - 24 hours, accurate, easy to restore
• Limited capacity
Over the road Under the road
• The light weight vehicles may not cause sufficient impulse to
actuate the counter (light weighted motorbike).
• Accuracy is low when vehicle volumes are high.
• Accuracy is low when more multi axle vehicles are on road.
• The system can be damaged.
• It does not give the vehicle classification.
• It does not give the lane details (Inner or outer in multilane
roads).

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Innovative Performance Survey Traffic volume & speed measuring system by type of
vehicle using an AVI* system
- Sensing or Monitoring Technology -
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*AVI: Automated Vehicle Identification
Traffic volume counting Traffic volume & speed measuring using Image Processing Technology
system using supersonic waves system using microwaves

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ADT Speed Survey

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 Speed survey provides necessary information about

trvel conditions, level of service (LOS), and quality of
traffic flow.
 Speed is an important road design parameter, in an
overall sense for setting design standards, and in an
elemental sense as a measure of the effects of minor
changes to a traffic system (such as installing a traffic
control device or widening a curve).

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Spot Speed Survey Spot Speed Survey

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 Spot speed studies are conducted to estimate the Time of Day and Duration of Spot Speed Studies
distribution of speeds of vehicles in a stream of traffic  depends on the purpose of the study.
at a particular location on a highway.  recommended when traffic is free-flowing,
 carried out by recording the speeds of a sample of
 during off-peak hours.
vehicles at a specified location.
 typically:
 the duration is at least 1 hour and
Used to:  the sample size is at least 30 vehicles.
 Establish parameters for
traffic operation and control, such as:
 speed zones
 speed limits (85th-percentile speed)

Spot Speed Survey Spot Speed Survey

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Methods for Conducting Spot Speed Studies Manual Method

 Manual Method (rarely use)  Spot speeds may be estimated by manually measuring
 automatic devices the time it takes a vehicle to travel between two defined
points on the roadway a known distance apart (short
1. road detectors
 Pneumatic Tube
distance).
 Induction Loop  Manual methods are rarely used these days
2. Doppler-principle meters
 Radar Gun
3. Electronic-principle Detectors

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Spot Speed Survey Spot Speed Survey

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Automatic Method Automatic Method

Pneumatic road tubes Induction Loops
 Tubes are usually separated by 2 m  Induction Loops is a rectangular wire loop buried
 When a moving vehicle passes over the tube, an impulse is under the roadway surface.
transmitted through the tube to the counter.  When a motor vehicle passes across it, an impulse is
 The time elapsed between the two impulses and the distance sent to the counter.
between the tubes are used to compute the speed of the
vehicle.

Spot Speed Survey Spot Speed Survey

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Automatic Methods Speed Gun (Doppler – principle)

 Pneumatic road tubes & induction loops collect data on speeds  Doppler meters work on the principle that
& volume at the same time when a signal is transmitted onto a moving
vehicle, the change in frequency between the
 Advantage: transmitted signal and the reflected signal is
 Human errors are considerably reduced proportional to the speed of the moving
 Can be used to collect data on speeds at the same time as vehicle.
volume data are being collected.  The difference between the frequency of the
transmitted signal and that of the reflected
Radar Gun
 Disadvantages: signal is measured by the equipment, then
 Relatively expensive than manual method. converted to speed in mph or km/h.
 May affect driver behavior (discipline).

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Spot Speed Survey Spot Speed Survey

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Speed Gun (Doppler – principle)  Electronic-Principle Detectors

 The presence of vehicles is detected
through electronic means, and information
on these vehicles is obtained, from which
traffic characteristics such as speed,
volume, queues, and headways are
computed.
 The most promising technology using
electronics is video image processing.

Vehicle Classified Survey Vehicle Classified Survey

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 Why does vehicle classify?  Basically traffic flow is categorized by a function of the vehicle as
follows;
 Passenger Vehicles
 Goods Vehicles
 Farm Vehicles

 Manual traffic flow count is categorized by a visual assessment of

the vehicle size and configuration of axles. The current traffic flow
data collection system in Sri Lanka classifies vehicles into 15
categories as follows:

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Passenger Vehicles Passenger Vehicles

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Notation Categories Symbol

Axle
MCL 1. All type of Motor Cycles. Notation Categories Config Symbol
II. All types of Scooters. 1.VANS (with or without Passengers & Goods.)
III. Challies. VAN Maximum 16 Passengers capacity.

