Greens Technology OMR BRANCH - Thoraipakkam

CORE JAVA MATERIAL

By, Velmurugan (9944152058)
.

Java
 Page No
1. INTRODUCTION OF JAVA .............................................................................................. 1
Platform independent
Open source
Multi-threading
More secure
portable

2. CORE JAVA TOPICS ....................................................................................................... 4

Oops concept
Control statement and looping
Arrays
String
Collections
Exceptions
Constructor

3. INTRODUCTION OF OOPS ............................................................................................. 6

Class
Object
Method
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Abstraction

4. ENCAPSULATION ........................................................................................................... 7

5. INHERITANCE ................................................................................................................. 7
Single inheritance
Multilevel inheritance
Multiple inheritance
Hybrid inheritance
Hierarchical inheritance

6. ACCESS SPECIFIER ........................................................................................................ 9

Public
Private
Protected
Default

7. DATA TYPES AND WRAPPER CLASS ........................................................................ 10

Data types
Wrapper class

By Velmurugan & Team Page 2

 8. CONTROL STATEMENT ............................................................................................ 12
If
If-else
If-else-if

9. LOOPING........................................................................................................................ 13
For
While
Do-while

10. POLYMORPHISM ........................................................................................................... 17

Method overloading
Method overriding

11. ABSTRACTION… .......................................................................................................... 20

Abstract class
Interface

12. ARRAYS… .......................................................................................................................22

13. STRING ............................................................................................................................ 25

String functions
Literal string
Non-literal string
Mutable string
Immutable string

14. COLLECTIONS… ........................................................................................................... 26

List
Set
Map

15. EXCEPTION… ............................................................................................................... 59

Unchecked exception
Checked exception
Exception handling

16. CONSTRUCTOR ........................................................................................................... 73

17. CORE JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS… ................................... 79

18. CORE JAVA INTERVIEW PROGRAMS .................................................................... 92

19. JDBC CONNECTIONS .................................................................................................. 98

By Velmurugan & Team Page 3

 JAVA INTRODUCTION
 Java is a simple programing language
 Writing, compilation and debugging a program is very easy in java
 It helps to create reusable code
 Java has more features,

1. Platform independent
2. Open source
3. Multithreading
4. More secure
5. Portable

1. Platform independent
 During the compilation the java program converts into byte code
 Using byte code we can run the application to any platform such as windows, mac, linux, etc

2. Open source:
 A program in which source code is available to the general public for use and/or modification
from its original design at free of cost is called open source

3. Multithreading:
 Java supports multithreading
 It enables a program to perform several task simultaneously

4. More secure:
 It provides the virtual firewall between the application and the computer
 So it’s doesn't grant unauthorized access

5. Portable:
 "Write once run anywhere"
 Java code written in one machine can run on another machine

CORE JAVA
Syllabus:

1. Oops concept
2. Control statement/looping
3. Arrays
4. String
5. Exceptions
6. Collections

By Velmurugan & Team Page 4

 Terminology:

1. JDK
2. JRE
3. JVM

JDK:

 Java Development Kit

 If run any applications we need JDK have to installed
 JDK versions: 1.0 to 1.9
 Mostly V1.8 is used now

JRE:

 Java Runtime Environment

 It is a pre-defined. class files (i.e.) library files

JVM:
 Java Virtual Machine
 It is mainly used to allocate the memory and compiling

TOOLS:

1. Notepad
2. Net bean
3. Eclipse
4. J Developer-oracle
5. RAD-IBM
 Nowadays we mostly used eclipse (75% of the people using).
 Versions of eclipse:
 Juno
 Kepler
 Luna
 Mars
 Neon

OOPS CONCEPT:
 Object Oriented Programing Structure
 OOPS is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as collection of objects, class
and methods

By Velmurugan & Team Page 5

 Oops principles are

1. Class
2. Method
3. Object
4. Abstraction
5. Encapsulation
6. Inheritance
7. Polymorphism

CLASS:

 Class is nothing but collection of methods or collection of objects.

 Project name : Should be in Pascal notation
 Pascal notation : Each word of the first letter should be in capital
 src - Source file
 Class name: Pascal notation
 Package creation: ex, org.cts.scope-All small letters

Syntax:

(First type class name and click ctrl +space)

public class Bank {

} // Bank is a class name

Public-Access specifier

METHOD:
 Set of action to be performed

Method name: camel notation

Camel notation: First word should be small after every word of the first letter should be capital
Syntax:
public void dummy() {
// Here dummy is a method name
}

Main Method:
public static void main(String[] args) {

Main method type main and click ctrl +space

By Velmurugan & Team Page 6

 OBJECT:

 Run time memory allocation

 Using object we call the any methods

Syntax:

(Class name) (Object name) =new (Class name) ();

 Alignment ctrl + shift+ F

 Run ctrl +F11

Example program:
1. StudentDatabase

public class StudentInfo {

public void Studentname() {
System.out.println("Name:Vengat");
}

public void studentList() { System.out.println();

public void StudentMark() { System.out.println("Mark:1005");

public void StudentAddress() { System.out.println("Address:

Chennai");
}

public static void main(String[] arg) { StudentInfo info =

new StudentInfo(); info.Studentname();
info.StudentMark(); info.StudentAddress();
}
}

2.ECommerce
public class OnlineShoppingSite {
public void myAccount() { System.out.println("Account
Name");
}

public void catalog() { System.out.println("My

cat");
}

public void orders() {

By Velmurugan & Team Page 7

 System.out.println("My Orders");
}

public void myWishList() {

System.out.println("MY Wish List");

}

public static void main(String[] args) { OnlineShoppingSite info = new

OnlineShoppingSite(); info.catalog();
info.myAccount(); info.orders();
info.myWishList();
}
}

Heap Memory:

 Object are stored in heap memory

RAM JVM Heap memory
 To reduce object memory we go for inheritance

ENCAPSULATION
 Structure of creating folders

INHERITANCE:
 We can access one class property into another class using 'extend' keyword and reusuable
purpose

