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Number Systems

1. Numbers 1, 2, 3…….∞, which are used for counting are called natural numbers. The
collection of natural numbers is denoted by N. Therefore, N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……}.

2. When 0 is included with the natural numbers, then the new collection of numbers called
is called whole number. The collection of whole numbers is denoted by W. Therefore,
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……}.

3. The negative of natural numbers, 0 and the natural number together constitutes
integers. The collection of integers is denoted by I. Therefore, I = {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,
……}.

4. The numbers which can be represented in the form of p/q, where q ≠ 0 and p and q are
integers are called rational numbers. Rational numbers are denoted by Q. If p and q are
co-prime, then the rational number is in its simplest form.

5. All-natural numbers, whole numbers and integer are rational number.

6. Equivalent rational numbers (or fractions) have same (equal) values when written in the
simplest form.
𝑥+𝑦
7. Rational number between two numbers x and y = 2
.

8. There are infinitely many rational numbers between any two given rational numbers.

9. The numbers which are not of the form of p/ q, where q ≠ 0 and p and q are integers are
called irrational numbers. For example: 2, 7, π, etc.

10. Rational and irrational numbers together constitute are called real numbers. The
collection of real numbers is denoted by R.

11. Irrational number between two numbers x and y

= { 𝑥𝑦, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑥𝑦, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

12. Terminating fractions are the fractions which leaves remainder 0 on division.

13. Recurring fractions are the fractions which never leave a remainder 0 on division.

14. The decimal expansion of rational number is either terminating or non-terminating

recurring. Also, a number whose decimal expansion is terminating or non-terminating
recurring is rational.

15. The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non-terminating non-recurring. Also,

a number whose decimal expansion is non-terminating non-recurring is irrational.
16. Every real number is represented by a unique point on the number line. Also, every
point on the number line represents a unique real number.

17. The process of visualization of numbers on the number line through a magnifying glass
is known as the process of successive magnification. This technique is used to represent
a real number with non-terminating recurring decimal expansion.

18. Irrational numbers like 2, 3, 5 ... 𝑛, for any positive integer n can be represented
on number line by using Pythagoras theorem.

19. If a > 0 is a real number, then 𝑎 = 𝑏 means b2 = a and b > 0.

20. For any positive real number x, we have:

𝑥+1 2 𝑥+1 2
𝑥= ( ) −( )
2 2

21. For every positive real number x, 𝑥 can be represented by a point on the number line
using the following steps:

i. Obtain the positive real number, say x.

ii. Draw a line and mark a point A on it.

iii. Mark a point B on the line such that AB = x units.

iv. From B, mark a distance of 1 unit on extended AB and name the new point as C.

v. Find the mid-point of AC and name that point as O.

vi. Draw a semi-circle with centre O and radius OC.

vii. Draw a line perpendicular to AC passing through B and intersecting the semi-circle
at D.

viii. Length BD is equal to 𝑥.

22. Properties of irrational numbers:

i. The sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational numbers need not
always be an irrational number.
ii. Negative of an irrational number is an irrational number.
iii. Sum of a rational and an irrational number is irrational.
iv. Product and quotient of a non-zero rational and irrational number is always
irrational.
𝑛
23. Let a > 0 be a real number and n be a positive integer. Then 𝑎 = 𝑏, if bn = a and b > 0.

The symbol ' ' is called the radical sign.

24. For real numbers a > 0 and b > 0:

i. 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 × 𝑏

𝑎 𝑎
ii. 𝑏
= 𝑏

iii. ( 𝑎 + 𝑏)( 𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏

iv. ( 𝑎 + 𝑏)( 𝑐 + 𝑑) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑑

v. (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏
2
vi. ( 𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2 𝑎𝑏

25. The process of removing the radical sign from the denominator of an expression to
convert it to an equivalent expression whose denominator is a rational number is called
rationalising the denominator.

26. The multiplicating factor used for rationalising the denominator is called the
rationalising factor.

27. If a and b are positive real numbers, then

1
Rationalising factor of 𝑖𝑠 𝑎
𝑎

1
Rationalising factor of 𝑖𝑠 𝑎≠ 𝑏
𝑎± 𝑏

1
Rationalising factor of 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏
𝑎± 𝑏

28. The exponent is the number of times the base is multiplied by itself.
29. In the exponential representation am, a is called the base and m is called the exponent
or power.

30. Laws of exponents: If a, b are positive real numbers and m, n are rational numbers, then

Numbers
Number: Arithmetical value representing a particular quantity. The various types of
numbers are Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers, Rational Numbers, Irrational
Numbers, Real Numbers etc.

Natural Numbers

Natural numbers(N) are positive numbers i.e. 1, 2, 3 ..and so on.

Whole Numbers

Whole numbers (W) are 0, 1, 2, .. and so on. Whole numbers are all Natural Numbers
including ‘0’. Whole numbers do not include any fractions, negative numbers or decimals.

Integers

Integers are the numbers that includes whole numbers along with the negative numbers.

Rational Numbers

A number ‘r’ is called a rational number if it can be written in the form p/q, where p and q
are integers and q ≠ 0.