IV. Very small Motor Cycles such as Foot cycles.) With Eg. School vans, Office staff vans, delivery van etc...
or without registration number.
TWL 1. All types of three wheel Vehicles. (Petrol or Diesel) MBU 1.Medium Busses which having maximum 29 Sheets. 1-1

Eg. Mitsubishi Rosa-Busses 1-2

LBU 1. All large busses which having single or double doors.

More than 29 sheets. (Normally this type of busses 1-2

CAR 1. All types of Cars has two doors)

II. All types of Jeeps. Eg. Lanka Ashok Leylend busses, TATA 909 busses,
ISSUZE busses,
III. Small Single & Double Cabs.
IV. Small VANS –(Micro Vans, Townace, Lightace, Large tourist busses, etc…
Vannet etc...) maximum 2 Rows sheet

Goods Vehicles Goods Vehicles

Axle
Notation Categories Config Symbol
43 LGV 44
1. Small Lorries having two axles and four wheels. 1-1
II. Crew cabs
Axle
III. Large Cabs Notation Categories Config Symbol
AG3 All three Axles articulated Vehicles. 1-2-2
MG1 All types of Lorries and Trucks having two Axles and 06 wheels 1-2
and gross weight should be less than 8.5 Tons. (GVW<8.5Tons)
(with or without Body) (Identify by experience)
AG4 All four Axles articulated Vehicles. 1-22-2
Eg. ELF250, delivery small Lorries, Cantor, etc…

1-2-22
MG2 All types of Lorries and Trucks having two Axles and 06 wheels 1-2
and gross weight should be grater than 8.5 Tons. (GVW>8.5Tons)
AG5 All five Axles articulated Vehicles. 1-22-22
(with or without Body) (Identify by experience)
Eg. TATA1210 lorry, Ashok Leyland lorry, ISSUZE lorry, etc…. 1-2-222

HG3 All vehicles having combined three Axles. 1-22 AG6 All six Axles articulated Vehicles. 1-22-222

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Farm Vehicles
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Axle
Notation Categories Config Symbol
FVH I. Two wheel Tractor with Trailer. (Land Master) 1-1-1

II. Four wheel Tractor with or without Trailer. MCL 3WL

CAR VAN

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MBU LBU MG2 HG3

LGV MG1 AG4 AG5

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Vehicle Classified Survey

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Manual Classified Counts (MCC)

 Manual counts are carried out by

observers situated at an
observation point at the side of
the road for 12 hrs. or 16 hrs. or
24 hrs
 Vehicles pass the observation

point an observer records /

entered each vehicle on a survey
FVH form / Tally Counter/Loggers
according to the vehicle type.
 MCC also conducted the same

locations of ADT.

Vehicle Classified Survey – Manual Methods

(Manual Classified Count – MCC) Vehicle Classified Survey – Automatic Methods
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Tally Counter

Prescribed Sheet

Manual counting Logger Automated Vehicle Identification - AVI

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Vehicle Classified Survey – Automatic Methods Traffic Volume Surveys

(The Infrared Traffic Logger – TIRTL)
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Intersection Counts (Turning Movement Survey)

• Vehicle Classifications
• Through Movements
TIRTL - Beam configuration • Turning Movements
C

A ` B

Axle, Axle Group & Vehicle Detection

Turning Movement Surveys Turning Movement Survey

(without classification)
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Turning Movement Survey Methods Time From A B C D

6.00 74 1450 151 1416
• Manual Method 7.00
8.00
131
96
2313
1830
237
192
2266
1756
9.00 130 2082 200 2001
10.00 258 2107 195 1961
11.00 276 2372 171 2256
• Automatic Method 12.00 227 2276 192 2103
13.00 235 2043 318 1866
14.00 220 2100 190 1954
15.00 167 1891 157 1760
Manual counting Logger 16.00 202 2039 206 1859
17.00 268 2622 256 2395
18.00 355 3422 224 3169
19.00 157 1682 72 1596
Total 2796 30229 2761 28358