Child class Sub class

Parent class Super class
Types:
1. Single Inheritance

2. Multilevel Inheritance

3. Multiple Inheritances

4. Hybrid Inheritance

5. Hierarchical Inheritance

By Velmurugan & Team Page 8

 1. Single Inheritance :

 One parent class is directly support into one child class using extend keyword

Child Class Parent class

2. Multilevel Inheritance:

 One child class and more than one parent class

Child Class Parent Class Grand parent

3. Multiple Inheritance:

Parent class Child class Parent class

 More than one parent class parallely support into one child class but it won't suport in java
because

1. Priority problem

2. Compilation error/syntax error

(i.e) if both parent class having same method name it will get priority problem so it doesn;t work in java
Parent class child class parent class
test () test()

 test () is a method name, it present in both parent class, so its get priority problem

By Velmurugan & Team Page 9

 4.Hybrid Inheritance:

 It is a combination of single and multiple inheritance

Class A

Class B Class C

Class D

5. Hierarchical Inheritance:
 One parent class and more than one child class

Child Class Child Class Child Class

Parent Class

ACCESS SPECIFIER:

1. Public
2. Protected
3. Default
4. Private

1. Public:

 It is global level access( same package + different package)

By Velmurugan & Team Page 10

 2. Private:

 It is a class level access

3. Default:

 Package level access

 Without access specifier within the package we can access

Ex,

Public static public- access specifier (need to mention public)

Private static private- access specifier (need to mention)
Static default- access specifier (need not to mention default)

4. Protected:

Inside package + outside Package (Extends)

DATA TYPES:

Data types Siz Wrapper Default

e Class value
byte 1 Byte 0
short 2 Short 0
int 4 Integer 0
long 8 Long 0
float 4 Float 0.0
double 8 Double 0.0
boolean - Boolean false
char - Character -
String - String null

 To find range: formula

-2^n-1 to +2^n-1 - 1

For byte,

1 byte =8 bits
So n=8

By Velmurugan & Team Page 10

 Apply

-128 to + 127

This is a byte range

Ex:
public class ByteInfo {
public static void main(String[] args) { byte num=12;
System.out.println(num);
}
}

Long:

symbol 'l'

long n= 123467l( need to enter l finally)

Float
Symbol-‘f’
float f=10.06f
Double:
No need to enter d

char:

Character is any number, any alphabet or any special character

char= 'A' single quotation
String:

Stri11ng = "klaou8778k" double quotation

Boolean:

Boolean is a true or false value

boolean b1=true;
boolean b2=false;

Default package of java:

 java.lang

By Velmurugan & Team Page 11

  ctrl+2 +L this shortcut is used to find the data type
Syntax: to get the values from the user
 byte nextByte();
 short nextShort();
 int nextInt();
 long nextLong();
 float nextFloat();
 double nextDouble();
 char next().charAt(0);
 String next();
 String nextLine();
 boolean nextBoolean();

String:

 nextLine() is used to include space

String.s=sc.nextLine();

WRAPPER CLASS:
 Classes of data types is called wrapper class
 It is used to convert any data type into object
 All classes and wrapper classes default value is Null

CONTROL STATEMENT:

1. if
2. if.else
3. else.if

variable name camel notation

Difference between "=" and "=="
= is used to assigning the value
== is used for condition checking

Example Program:
public class IfCondition {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int empID=20;
if(empID==20){
System.out.println("valid");
}else {
System.out.println("not valid");
}
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 12

 Output valid

 More than one condition we use for

1. logical &&,// logical && check first condition if its fail it doesn't check second
2.Bitwise &,/ bitwise & is check both condition
 So logical && is better than bitwise

LOOPING:

1. for
2. while
3. do.while

For:

Example Program:
public class ForLoop {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Start");
for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}
System.out.println("End");

}
}
output:

Start
1
2

End

Inner for loop;

Example Program:
public class InnerForLoop {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 6; j++) {
System.out.print(i);

By Velmurugan & Team Page 13

 }
System.out.println();
}}}
Output:
111111

222222

333333

444444

555555

Println printline

Break:
 It will exit from the current loop

Example Program:
public class InnerForLoop {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) {
break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}}
Output:

Continue:

 It will skip the particular iteration

Example Program:
public class InnerForLoop {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) {
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);

By Velmurugan & Team Page 14

 }
}
}
Output

10

Basic programs using conditional statements:

EVEN NUMBER AND ODD NUMBER:

To print Even num:

Example Program:
public class InnerForLoop {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
}
output

2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20

By Velmurugan & Team Page 15

 To print Odd:

Example Program:
public class InnerForLoop {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 1) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}

Output
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19

Sum of odd and even numbers:

Sum of odd:

Example Program:
public class SumofOddNum {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count=0;
for(int i=1;i<=100;i++)
{
if(i%2==1){
count=count+i;
}
}
System.out.println(count);
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 16

 Output:

2500

Sum of even:

Example Program:
public class SumofOddNum {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count=0;
for(int i=1;i<=100;i++)
{
if(i%2==0){
count=count+i;
}
}
System.out.println(count);
}
}

Output:

2550

Factorial Numbers:

Example Program:
public class FactorialNumbers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count=1;
for(int i=1;i<=8;i++){
count=count*i;
}System.out.println(count);
}
}

Output:
40320

POLYMORPHISM:
 Poly-many
 Morphism-forms
 Taking more than one forms is called polymorphism or one task completed by many ways
It has 2 types,
1.Method overloading(static binding/compile time polymorphism)
2.Method overriding(dynamic binding/run time polymorphism)

By Velmurugan & Team Page 17

 1. Method overloading:

Class-same
Method-same
Argument-differ

 In a same class method name is same and the argument is different is called method overloading
 the argument is depends on
 data types
 data types count
 data type order

Example Program:
public class StudentInfo {
private void studentId(int num) {
}
private void studentId(String name) { \\ depends on order
}
private void studentId(String email, int ph) { \\depends on data type
}
private void studentId(int dob, String add) { \\depends on datatype count
}
public static void main(String[] arg) { StudentInfo info =
new StudentInfo();
}
}

 In the same method the argument can't use int and byte because int &byte both are numbers. so it
doesn't work.
 public void employeeID(int num, byte num2) is not correct

2. Method overriding:

Class name-differ(using extends)

Method-same
Argument- same

 In a different class , the method name should be same and argument name should be same is
called overriding

Example Program:

 our aim is boy getting marry

 1st class(sub class)
public class Boy extends Marriage {
public void girlName() { System.out.println("ramya");