Irrational Numbers

Any number that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and
q≠0, is an irrational number. Examples: √2, 1.010024563…, e, π

Real Numbers
Any number which can be represented on the number line is a Real Number(R). It includes
both rational and irrational numbers. Every point on the number line represents a unique
real number.

Irrational Numbers

Representation of Irrational numbers on the Number line

Let √x be an irrational number. To represent it on the number line we will follow the
following steps:

● Take any point A. Draw a line AB = x units.

● Extend AB to point C such that BC = 1 unit.

● Find out the mid-point of AC and name it ‘O’. With ‘O’ as the centre draw a semi-circle
with radius OC.

● Draw a straight line from B which is perpendicular to AC, such that it intersects the
semi-circle at point D.

● Length of BD = √x.

Constructions to Find the root of x.

With BD as the radius and origin as the centre, cut the positive side of the number line to
get √x.

Identities for Irrational Numbers

Arithmetic operations between:

● rational and irrational will give an irrational number.

● irrational and irrational will give a rational or irrational number.

Example: 2 × √3 = 2√3 i.e. irrational. √3 × √3 = 3 which is rational.

Identities for irrational numbers
Rationalisation

Rationalisation is converting an irrational number into a rational number. Suppose if we

have to rationalise 1/√a.

1/√a × 1/√a = 1/a

Rationalisation of 1/√a + b:

(1/√a + b) × (1/√a − b) = (1/a − b²)

Laws of Exponents for Real Numbers

If a, b, m and n are real numbers then:

am × an = am+n

(am) n = amn

am/an = am−n

ambm = (ab)m

Here, a and b are the bases and m and n are exponents.

Exponential representation of irrational numbers

If a > 0 and n is a positive integer, then: n√a = a1n Let a > 0 be a real number and p and q be
rational numbers, then:

ap × aq = ap + q

(ap)q = apq

ap/ aq = ap−q

apbp = (ab)p

Decimal Representation of Rational Numbers

Decimal expansion of Rational and Irrational Numbers

The decimal expansion of a rational number is either terminating or non- terminating and
recurring.

Example: 1/2 = 0.5 , 1/3 = 3.33…….

The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non terminating and non-recurring.

Examples: √2 = 1.41421356..

Expressing Decimals as rational numbers

Case 1 – Terminating Decimals

Example – 0.625

Let x = 0.625

If the number of digits after the decimal point is y, then multiply and divide the number by
10y.

So, x = 0.625 × 1000/1000 = 625/1000 Then, reduce the obtained fraction to its simplest
form.

Hence, x = 5/8

Case 2: Recurring Decimals

If the number is non-terminating and recurring, then we will follow the following steps to
convert it into a rational number:
Example = 1.042
Step 1. Let x = 1.042 ……..(1)
Step 2. Multiply the first equation with 10y, where y is the number of digits that are
recurring.
Thus, 100x = 104.242 ………(2)
Steps 3. Subtract equation 1 from equation 2. On subtracting equation 1 from 2, we get99x
= 103.2x = 103.2/99 = 1032/990
Which is the required rational number.
Reduce the obtained rational number to its simplest form Thus,

X = 172/165
 Important Questions
Multiple Choice Questions-
Question 1. Can we write 0 in the form of p/q?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Cannot be explained
d. None of the above
Question 2. The three rational numbers between 3 and 4 are:
a. 5/2,6/2,7/2
b. 13/4,14/4,15/4
c. 12/7,13/7,14/7
d.11/4,12/4,13/4
Question 3. In between any two numbers there are:
a. Only one rational number
b. Many rational numbers
c. Infinite rational numbers
d. No rational number
Question 4. Every rational number is:
a. Whole number
b. Natural number
c. Integer
d. Real number
Question 5. √9 is a __________ number.
a. Rational
b. Irrational
c. Neither rational or irrational
d. None of the above
Question 6. Which of the following is an irrational number?
a. √16
b. √(12/3)
c. √12
d. √100
Question 7. 3√6 + 4√6 is equal to:
a. 6√6
b. 7√6
c. 4√12
d. 7√12
Question 8. √6 x √27 is equal to:
a. 9√2
b. 3√3
c. 2√2
d. 9√3
Question 9. Which of the following is equal to x3?
a. x6-x3
b. x6.x3
c. x6/x3
d. (x6)3
Question 10. Which of the following are irrational numbers?
a. √23
b. √225
c. 0.3796
d. 7.478478
Very Short:
1. Simplify: (√5 + √2)2.
2. Find the value of √(3)-2.
3. Identify a rational number among the following numbers:
𝑃
4. Express 1.8181… in the form 𝑞
where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
5. Simplify: √45 – 3√20 + 4√5
6. Find the value of’

7. Find the value of.

Short Questions:
1. Evaluate: (√5 + √22 + (√8 – √5)2
𝑃
2. Express 23. 43 in 𝑞
Form, where p, q are integers and q ≠ 0.
3. Let ‘a’ be a non-zero rational number and ‘b’ be an irrational number. Is
‘ab’ necessarily an irrational? Justify your answer with example.
4. Let x and y be a rational and irrational numbers. Is x + y necessarily an
irrational number? Give an example in support of your answer.
5. Represent √3 on the number line.
6. Represent √3.2 on the number line.
7. Express 1.32 + 0.35 as a fraction in the simplest form.
Long Questions:

1.