AVI: Automated Vehicle Identification

using Image Processing Technology Manual – Tally Counter

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Turning Movement Survey

(with classification)
Vehicle Classified Survey
57 Junction - A 58

Presentation & Data Analysis

Travel Time & Delay Studies Travel Time & Delay Studies
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 Travel time: Methods for Conducting Travel Time & Delay Studies
time required to travel from one point to another on a given
route.  Methods Requiring a Test Vehicle:
 floating-car technique
 Information of delay;  moving-vehicle technique
 the location
 Time duration, and
 Methods Not Requiring a Test Vehicle:
 causes of delays
 License Plate Observation
 Good indication of the level of service  ITS Advance Technologies

 Economic studies
 Time saving due to project / project improvement

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Travel Time Survey Travel Time Survey

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Moving-Vehicle Technique (moving observer):

Floating - Car Technique:
 the observer makes a round trip on a test section.
 Test car is driven by an observer along the test section.
 The observer starts at section X-X, drives the car
 The driver attempts to pass as many vehicles as those
that pass his test vehicle. eastward to section Y-Y.
 turns the vehicle around, drives westward to section
 Time taken to traverse the study section is recorded.
This is repeated, and the average time is recorded as X-X again.
the travel time.  The time it takes to travel east from X-X to Y-Y (Te),

 sample size is usually less than 30. in minutes

 The time it takes to travel west from Y-Y to X-X
(Tw), in hours.

Travel Time Survey Travel Time Survey

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Moving-Vehicle Technique.
Moving-Vehicle Technique.  The flow (qw) in the westbound ( N e  Ow  Pw )
 The number of vehicles traveling west in the opposite direction can then be obtained from
qw 
Te  Tw
lane while the test car is traveling east (Ne) the expression:
 The number of vehicles that overtake the test car while
it is traveling west from Y-Y to X-X, that is, traveling in
the westbound direction (Ow) _
 If the test vehicle travels at the
 The number of vehicles that the test car passes while it
median speed as many vehicles as t q w  Tw qw  Ow  Pw
is traveling west from Y-Y to X-X, that is, traveling in the
overtake it.
westbound direction (Pw) _
(Ow  Pw )
 The average travel time in the t  Tw 
westbound direction is obtained qw
from :

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Travel Time Survey Travel Time Survey

(Methods Not Requiring a Test Vehicle) (Methods Not Requiring a Test Vehicle)
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1 - License-Plate Observations: 2- Advanced Technologies:

 observers at the beginning and end of the test section.  Cell phones
 Each observer records the last three or four digits of the  GPS satellite system
license plate of each car that passes, together with the
time at which the car passes.
 In the office by matching the times of arrival at the
beginning and end of the test section for each license
plate recorded.
 Difference between these times is the traveling time of
each vehicle.
 Average of these is the average traveling time on the
test section.

Example of Advanced Technology

--- Data collection by GPS* ---
Travel Speed Survey (TSS)
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*GPS: Global Positioning System

 Speed survey provide information about the location,
GPS consists of satellites which duration, amount and frequency of delay of traffic.
enable users to determine their
exact position anywhere on the  It provides information regarding running speeds in
surface of the earth at any time. location, Fluctuation in speed with time.
There are currently 27 satellites  It provides a tool to detect the spots of congestion
in orbit. At any time there should and to suggest remedial measures.
be at least four to six satellites
"visible".  GPS method is very popular to carry out speed
survey.
 Survey should cover all peak and off peak time of
the day.
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Travel Speed Survey (TSS) Output of TSS

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Survey Methodology
 Survey Item

 Average travel speed between major intersections / cities.

 Survey Period
 Morning / Afternoon peak period
 Off peak period

Average Speed Contour Axle load Survey

71 72

 Axle load surveys are carried out to determine Axle loads

carried by a section of road
 Used for pavement design , pavement overlay, and
determine the extent of overloading of the road section.

 Basically two types of Axle load surveys;

 Static Load Survey
 Weigh – In – Motion (WIM)

 Period of survey
 12/24/48 hours in each direction depending on traffic
situation.