By Velmurugan & Team Page 18

 }
public static void main(String[] args) { Boy.b=new
Boy();
b.girlName();
}

 2nd class(super class)

public class Marriage {

public void girlName() { System.out.println("priya");
}

output : ramya;

 The same method name in both class it take sub class only
 If we satisfied with super class we go for super class method but we won't satisfy with super class
we go for sub class method
 We can assign our sub class to our super class but can't reverse

Example Program:
 Marriage b=new Boy() is possible
 Boy b=new Marriage() impossible
 Inside the class if we use static we dont want to crate object (i.e)
public class Employee{ public static
void addNum(){
System.out.println("Hello");
}
public static void main(String[] args){
addNum(); // dont want to create object
}
}

Output: Hello

 If its different class we have to use class name(i.e)

sub class:
public class Employee{ public static
void addNum(){
system.out.println("Hello");
}}
super class:
public class sample{
public static void main(string[] args){
Employee.addNum();
}}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 19

 Output: Hello

ABSTRACTION:

 Hiding the implementation part is called abstraction

 it has 2 types,

1.Partially abstraction(abstract class)

2.Fully abstraction(interface)

1. Partially Abstraction(Abstract class):

 It will support abstract method and non-abstract method.

 We can’t create object for abstract class because in the method signature we didn't mention any
business logic. so
 In abstract method, we only mention abstract signature, won't create business logic
 It have 2 class, abstract class(sub class) and super class. we create object and business logic only
in super class, won't create in abstract class

Example Program:

abstract class

public abstract class Bank {

abstract void saving(); //method signature
abstract void current(); abstract
void salary(); abstract void joint();
public void branchDetails(){
System.out.println("chennai");
}
}

super class
public class AxisBank extends Bank {
public void saving() { // method signature
System.out.println("saving regular");// business logic
}
public void current() { System.out.println("current");
}
public void salary() { System.out.println("salary");
}
public void joint() {
System.out.println("joint");
}
public static void main(String[] args) { AxisBank info
= new AxisBank();

By Velmurugan & Team Page 20

 info.branchDetails();
info.salary(); info.saving();
}}
Output:

chennai
salary
saving regular

2. INTERFACE/FULLY ABSTRACTION;

 It will support only abstract method, won't support non abstract method
 In interface "public abstract" is default. we no need to mention
 It using implements keywords

Example Program:1

interface
public interface Bank { abstract
void saving(); abstract void
current(); abstract void salary();
abstract void joint();
public void branchDetails();
}
super class
public class AxisBank implements Bank {
public void saving() { System.out.println("saving
regular");
}
public void current() { System.out.println("current");
}
public void salary() { System.out.println("salary");
}
public void joint() {
System.out.println("joint");
}
public void branchDetails() { System.out.println("chennai");
}
public static void main(String[] args) { AxisBank info
= new AxisBank(); info.branchDetails();
info.salary();
info.saving();
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 21

 Output:
chennai
salary
saving regular

 multiple inheritance its won’t support in java but using interface its support
 here we have to create 2 interface(super class) and one sub class(normal). In the sub class we
implement both interface

Example Program:2

interface

public interface AxisBank {

public void test();
}
public interface HdfcBank {
public void test();
}
sub class(normal class)
public class Bank implements AxisBank, HdfcBank{
@Override
public void test() {
// TODO Autogenerated method stub
}
}

Difference between abstract class and interface

Abstract class:

 It is partially abstraction
 It support both abstract method and non-abstract method
 It’s using "extends" keyword
 Here "public abstract" have to mention
 We can use whatever access specifier we want
Interface:
 It is fully abstraction
 It support only abstract method
 It’s using "implement" keyword
 "public Abstract" is default. no need to mention
 Here we use only public( access specifier)

ARRAYS:

 Collection of similar data

 The value are stored based on index
 The index will start 0 to n1

By Velmurugan & Team Page 22

 Syntax:

int num[]=new num[5]

Here,

int data type

num variable
[] Array
5 Array length

 It takes 0 to 4(i.e) 0 to n-1, n=5

Example Program:

public class BasicArray {

public static void main(String[] args) { int
num[]=new int[5];
System.out.println(num[2]);
}
}

Output: 0

 If we didn't assign any value, it will takes the default value of data types(int)
 Default value of int is 0

Example Program:
public class BasicArray {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num[]=new int[5];
num[0]=10;
num[1]=20;
num[2]=30;
num[3]=40;
num[4]=50;
System.out.println(num[2]);
}
}
Output: 30

 Overwrite the value:

public class BasicArray {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num[]=new int[5];
num[0]=10;
num[1]=20;
num[2]=30;
num[3]=40;

By Velmurugan & Team Page 23

 num[4]=50; num[2]=300;
System.out.println(num[2]);

}}
Output:

300

 If we overwrite the value, it takes last one

To find array length:

public class BasicArray {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num[]=new int[5];
num[0]=10;
num[1]=20;
num[2]=30;
num[3]=40;
num[4]=50;
num[2]=300;
int len=num.length;
System.out.println(len);
}}

Output:

Using for loop:

public class BasicArray {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num[]=new int[5];
num[0]=10;
num[1]=20;
num[2]=30;
num[3]=40;
num[4]=50;
num[2]=300;
for(int i=0;i<num.length;i++)
System.out.println(num[i]);
}
}

Output:

10

20

300

40

50

By Velmurugan & Team Page 24

 Enhanced for loop:

syntax:

for(int k:num)
System.out.println(k);
Example Program:
public class BasicArray {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num[]=new int[5];
num[0]=10;
num[1]=20;
num[2]=30;
num[3]=40;
num[4]=50;
num[2]=300;
for(int k:num)
System.out.println(k);
}
}
Output:

10

20

300

40

50

 In this enhanced for loop, have no condition checking and value assign
 It is very fast compare to normal for loop

Advantage of array:

 In a single variable we can store multiple values

Disadvantage of arrays:

 It support only similar data types

 It is a fixed size
 Memory wastage is high
 To overcome these we go for collections

STRING:
 Collections of charactor or word enclosed with double quotes

By Velmurugan & Team Page 25

 Basic Topics:

 String function
 Mutable string
 Immutable string

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) { String
s1="Vengat"; System.out.println(s1);
}
}

Output: Vengat

Some Basic Methods:

charAt():