2.
3. Simplify

4. Prove that:

5. Find a and b, if

Assertion and Reason Questions-

1. In these questions, a statement of assertion followed by a statement of
reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
 b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not
correct explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion: 0.271 is a terminating decimal and we can express this number as
271/1000 which is of the form p/q , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
Reason: A terminating or non-terminating decimal expansion can be expressed
as rational number.
2. In these questions, a statement of assertion followed by a statement of
reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion: Every integer is a rational number.
Reason: Every integer ‘m’ can be expressed in the form m/1 .

Answer Key:
MCQ:
1. (a) Yes
2. (b) 13/4,14/4,15/4
3. (c) Infinite rational numbers

4. (d) Real number

5. (a) Rational
6. (c) √12
7. (b) 7√6
8. (a) 9√2
9. (c) x6/x3
10.(a) √23

Very Short Answer:

1. Here, (√5 + √22 = (√52 + 2√5√2 + (√2)2
= 5 + 2√10 + 2 = 7 + 2√10
2.
3. O is a rational number.
4. Let x =1.8181… …(i)
100x = 181.8181… …(ii) [multiplying eqn. (i) by 100]
99x = 180 [subtracting (i) from (ii)]

180 20
Hence, 1.8181 … = 99
= 11

5. √45 – 3√20 + 4√5 = 3√5 – 6√5 + 4√5 = √5.

6.
7.

Short Answer:
Ans: 1. (√5 + √2)2 + (√8 – √52 = 5 + 2 + 2√10 + 8 + 5 – 2√40
= 20 + 2√10 – 4√10 = 20 – 2√10

Ans: 2. Let x =
or x = 23.4343… ….(i)
100x = 2343.4343… …(ii) [Multiplying eqn. (i) by 100]
99x = 2320 [Subtracting (i) from (ii)
2320
⇒x= 99

Hence,

Ans: 3. Yes, ‘ab’ is necessarily an irrational.

For example, let a = 2 (a rational number) and b = √2 (an irrational number)
If possible let ab = 2√2 is a rational number.
Now is a rational number.
[∵ The quotient of two non-zero rational number is a rational]
But this contradicts the fact that √2 is an irrational number.
Thus, our supposition is wrong.
Hence, ab is an irrational number.
Ans: 4. Yes, x + y is necessarily an irrational number.
For example, let x = 3 (a rational number) and y = √5 (an irrational number)
If possible, let x + y = 3 + √5 be a rational number.
𝑝
Consider 𝑞
= 3 + √5, where p, q ∈ Z and q ≠ 0.
Squaring both sides, we have

𝑝
∵ 𝑞
𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
⇒ √5 is a rational
But this contradicts the fact that √5 is an irrational number.
Thus, our supposition is wrong.
Hence, x + y is an irrational number.
Ans: 5.
On the number line, take OA = 1 unit. Draw AB = 1 unit perpendicular to OA.
Join OB.
Again, on OB, draw BC = 1 unit perpendicular to OB. Join OC.
By Pythagoras Theorem, we obtain OC = √3. Using
compasses, with Centre O and radius OC, draw an arc, which intersects the
number line at point
D. Thus, OD = √3 and D corresponds to √3.
Ans: 6. First of all draw a line of length 3.2 units such that AB = 3.2 units. Now, from
point B, mark a distance of 1 unit. Let this point be ‘C’. Let ‘O’ be the mid-point of the
distance AC. Now, draw a semicircle with Centre ‘O’ and radius OC. Let us draw a line
perpendicular to AC passing through the point ‘B’ and intersecting the semicircle at
point ‘D’.
∴ The distance BD = √3.2

Now, to represent √3.2 on the number line. Let us take the line BC as number line and
point ‘B’ as zero, point ‘C’ as ‘1’ and so on. Draw an arc with Centre B and radius BD,
which intersects the number line at point ‘E’.
Then, the point ‘E’ represents √3.2.
Ans: 7. Let. x = 1.32 = 1.3222…. (i)
Multiplying eq. (i) by 10, we have
10x = 13.222…
Again, multiplying eq. (i) by 100, we have
100x = 132.222… …(iii)
Subtracting eq. (ii) from (iii), we have
100x – 10x = (132.222…) – (13.222…)
90x = 119

Again, y = 0.35 = 0.353535……

Multiply (iv) by 100, we have …(iv)
100y = 35.353535… (v)
Subtracting (iv) from (u), we have
100y – y = (35.353535…) – (0.353535…)
99y = 35

Long Answer:
Ans: 1.

Squaring both sides, we have

⇒ q2x2 + p2 – 2pqx = p2 – q2
⇒ q2x2 – 2pqx + q2 = 0
⇒ q (q2 – 2px + q) = 0
⇒ qx2 – 2px + q = 0 (∵ q ≠ 0)
Ans: 2

Ans: 3

Ans: 4.

Ans: 5.
 Assertion and Reason Answers-
1. c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
2. a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.