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Axle load Survey (static) Axle load Survey – (Static)

73 74

 More than that main parts there are some  Equipments consist of two
additional thinks need to take place this survey; weighting platform and a
 Dummy pads processing unit.
 Vehicle diversion arrangement signs

 Lighting system (to work at night)  Each weighing platform have

 Recording forms
separate data transfer cable to
connect with processing unit.
 Selection of site;
 Space for vehicle diversion and weighing
 Processing unit displays the
 Not to create delay to vehicle flow summation of each platform’s
 Not to caused any accident value

Axle load Survey (static) Axle load Survey (static)

75 76

 Method of survey  Traffic cone arrangements and Police assistant

 Sampling of vehicle and get help of police to direct the
vehicle for survey
 Interview
 Origin
 Destination
 Type of goods
 Tare weight of vehicle
 Registration number

 Directed to weighing platform and measure each axle

separately and record along with other data

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Axle load Survey (static)

Axle load Survey (WIM)
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 WIM
 Weigh – In – Motion installation are designed to capture and
record axle weights and gross vehicle weight as vehicle
travelling at normal speed through a measurement gantry.
 This makes the weighing process more efficient as it fully
automated.

Axle load Survey (WIM) Axle load Survey (WIM)

79 80

It consisting of
 Weight sensors Key Features
 Cameras, Laser Sensors  Multi lane flow Weigh – In – Motion system
 A controller unit  High accurate measurement at any high speed.
 Specially design software  Supporting Automatic Number Plate Recognition.

 Supporting Laser-Scanner Vehicle Detection.

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WIM - Applications Axle Configurations

81 82

Single Axle With Single Wheel Tandem Axle

Single Axle With Dual Wheel Tridem Axle

Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) Wheel load Axle load

(103 kg)
Equivalence
ESA (single & dual)
(103 kg)
Factor

1.5 3.0 0.01

83 84
2.0 4.0 0.04
2.5 5.0 0.11
 Axle load is converted to ESA value
3.0 6.0 0.25
 Relationship between axle load and ESA per axle is, 3.5 7.0 0.50
4.0 8.0 0.91
4.55
 AxleLoad(k g)  4.5 9.0 1.55
ESA    5.0 10.0 2.50
 8160  5.5 11.0 3.83
6.0 12.0 5.67
 ESA per vehicle (vehicle Damage Factor) is calculated by 6.5 13.0 8.13
summation of ESA per axle 7.0 14.0 11.30
7.5 15.0 15.50
 Average ESA value for a particular vehicle type is calculated 8.0 16.0 20.70
by taking average of the type of vehicle. 8.5 17.0 27.20
9.0 18.0 35.20
9.5 19.0 44.90
10.0 20.0 56.50

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OD Surveys Example of person trip movement

85

 Traffic volume studies do not indicate where the traffic

desires to travel (Origins – Destinations).
a) worker
 OD surveys give location of Original & Destination, by
purpose, by mode of transport.
 These studies are most essential in improving the existing
road system and planning the new highway facilities to the
public.

家 Other
trip office
home office/factory

A city B city
(Origin) (Destination)

Example of person trip movement Example of person trip movement

b) student c) housewife

家 school park 家
home home Super market

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(4) EXAMPLE OF TRIP AND MODE Sample of OD table

90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Gen

1 171,281 20,518 18,783 8,053 1,965 852 2,458 4,054 1,009 3,075 336 1,146 419 44 1,314 1,488 824 2,395 1,114 1,700 1,288 1,289 782 5,222 1,305 252,714

2 20,518 86,980 1,861 2,188 227 1 355 664 118 0 0 112 0 0 81 6 109 488 0 3 315 282 45 696 2,270 117,319

3 18,783 1,861 54,247 471 13 0 1,451 337 385 3 0 2 0 0 8 0 20 41 55 6 0 75 35 962 39 78,794

4 8,053 2,188 471 41,410 1,519 46 13 73 119 45 0 14 154 0 49 343 97 172 512 0 217 128 93 593 3,850 60,159

5 1,965 227 13 1,519 16,276 43 4 29 143 20 0 71 138 0 192 256 0 0 286 48 286 0 8 97 1,121 22,742

home家 6 852 1 0 46 43 13,441 2 15 429 0 0 75 23 0 7 139 0 7 266 0 142 195 380 27 468 16,558