 It is used to print the particular character

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) { String
s1="Vengat"; System.out.println(s1);
char ch = s1.charAt(2);
System.out.println(ch);
}
}

Output:

Vengat
n
 2 takes as 0 to 2 (i.e) 0 1 2> v e n

Equqls():

 equals is a method is used to check our string index is true or false

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 =
"Vengat"; System.out.println(s1);
boolean b = s1.equals("Vengat");
System.out.println(b);
boolean b1 = s1.equals("vengat");
System.out.println(b1);}}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 26

 Output:
Vengat
true
false
 b1 is false because equals() is case sensitive

Equalsignorecase():

 It is like a equals() method but it is not case sensitive

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 =
"Vengat"; System.out.println(s1);
boolean b = s1.equals("Vengat");
System.out.println(b);
boolean b1 = s1.equalsIgnoreCase("vengat");
System.out.println(b1);
}}

Output:

Vengat

true
true
contains():

 Contains() is a method , is used to check the particular character or word in the string

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Hello welcome to java class";
System.out.println(s1);
boolean b = s1.contains("welcome");
System.out.println(b);
}
}

Output:

Hello welcome to java class

true
 If we check other than the string index, it shows false

By Velmurugan & Team Page 27

 Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Hello welcome to java class";
System.out.println(s1);
boolean b = s1.contains("welcome");
System.out.println(b);
boolean b1 = s1.contains("hai");
System.out.println(b1);
}
}

Output:

Hello welcome to java class

true
false

split():
 split() is a method, is used to split the string by space or character or word or whatever

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Hello welcome to java class";
String[] x = s1.split(" "); // here we split by space
System.out.println(s1.length()); System.out.println(x.length);
String[] x1 = s1.split("o"); // here we split by "o"
System.out.println(s1.length()); System.out.println(x1.length);
}
}

Output:
27 //this whole string length s1

5 // this is after splitting by spacex

27 //this whole string length s1

4 // this is after splitting by "o"x1

For loop:

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Hello welcome to java class";

By Velmurugan & Team Page 28

 String[] x = s1.split(" "); // here we split by space
for(int i=0;i<x.length;i++){ System.out.println(x[i]);
}
}
}
Output:

Hello
welcome
to
java
class
Enhanced for loop:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Hello welcome to java class";
String[] x = s1.split(" "); // here we split by space
for (String k : x) {
System.out.println(k);
}
}
}

Output:

Hello
welcome
to
java
class
toUpperCase() and toLowerCase():

 toUpperCase() is used to convert the string into uppercase

 toLowerCase() is used to convert the string into lowercase

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 =
"Hello";
String m = s1.toLowerCase(); // to convert lowercase
System.out.println(m);
String m1 = s1.toUpperCase(); // to convert upper

By Velmurugan & Team Page 29

 System.out.println(m1);
}
}
Output:

hello
HELLO
subString();

 It is used to print from, which character we want in the string index

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 = "Hello
java";
String m = s1.substring(2);

System.out.println(m);
String m1 = s1.substring(2, 6);
// upto System.out.println(m1);

}}

Output:
llo java
llo
indexOf():

 It is used to print the position of the character in the string

 If it is available means, its print the relevant position
 But if the character is not available , it will print "-1"
 As well as , if multiple same character is have, it takes first one position

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 =
"Hello java";
int m = s1.indexOf("o"); // "o", to print o position
System.out.println(m);
int m1 = s1.indexOf("b"); // "b" is not in the string, so it print"-1" System.out.println(m1);
int m2 = s1.indexOf("a"); // multiple character "a", it takes firstone System.out.println(m2);
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 30

 Output:
4

-1

lastIndexof():

 If multiple same character , it takes last one

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 =
"Hello java";
int m = s1.indexOf("o"); // "o", to print o position
System.out.println(m);
int m1 = s1.indexOf("b"); // "b" is not in the string, so it print"1" System.out.println(m1);
int m2 = s1.indexOf("a"); // multiple character "a", it takes firstone System.out.println(m2);
int m3 = s1.lastIndexOf("a"); // multiple character "a", it takes last
one
System.out.println(m3);
}
}
Output:

replace():

 replace() is a method ,it is used to replace the index character or word

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 =
"Hello world";
String m = s1.replace("world", "java"); // to replace world to java System.out.println(m);
}
}
Output:

Hello java

By Velmurugan & Team Page 31

 Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 = "This is
manual Testing";
String m = s1.replace("manual", "Automation"); // to replace manual to
Automation
System.out.println(m);
}
}

Output:

This is Automation Testing

isEmpty():

 It is used to check the index length is zero or not,

 If its zero, its true otherwise false

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 = "";
boolean m = s1.isEmpty();// here index is empty, so its true System.out.println(m);
String s2 = " ";
boolean m1 = s2.isEmpty();
// here index is not empty because space included System.out.println(m1); // space is also
a one character
}
}

Output:

true
false
startsWith() and endsWith():

 It is used to check the index starts with particular word or character

 As well as ends with

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 =
"Hello java class"; boolean m =
s1.startsWith("Hello"); System.out.println(m);
boolean m1 = s1.endsWith("class");
System.out.println(m1);
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 32

 Output:
true
true
ASCII value:

 To find ascii value

Example Program:
public class Dummy {
public static void main(String[] args) {
char ch='M';
int x=ch; System.out.println(x);
}
}

Output: 77

 Every character have one ASCII value

 A-Z 65 to 90
 A-z 97 to 122
 0-9 48 to 57
 remaining special characters

compareTo():

 It is a method, it is used to compare the character based on ASCII value

Example Program:
public class Dummy {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s="A";
int i = s.compareTo("A");
System.out.println(i);
}
}

Output:

Here, A ASCII value is 65, so 65-65=0

Example Program:
public class Dummy {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s="A";
int i = s.compareTo("B");
System.out.println(i);
}}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 33

 Output:

1
Here, 65-66=1

 If we use many character, it will compare only first differing character

Example Program:
public class Dummy {
public static void main(String[] args) { String
s="ABCD";
int i = s.compareTo("ABFK ");
System.out.println(i);
}
}

Output:

3 // 6770=3

 If it is different length and same accuration, the output will be based on length

Example Program:
public class Dummy {
public static void main(String[] args) { String
s="ABCD";
int i = s.compareTo("AB");
System.out.println(i);
}
}
Output:

Here, ABCD length is 4

AB2, 42=2
 If different length and different accuration , it will compare the first differing character

Example Program:
public class Dummy {
public static void main(String[] args) { String
s="ABCD";
int i = s.compareTo("ACLK");
System.out.println(i);
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 34

 Output:

1
Here, 6667=1, BC=1

Literal String:

 It’s stored inside the heap memory (string pool or string constant).
 It will share the memory if same value (duplicate value)

Non-literal string:

 Its stored in the heap memory.

 Its create a new memory every time even if its duplicate value(same value)

Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 =
"vengat";
String s2 = "vengat"; // literal string(same value so its share
the memory)
System.out.println(System.identityHashCode(s1));
System.out.println(System.identityHashCode(s2)); String x1=new
String("vengat");
String x2=new String("vengat");// non literal string( its won't
share, create new memory
System.out.println(System.identityHashCode(x1)); System.out.println(System.identityHashCode(x2));
}
}
 identityHashcode() is used to print the reference value(storage reference)

Output:
31168322 // literal string share the memory if same value
31168322
17225372

5433634 // but non literal won't share

Immutable string:

 We can store more duplicate value in same memory

 We can't change the value in memory
 In concord nation, it’s have to create new memory

Mutable string:

 we can't store duplicate value in same memory

 we can change the value in memory
 In concord nation, its takes same memory

By Velmurugan & Team Page 35

 Example Program:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s1 =
"vengat";
String s2 = "prabu"; // mutable string
System.out.println("Immutable string");
System.out.println(System.identityHashCode(s1));
System.out.println(System.identityHashCode(s2)); String r =
s1.concat(s2); System.out.println(r);
System.out.println(System.identityHashCode(r)); StringBuffer
x1=new StringBuffer("vengat");
StringBuffer x2=new StringBuffer("prabu");// mutable string
System.out.println("mutable string");
System.out.println(System.identityHashCode(x1));
System.out.println(System.identityHashCode(x2)); x1.append(x2);
System.out.println(x1); System.out.println(System.identityHashCode(x1));
}
}

Output:

Immutable string
31168322
17225372

vengatprabu

5433634 // here it takes new memory for concordinattion

mutable string
2430287

17689166

vengatprabu

2430287 // but here it takes x1 memory

COLLECTIONS:
Why we go for collections:

 It will support dissimilar data types.

 It is dynamic memory allocation
 No memory wastage like array

By Velmurugan & Team Page 36

 It has 3 types,

1. List
2. Set
3. Map
1. List :( Interface)

 ArrayList(class)
 LinkedArrayList(c)
 vector(c)

2.Set:(Interface)

 Hashset(c)
 Linked hashset(c)
 Treeset(c)

3.Map:(Interface)

 Hashmap(c)
 Linked hashmap(c)
 Treemap(c)
 Hashtable(c)
 concurrent hashmap(C)

List:

ArrayList:

Syntax:

List ex=new ArrayList();

Here,
List interface
ex object name
ArrayList() class
Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List ex=new
ArrayList(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(10000000000000000l);
ex.add(10.12f);
ex.add("Hai");
ex.add("A"); ex.add(true);
System.out.println(ex);
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 37

 Output:

[10, 10000000000000000, 10.12, Hai, A, true]

add() is a method, it is used to insert a value.

Arraylist will display the output based on the insertion order

Generics:

It will support particular datatypes or object only

It is a features of jdk 1.5
In the generics, we can mention only wrapper class
< >- This is generic symbol, is used to define the particular datatype
If we need integer datatype,
syntax:
List<Integer> ex=new ArrayList<Integer>();

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex=new
ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50); System.out.println(ex);
}
}

Output:

[10, 20, 30, 40, 40, 50]

List allows the duplicate value

ArrayList print in a insertion order

size():

size is a method, it is used to find the size of the ArrayList

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex=new
ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);

By Velmurugan & Team Page 38

 ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
int i = ex.size(); System.out.println(i);

}}

Output:

get():

get() is a method , it is used to print the particular value

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex=new
ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
int x = ex.get(3); System.out.println(x);
}
}

Output:

40

it takes the value from 0(i.e) 0 1 2 3 > 10 20 30 40

For loop:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex=new
ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
for(int i=0;i<ex.size();i++){ System.out.println(ex.get(i));
}
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 39

 Output:

10

20

30

40

40

50

Enhanced for loop:

public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex=new
ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
for(Integer k:ex){ System.out.println(k);
}
}
}

Output:

10

20

30

40

40

50

Remove():

remove is a method, it is used to remove the particular index value

If we remove the particur index value, index order will not change
After that the index value move to forward

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) {

By Velmurugan & Team Page 40

 List<Integer> ex = new ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
ex.remove(3); System.out.println(ex);
}
}

Output:
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

In this output, index order is not change

But the values moved to forward

Index based add():

It is used to add the value based on the index

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex = new
ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
ex.add(2,100); System.out.println(ex);
}
}

Output:
[10, 20, 100, 30, 40, 40, 50]

In this o/p , if we insert one value based on index, after all the index value move to backward

set();

set is a method, it is used to replace the value but index and value order will not change

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex = new
ArrayList<Integer>();

By Velmurugan & Team Page 41

 ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
ex.set(2,100); System.out.println(ex);
}
}

Output:
[10, 20, 100, 40, 40, 50]

contains():

contains() is a method it is used to check the particular value or object

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex = new
ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
boolean x = ex.contains(30);
System.out.println(x); boolean y =
ex.contains(100);
System.out.println(y);
}
}

Output:

true
false
clear():
clear is a method it is used to clear the all index value

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex = new
ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);

By Velmurugan & Team Page 42

 ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
System.out.println(ex);// before clearing ex.clear();
System.out.println(ex);// after clearing
}
}

Output:

[10, 20, 30, 40, 40, 50]

[]
indexof():

indexof() is a method, it is used to print the position of the list

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex = new
ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
int x = ex.indexOf(30);
System.out.println(x);
}
}

Output:

Lastindexof():

It is used to print the position from the last

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex = new
ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(40);