7 2,458 355 1,451 13 4 2 25,081 3,454 554 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 2 1 0 0 40 71 452 3 33,960

8 4,054 664 337 73 29 15 3,454 21,984 3,482 4 0 4 0 0 0 6 14 21 28 34 3 158 80 409 27 34,880

9 1,009 118 385 119 143 429 554 3,482 18,708 3 0 0 0 0 3 152 13 14 9 0 34 254 20 86 30 25,565

10 3,075 0 3 45 20 0 0 4 3 22,372 0 618 140 0 14 0 33 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 26,334

11 336 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,849 807 204 74 0 0 25 0 0 16 0 35 0 0 0 8,346

12 1,146 112 2 14 71 75 0 4 0 618 807 8,933 16 683 40 0 1 0 2 204 41 14 0 0 0 12,783

13 419 0 0 154 138 23 0 0 0 140 204 16 882 0 85 0 0 0 0 538 4 0 0 2 0 2,605

14 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 683 0 8,445 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,277

15 1,314 81 8 49 192 7 0 0 3 14 0 40 85 0 9,610 28 200 0 0 2 109 8 0 0 1 11,751

16 1,488 6 0 343 256 139 19 6 152 0 0 0 0 0 28 18,236 11 0 0 262 69 675 712 70 1 22,473

駅 17 824 109 20 97 0 0 0 14 13 33 25 1 0 31 200 11 13,066 0 28 41 376 255 164 7 97 15,412

駅
station station office
ビル 18 2,395 488 41 172 0 7 2 21 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20,855 3,875 0 166 3 9 92 0 28,140

19 1,114 0 55 512 286 266 1 28 9 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 28 3,875 18,101 0 58 0 3 5 0 24,343

20 1,700 3 6 0 48 0 0 34 0 7 16 204 538 0 2 262 41 0 0 18,812 1,752 1 0 16 2 23,444

21 1,288 315 0 217 286 142 0 3 34 0 0 41 4 0 109 69 376 166 58 1,752 2,752 0 0 9 74 7,695

22 1,289 282 75 128 0 195 40 158 254 0 35 14 0 0 8 675 255 3 0 1 0 8,781 890 307 0 13,390
1 trip 23 782 45 35 93 8 380 71 80 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 712 164 9 3 0 0 890 6,007 144 10 9,453

24 5,222 696 962 593 97 27 452 409 86 0 0 0 2 0 0 70 7 92 5 16 9 307 144 9,212 481 18,889

25 1,305 2,270 39 3,850 1,121 468 3 27 30 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 97 0 0 2 74 0 10 481 15,147 24,926

Att 252,714 117,319 78,794 60,159 22,742 16,558 33,960 34,880 25,565 26,334 8,346 12,783 2,605 9,277 11,751 22,473 15,412 28,140 24,343 23,444 7,695 13,390 9,453 18,889 24,926 901,952

Application of OD Surveys OD Surveys

91 92

 Judge the adequacy of existing Road network. OD surveys methods

 Plan the new road network. • Roadside Interview Survey

 To locate expressway or major routes along the • Number Plate Survey

desired lines. • Return Postcard Survey

 To locate intermediate stops of public transport. • Household Surveys

1

3
1

17 1,281

2 0,51 8

1 8,78 3
2

86 ,9 80
3

20 ,5 18 1 8,78 3

1,86 1

1 ,8 61 5 4,24 7
4

8 ,0 53

2 ,1 88

4 71
5

1,965

227

13
6

8 52

0
7

2,458

355

1,451
8

4,05 4

66 4

33 7
9

1 ,009

118

385
10

3,07 5

3
11

3 36

0
12

1,14 6

11 2

2
13

4 19

0
14

44

0
15

1 ,3 14

81

8
16

1,488

0
17

82 4

10 9

20
18

2 ,395

488

41
19

1,11 4

55
0
20

1 ,7 00

6
21

1,28 8

31 5

0
22

1 ,2 89

2 82

75
23

782

45

35
24

5 ,2 22

6 96

9 62
25 Gen

1,305 2 52 ,7 14

2,270 1 17 ,3 19

39 78 ,7 94

4 8,053 2 ,1 88 47 1 41 ,4 10 1,519 46 13 73 119 45 0 14 1 54 0 49 343 97 172 51 2 0 21 7 1 28 93 5 93 3,850 60 ,1 59