By Velmurugan & Team Page 43

 ex.add(50);
int x = ex.lastIndexOf(40);
System.out.println(x);
}
}

Output:

addAll():

addAll() is a method, it is used to copy from one list to another list

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex = new
ArrayList<Integer>(); List<Integer> ex1 = new
ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50); System.out.println(ex);
System.out.println(ex1);// before addAll
ex1.addAll(ex);
System.out.println(ex); System.out.println(ex1);//
After addAll
}
}

Output:

[10, 20, 30, 40, 40, 50]

[]
[10, 20, 30, 40, 40, 50]

[10, 20, 30, 40, 40, 50]

removeAll():

removeAll() is a method , it is used to compare the both list and remove all the list1 values in list
2

(i.e)

list2=list2-list1

By Velmurugan & Team Page 44

 Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex = new
ArrayList<Integer>(); List<Integer> ex1 = new
ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
ex1.addAll(ex);
ex.add(100);
ex.add(200);
ex.add(300); ex1.add(1000);
ex1.add(50); ex1.add(2000);
ex1.add(3000);
System.out.println(ex);
System.out.println(ex1);
ex1.removeAll(ex);
System.out.println(ex1);
}
}

Output:

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 300]

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 1000, 50, 2000, 3000]

[1000, 2000, 3000]

If we go for removeAll method, here ex1.removeAll(ex), ex1 compare to ex and remove all ex
values in the ex1.

retainAll():
retainAll() is a method, it is used to compare both list and print the common values

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex = new
ArrayList<Integer>(); List<Integer> ex1 = new
ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
ex1.addAll(ex);
ex.add(100);

By Velmurugan & Team Page 45

 ex.add(200);
ex.add(300); ex1.add(1000);
ex1.add(2000); ex1.add(3000);
System.out.println(ex);
System.out.println(ex1);
ex1.retainAll(ex);
System.out.println(ex1);
}
}

Output:

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 300]

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 1000, 2000, 3000]

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

LinkedList:

systax:

List<Integer> ex = new LinkedList<Integer>();

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex = new
LinkedList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50); System.out.println(ex);
}
}
Output:

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

it will also print in insertion order.

Vector:

syntax:

List<Integer> ex = new Vector<Integer>();

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) {

By Velmurugan & Team Page 46

 List<Integer> ex = new Vector<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50); System.out.println(ex);
}
}

Output:

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

It will also print the same insertion order.

in all the arraylist methods, will also support in LinkedList and Vector

ArrayList: Worst case

In ArrayList deletion and insertion is a worst one because if we delete/insert one index value after
all the index move to forward/backward.
It makes performance issue.

ArrayList: Best case

In Arraylist retrieve/searching is a best one

For ex we have 100 index is there, if we going to print 60th value, we can easily search

LinkedList: Best case

Insertion and deletion is a best one because
Here all values based on the seperate nodes. so, here we can easily delete/insert one value(i.e) if
we delete one value, the next node will join to the previous one

LinkedList: Worst case

Searching/retrieving is a worst
For ex, if we have 100 nodes, we have to print 90th node value, it will pass to all the previous
nodes and comes to first and then it will print.
It’s makes performance issue
Difference between ArrayList and Vector:
ArrayList:
Asynchronize
It is not a thread safe

Vector:

Synchronize
Thread safe

By Velmurugan & Team Page 47

 Here,

Synchronize one by one(thread safe)

Asynchronize paralally(not thread safe)
Example: ticket booking,
If one ticket is having,10 people is booking at a same time, what happen , the one person only booked the
ticket. because its a synchronize process. it allows one by one.

List<Integer> ex = new ArrayList<Integer>();

List<Integer> ex = new LinkedList<Integer>();
List<Integer> ex = new Vector<Integer>();
here we can write these in different way,
ArrayList<Integer> ex = new ArrayList<Integer>();
LinkedList<Integer> ex = new LinkedList<Integer>();
Vector<Integer> ex = new Vector<Integer>();
User defined Array list:
Here we can use our own data type

Pojo class :(client old java object/model class/bean class)

In class level if we use private , even we can access in another class.

If we use private in class 2, right click in class 2 source generate getters and setters
Using this methods we can access in another class
This method is called pojo class

Class 1:

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Employee extends New {

public static void main(String[] args) {

List<Employee> emp=new ArrayList<Employee>();
Employee E1=new Employee();
E1.setId(12);
E1.setName("vengat");
E1.setEmail("[email protected]");
Employee E2=new Employee();
E2.setId(13);

By Velmurugan & Team Page 48

 E2.setName("mohan");
E2.setEmail("[email protected]");
Employee E3=new Employee();
E3.setId(14);
E3.setName("vel");
E3.setEmail("[email protected]");
emp.add(E1);
emp.add(E2);
emp.add(E3);
for (Employee x : emp) {
System.out.println(x.getId());
System.out.println(x.getName());
System.out.println(x.getEmail());
}
}

Class 2:

public class New {

private int id;
private String name;
private String email;
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getEmail() {
return email;
}
public void setEmail(String email) {
this.email = email;
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 49

 Output:
12
vengat
[email protected]
13
mohan
[email protected]
14
vel
[email protected]

List:

In the list we have to know these points,

It is all insertion order

It allows duplicate value
It is index based

Set:

It ignore the duplicate value

It is value based

Hashset:

It will print random order

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { Set<Integer> ex = new
HashSet<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
ex.add(50); System.out.println(ex);
}
}
Output:

[50, 20, 40, 10, 30] // random order and ignore duplicate value

It will allows one Null value and won't allow duplicate NULL

LinkedHashset:

Insertion order

By Velmurugan & Team Page 50

 Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Set<Integer> ex = new LinkedHashSet<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
ex.add(50); System.out.println(ex);
}
}
Output:

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50] // insertion order

It will also allows one Null value and won't allow duplicate NULL

TreeSet:

Ascending order

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { Set<Integer> ex = new
TreeSet<Integer>(); ex.add(20);
ex.add(10);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(50);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50); System.out.println(ex);
}
}
Output:
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { Set<String> ex = new
TreeSet<String>(); ex.add("Ramesh");
ex.add("babu");
ex.add("Vasu");
ex.add("10000"); System.out.println(ex);
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 51

 Output:

[10000, Ramesh, Vasu, babu]

Here,
It will print ascending order
Ascending order based on the ASCII value

(i.e)

1 ASCII value is 49
R ASCII value is 82
V ASCII value is 86
b ASCII value is 98

[49,82,86,98] [10000, Ramesh, Vasu, babu] this is a way to print ascending order.