97 121 Local Farms 5 1,965 2 27 13 1 ,5 19 1 6,276 43 4 29 143 20 0 71 1 38 0 1 92 256 0 0 28 6 48 28 6 0 8 97 1,121 22 ,7 42

2 6 852 1 0 46 43 13,4 41 2 15 429 0 0 75 23 0 7 139 0 7 26 6 0 14 2 1 95 380 27 468 16 ,5 58
101 1 3
102 96 7 2,458 3 55 1,45 1 13 4 2 2 5,081 3,45 4 554 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 2 1 0 0 40 71 4 52 3 33 ,9 60
4
7 8 4,054 6 64 33 7 73 29 15 3,454 21,98 4 3 ,482 4 0 4 0 0 0 6 14 21 28 34 3 1 58 80 4 09 27 34 ,8 80
5 6 8 9 1,009 1 18 38 5 1 19 143 4 29 554 3,48 2 18 ,708 3 0 0 0 0 3 152 13 14 9 0 34 2 54 20 86 30 25 ,5 65
14
104 13 10 3,075 0 3 45 20 0 0 4 3 22,37 2 0 61 8 1 40 0 14 0 33 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 26 ,3 34

Out put of OD survey

103 9 10 11
105 12 95 11 336 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 ,8 49 80 7 2 04 74 0 0 25 0 0 16 0 35 0 0 0 8 ,3 46
15 16 27 93
17 26 28 12 1,146 1 12 2 14 71 75 0 4 0 61 8 8 07 8,93 3 16 683 40 0 1 0 2 2 04 41 14 0 0 0 12 ,7 83
21 22 1824 25 40
19 20
31
23 Village 13 419 0 0 1 54 138 23 0 0 0 14 0 2 04 16 8 82 0 85 0 0 0 0 5 38 4 0 0 2 0 2 ,6 05
106 32 33 34 35 36 38 39
29 14 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 68 3 0 8,445 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 ,2 77
30 37 41
4647 48
50 52

OD matrix (Trip Matrix)

45 15 1,314 81 8 49 192 7 0 0 3 14 0 40 85 0 9 ,6 10 28 20 0 0 0 2 10 9 8 0 0 1 11 ,7 51
54 94
107
42
58
43 44
68 73 49
69 74
67 70
71
76 77
78
51
79
80
53

57
56
55
• 16

17
1,488

824 1 09
6 0

20
3 43

97
256

0
1 39

0
19

0
6

14
152

13
0

33
0

25
0

1
0

0 31
0

2 00
28 1 8,236

11 13,06 6
11 0

0 28
0 2 62

41
69

37 6
6 75

2 55
712

164
70

7 97
1 22 ,4 73

15 ,4 12

108 59 75 83 18 2,395 4 88 41 1 72 0 7 2 21 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 ,855 3,87 5 0 16 6 3 9 92 0 28 ,1 40

60 72 82
84 88
81 19 1,114 0 55 5 12 286 2 66 1 28 9 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 28 3 ,875 18,10 1 0 58 0 3 5 0 24 ,3 43
65 87
116
61 62 63 85
City City 20 1,700 3 6 0 48 0 0 34 0 7 16 20 4 5 38 0 2 262 41 0 0 18 ,8 12 1,75 2 1 0 16 2 23 ,4 44
64 66
109 21 1,288 3 15 0 2 17 286 1 42 0 3 34 0 0 41 4 0 1 09 69 37 6 166 58 1 ,7 52 2,75 2 0 0 9 74 7 ,6 95
110 89 86
92 22 1,289 2 82 75 1 28 0 1 95 40 15 8 254 0 35 14 0 0 8 675 25 5 3 0 1 0 8 ,7 81 890 3 07 0 13 ,3 90
112
23 782 45 35 93 8 3 80 71 80 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 712 16 4 9 3 0 0 8 90 6,007 1 44 10 9 ,4 53
111
90 24 5,222 6 96 96 2 5 93 97 27 452 40 9 86 0 0 0 2 0 0 70 7 92 5 16 9 3 07 144 9 ,2 12 481 18 ,8 89
91
25 1,305 2 ,2 70 39 3 ,8 50 1,121 4 68 3 27 30 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 97 0 0 2 74 0 10 4 81 1 5,147 24 ,9 26
Town Att 25 2,714 117 ,3 19 7 8,79 4 60 ,1 59 2 2,742 16,5 58 3 3,960 34,88 0 25 ,565 26,33 4 8 ,3 46 1 2,78 3 2 ,6 05 9,277 11,7 51 2 2,473 15,41 2 28 ,140 24,34 3 23 ,4 44 7,69 5 13 ,3 90 9,453 18,8 89 2 4,926 9 01 ,9 52

Future Desired Line in 2020

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 3/11/2017

Roadside Interview Surveys Roadside Interview Surveys

93 94

 Sampling Survey (10% - 20%)

 Interview about Origin, Destination, Travel Purpose, Travel
Mode etc.;
 Questionnaire should be well planned to make interview
fairly short, simple and unambiguous to the both the
interviewer and the interviewee.
 Vehicles are stopped (with guide of Police officers) at pre-
decided location by the field team.
ADT

Interview survey
for sampled traffic

Road Side OD Survey Sheet for Passenger Vehicles

Name of Road:…………………………..Location:-…………………………….. Direction:- From……………………………. To:……………………… Number Plate Survey

Date:………………………….. Day:…………………………..Time From:……………………………To: …………...Name of Recorder……………………...
95 Vehicle Type Occupancy Origin Type of Origin Distination Type of Destination Trip Purpose 96

1. MCL 1. Private 1 1. Village/Town/Location 1. Home 1. Village/Town/Location 1. Home 1. Work

2. TWL
3. CAR 2. Hired
2
3
………………………….. 2. Work
3. School/Education
…………………………… 2. Work
3. School/Education
2. School
3. Business  This involves stationing observers at selected points.
4. VAN 4 2. DSD 4. Business 2. DSD 4. Business 4. Social

 Observer record the number plate of vehicles and the

5. BMU 3. Charted 5 5. Social …………………………… 5. Social 5.Recreational
6. LBU …………………………. 6. Recreational 6. Recreational 6. Tourist
4. Office 3. District 3. District 7. Private matter

1. MCL 1. Private 1 1. Village/Town/Location 1. Home 1. Village/Town/Location 1. Home 1. Work

time at which each vehicle passes the observer.
2. TWL 2 ………………………….. 2. Work …………………………… 2. Work 2. School
3. CAR
4. VAN
2. Hired 3
4 2. DSD
3. School/Education
4. Business 2. DSD
3. School/Education
4. Business
3. Business
4. Social
 The route taken by a vehicle can then be found by
5. BMU 3. Charted 5 5. Social …………………………… 5. Social 5.Recreational
6. LBU
4. Office
………………………….
3. District
6. Recreational
3. District
6. Recreational 6. Tourist
7. Private matter
matching the number plate (origin & destination location
1. MCL 1. Private 1 1. Village/Town/Location 1. Home 1. Village/Town/Location 1. Home 1. Work also).
2. TWL 2 ………………………….. 2. Work …………………………… 2. Work 2. School

 This technique is best suited to traffic patterns

3. CAR 2. Hired 3 3. School/Education 3. School/Education 3. Business
4. VAN 4 2. DSD 4. Business 2. DSD 4. Business 4. Social
5. BMU 3. Charted 5 5. Social …………………………… 5. Social 5.Recreational
6. LBU
4. Office
………………………….
3. District
6. Recreational
3. District
6. Recreational 6. Tourist
7. Private matter
characterized by a large number of original and
1. MCL
2. TWL
1. Private 1
2
1. Village/Town/Location
…………………………..
1. Home
2. Work
1. Village/Town/Location
……………………………
1. Home
2. Work
1. Work
2. School
destination, linked by a complex road network.
3. CAR 2. Hired 3 3. School/Education 3. School/Education 3. Business
4. VAN 4 2. DSD 4. Business 2. DSD 4. Business 4. Social  It requires large amount of effort required in data
5. BMU 3. Charted 5 5. Social …………………………… 5. Social 5.Recreational
6. LBU
4. Office
………………………….
3. District
6. Recreational
3. District
6. Recreational 6. Tourist
7. Private matter coding and analysis.
Checked By; Name ……………………………………………. Signature:…………………………………….. Engineer:……………………………

24
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 3/11/2017

Return Postcard Method Household Interview Survey

97 98

 Sampling survey (1% - 10%).

 The questionnaire is printed on the postcards and reply
 Study team collects the latest travel activity information of
paid postcards are mailed to the vehicle owners with a
request to return the questionnaire. the residents along with the socioeconomic information of
the household and individuals by visiting households in the
 This method is useful where the traffic is heavy.
Study area.
 Disadvantages are
 This information is mainly used for transport model building
o many owners may not send the questionnaire and for the whole study area.
o Insufficiently filled form have to discard.
 The number of trips is analyzed by purpose and by zone.

 Trip distribution is analyzed based on the

origin/destination information obtained by the survey.
 Modal choice is also analyzed (type of vehicles use)

Household Interview Survey Pedestrian Count

99 100

Household Survey Method (cont….)  It is used for planning side walks, cross walks and
 The survey was conducted through the pedestrian signals.
delivery/collection of survey forms method.
 Surveyors are required to first find the location of  Pedestrians tend to walk in a path representing the
the sampled household and then explain about the shortest distance between two points. Therefore,
survey objective and how to fill in the forms to the crossings in addition to those at corners and
respondents. signalized intersections may be appropriate at
 Surveyors leave the survey forms, and re-visit the particular locations.
household to collect the completed survey forms.

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 3/11/2017

Traffic Surveys Night Time Factor

101 102

 Generally 12 hr traffic represent 80% of the total traffic (Night time

factor, 1.2)
if, 12 hr count = 10000
Estimated Total Daily Traffic ≈ 10000 * 1.2
≈ 12000
 16 hr traffic represent 90% of the total traffic (Night time factor,1.1)
if 12 hr count = 10000,
Pavement Geometric Intersection Traffic congestion
Design Design Design Demand locations & Estimated Total Daily Traffic ≈ 10000 * 1.1
• ADT or AADT • AADT/ADT • TM Model congestion ≈ 11000
• Classified Count • Classified count • OD time
• Axle Load
• Speed &  However the night time factor may vary according to demand in
Delay the area.
 Comprehensive Traffic study is required to determine correct night
time factor for a particular region.

Example Night Time Factor

104

Surveyed Locations
Following traffic flow details were collected from on A 002 road at Ratmalana Bandaragama Awissawela
Vehicle Types
Moratuwa & Panadura. Estimate the daily traffic at Moratuwa & 24h/12h 24h/15h 24h/12h 24h/15h 24h/12h 24h/15h
Panadura in particular day.
MCL 1.34 1.09 1.39 1.09 1.35 1.08
At Moratuwa At Panadura TWL 1.42 1.12 1.40 1.12 1.37 1.12
CAR 1.52 1.16 1.47 1.12 1.54 1.25
Time Period Flow Time Period Flow VAN 1.58 1.21 1.44 1.14 1.44 1.15
6:00 – 9:00 1500 MBU 1.64 1.13 1.32 1.15 1.51 1.15
6:00 – 9:00 1400
LBU 1.30 1.11 1.40 1.11 1.39 1.16
9:00 – 12:00 1200 9:00 – 12:00 1250 LGV 1.58 1.28 1.26 1.15 2.33 1.68
12:00 – 15:00 1400 12:00 – 15:00 1100 MG1 1.63 1.37 1.22 1.13 1.45 1.27
15:00 – 18:00 1600 15:00 – 18:00 1500 MG2 1.31 1.10 1.35 1.17 1.63 1.18
18:00 – 21:00 1300 HG3 1.83 1.41 1.70 1.26 1.70 1.21
AG3 1.59 1.08 1.04 1.01 - -
21:00 – 24:00 400
AG4 2.16 1.39 1.69 1.50 2.48 1.27
24:00 – 03:00 100 AG5 2.12 1.38 2.50 1.67 7.00 2.00
03:00 – 06:00 150 AG6 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 - 1.75
FVH 1.10 1.03 1.17 1.11 1.08 1.05

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