TreeSet won't allow single Null value

Set:
It is not maintaining any order(i.e)
Hashset random order
LinkedHashset insertion order
Treeset ascending order
It is value based

remove():
remove is a method , it is used to remove particular value
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { Set<Integer> ex = new
TreeSet<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
ex.add(50); ex.remove(40);
System.out.println(ex);
}
}

Output:

[10, 20, 30, 50]

Normal for loop is not work here because it is not index based, it is value based

By Velmurugan & Team Page 52

 Enhanced for loop:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { Set<Integer> ex = new
TreeSet<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
ex.add(50);
for(int i:ex){ System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

Output:
10

20

30

40

50

All wrapper class default value is Null as well as all class default value is Null

Null:
Null is a undefined/unknown/unassigned value
Null is won't create any memory
So Treeset will give exception in compile time if we use Null

Difference between List and Set:

List:
It is all insertion order
It allows duplicate value
It is index based

Set:

It is not maintaining any order(i.e)

Hashset random order
LinkedHashset insertion order
Treeset ascending order

By Velmurugan & Team Page 53

 It is value based
It ignores duplicate value

we can copy the values from List to set as well as set to list

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex=new
ArrayList(); Set<Integer> ex1 = new TreeSet<Integer>();
ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
ex.add(50);
ex.add(10); ex1.addAll(ex);
System.out.println(ex);
System.out.println(ex1);
}}

Output:
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 50, 10]

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

Here, set ignore the duplicate value

we can find the duplicate count using size() method

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex = new
ArrayList(); Set<Integer> ex1 = new TreeSet<Integer>();
ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40);
ex.add(50);
ex.add(50);
ex.add(10); ex1.addAll(ex);
System.out.println(ex);
System.out.println(ex1);
int i = ex.size() ex1.size();
System.out.println(i);
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 54

 Output:

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 50, 10]

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

Here 2 duplicate value is there

Map:

It is key and value pair

Here key+value is a one entry
Key ignore the duplicate value and value allow the duplicate

Hashmap:

It is a random order(based on key)

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<Integer, String> ex = new HashMap<Integer,String>(); ex.put(10, "Java");
ex.put(20, "Java");
ex.put(30, "sql");
ex.put(40, ".net");
ex.put(50, "sales");
ex.put(50, "fire"); System.out.println(ex);
}
}

Output:

{50=fire, 20=Java, 40=.net, 10=Java, 30=sql}

If duplicate key is there, it takes the last one

Key will allows the only one Null
Value allow the duplicate null

Linked Hashmap:

Insertion order( based on key)

Key will allows the only one Null
Value allow the duplicate null

Map<Integer, String> ex = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>()

By Velmurugan & Team Page 55

 TreeMap:

Ascending order(based on key)

Key won't allow Null(even single null)
Value allow the duplicate null

Map<Integer, String> ex = new TreeMap<Integer, String>()

Hashtable:

Random order
Both key and values are ignore the Null
Map<Integer, String> ex = new Hashtable<Integer, String>()
concurrent hashmap:
Random order
Both key and values are ignore the Null

Map<Integer, String> ex = new ConcurrentHashMap<Integer, String>()

Difference between HashMap and HashTable:

HashMap:

Key allows single null

Asynchronies(not thread safe)

Hashtable:

Key and value won't allow null

Synchronize(thread safe)

Some Methods:
get():

It is a method, it is used to print the value based on key

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<Integer, String> ex = new HashMap<Integer,String>(); ex.put(10, "Java");
ex.put(20, "Java");
ex.put(30, "sql");
ex.put(40, ".net");
ex.put(50, "sales");
ex.put(50, "fire"); String
s=ex.get(40);
System.out.println(s);
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 56

 Output:

.net

keyset():

It is a method, it is used to seperate the key

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<Integer, String> ex = new HashMap<Integer,String>(); ex.put(10, "Java");
ex.put(20, "Java");
ex.put(30, "sql");
ex.put(40, ".net");
ex.put(50, "sales");
ex.put(50, "fire"); Set<Integer> s =
ex.keySet(); System.out.println(s);
}
}

Output:

[50, 20, 40, 10, 30]

Value():

It is a method, it is used to seperate the value

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<Integer, String> ex = new HashMap<Integer,String>(); ex.put(10, "Java");
ex.put(20, "Java");
ex.put(30, "sql");
ex.put(40, ".net");
ex.put(50, "sales");
ex.put(50, "fire"); Collection<String> s =
ex.values(); System.out.println(s);
}
}

Output:

[fire, Java, .net, Java, sql]

By Velmurugan & Team Page 57

 entryset():

It is used to iterate the map

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<Integer, String> ex = new HashMap<Integer,String>(); ex.put(10, "Java");
ex.put(20, "Java");
ex.put(30, "sql");
ex.put(40, ".net");
ex.put(50, "sales");
ex.put(50, "fire");
Set<Entry<Integer, String>> s = ex.entrySet();
for(Entry<Integer, String> x:s){
System.out.println(x);
}
}
}

Output:
50=fire
20=Java
40=.net
10=Java
30=sql
We can print key and value seperately

Example Program:
public class ArList {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<Integer, String> ex = new HashMap<Integer,String>(); ex.put(10, "Java");
ex.put(20, "Java");
ex.put(30, "sql");
ex.put(40, ".net");
ex.put(50, "sales");
ex.put(50, "fire");
Set<Entry<Integer, String>> s = ex.entrySet();
for(Entry<Integer, String> x:s){
System.out.println(x.getKey());
System.out.println(x.getValue());
}
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 58

 Output:

50

fire
20
Java
40
.net
10
Java
30
Sql

EXCEPTION:
Exception is like a error, the program will terminated that line itself

Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Start");
System.out.println("1");
System.out.println("2");
System.out.println("3");
System.out.println(10/0);
System.out.println("4");
System.out.println("5");
System.out.println("End");
}
}

Output:
Start
1
2

By Velmurugan & Team Page 59

 Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at org.exception.Exception.main(Exception.java:9)
This is exception, if we getting error in run time , the program will be terminated from that line
Here, java:9 is 9th line only we getting exception

Throwable:
Super class of exception throwable
Exception
Error

Exception:

1. Unchecked exception(Run time exception)

2. Checked exception(Compile time exception)

Unchecked exception:

1. ArithmaticException

2. NullPointException

3. InputMismatchException

4. ArrayIndexOutOfBoundExcepion

5. StringIndexOutOfBoundExcepion

6. IndexOutOfBoundExcepion

7. NumberFormatException

Checked exception:

1. IOException

2. SQLException

3. FileNotFoundException

4. ClassNotFoundException

1. ArithmaticException:

 If we are trying to give any number divided by zero, we get Arithmatic exception.

Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Start");

By Velmurugan & Team Page 60

 System.out.println("1"); System.out.println("2");
System.out.println("3"); System.out.println(10/0);
System.out.println("4"); System.out.println("5");
System.out.println("End");
}
}

Output:

Start
1
2

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero

at org.exception.Exception.main(Exception.java:9)

2. NullPointException:
 If we give Null in the string, it will throw the Null point exception. Because default value of
string is Null.

Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s= null;
System.out.println(s.length());
}
}

Output:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException

at org.exception.Exception.main(Exception.java:6)

3. InputMismatchException:

 If we getting input from the user, the user need to give integer input but the user trying to input
string value , at this this we get input mismatch exception

By Velmurugan & Team Page 61

 Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc=new
Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("PLs enter
value"); int i=sc.nextInt(); System.out.println(i);
}
}

Output:

PLs enter value

hai
Exception in thread "main" java.util.InputMismatchException
at java.util.Scanner.throwFor(Unknown Source)
at java.util.Scanner.next(Unknown Source)

at java.util.Scanner.nextInt(Unknown Source)
at java.util.Scanner.nextInt(Unknown Source)
at org.exception.Exception.main(Exception.java:9)

4. ArrayIndexOutOfBoundExcepion:

 In particular array, the index value is not available it will throw Array index of bound exception.

Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) { int
num[]=new int[4];
System.out.println(num[5]);
}

Output:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 5

at org.exception.Exception.main(Exception.java:8)

By Velmurugan & Team Page 62

 5. StringIndexOutOfBoundExcepion:

 In particular String, the index value is not available it will throw String index Out of bound
exception.

Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) { String
s="Java";
char c = s.charAt(10);
System.out.println(c);
}
}

Output:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: String index out of range: 10
at java.lang.String.charAt(Unknown Source)
at org.exception.Exception.main(Exception.java:8)

6. IndexOutOfBoundExcepion:

 In a list, the index value is not available it will throw index out of bound exception.

Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> ex = new
ArrayList<Integer>(); ex.add(10);
ex.add(20);
ex.add(30);
ex.add(40); System.out.println(ex.get(3));
System.out.println(ex.get(10));
}
}

Output:

40

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException: Index: 10, Size: 4

at java.util.ArrayList.rangeCheck(Unknown Source)
at java.util.ArrayList.get(Unknown Source)

at org.exception.Exception.main(Exception.java:16)

By Velmurugan & Team Page 63

 7. NumberFormatException:

 if we give numbers in the string, we can convert the data type into integer. but if we give numand
char combination in the string, we can't convert to integer.
 if we trying to convert, it will throw number format exception

Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) { String s="1234";
System.out.println(s+5);// string +5 int i =
Integer.parseInt(s); System.out.println(i+5);//
Integer +5
String s1="123Abc45"; int j =
Integer.parseInt(s1);
System.out.println(j+5);
}
}

Output:

12345

1239

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "123Abc45"

at java.lang.NumberFormatException.forInputString(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.Integer.parseInt(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.Integer.parseInt(Unknown Source)
at org.exception.Exception.main(Exception.java:13)

Exception Handling:

1. Try

2. Catch

3. Finally

4. Throw

5. Throws

By Velmurugan & Team Page 64

 Errors:

1. Network error

2. JVM crack

3. out of memory

4. stack overflow

Try and catch:

If we get exception, try will throw the exception and catch will catch the exception

Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("start");
System.out.println("1");
System.out.println("2");
System.out.println("3");
try {
System.out.println(10/0);}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.println("dont/by zero");
}
System.out.println("4"); System.out.println("5");
System.out.println("end");
}
}

Output:

start
1
2

dont/by zero
4
5

end

Here we can enter the same exception or super class of the exception

By Velmurugan & Team Page 65

 (i.e)

Super class of the all unexpected exception is run time exception/exception

Super class of exception throwable
So we can use runtime exception/exception/throwable instead of the particular exception

Example Program:
we can use throwable
try {
System.out.println(10/0);}
catch(Throwable e){
System.out.println("dont/by zero");
}

instead of

try {

System.out.println(10/0);}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.println("dont/by zero");

Finally:

finally will execute always whether the exception through or not

We can give the combination like try catch finally, we can't reverse/interchange
If we give try finally, again it will show the exception

Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("start");
System.out.println("1");
System.out.println("2");
System.out.println("3");
try {
System.out.println(10/0);}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.println("dont/by zero");
}finally{
System.out.println("final");
}
System.out.println("4"); System.out.println("5");
System.out.println("end");}}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 66

 Output:
start
1
2

dont/by zero
final
4

end

Even if exception not through, finally will print

Example program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("start");
System.out.println("1");
System.out.println("2");
System.out.println("3");
try {
System.out.println(10/0);}
catch(NullPointerException e){
System.out.println("dont/by zero");
}finally{
System.out.println("final");
}
System.out.println("4"); System.out.println("5");
System.out.println("end");
}
}
Output:

start
1
2

final

By Velmurugan & Team Page 67

 Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at org.exception.Exception.main(Exception.java:11)
In between try ,catch and finally, we won't write any logics
In one try block we can use n-number of catch blocks but we can't repeat the same exception
In one try block we can handle only one exception

Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("start");
System.out.println("1");
System.out.println("2");
System.out.println("3");
try {
System.out.println(10/0);}
catch(NullPointerException e){
System.out.println("null point");
}
catch(ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("dont/by zero");
}
finally{
System.out.println("final");
}
System.out.println("4"); System.out.println("5");
System.out.println("end");
}
}

Output:

start
1
2

dont/by zero
final
4

end

In a try block, one catch we can use same excepion and another catch we use throwable exception

By Velmurugan & Team Page 68

 At this time, it will through the first one if it is match, will print. if it is not correct will throw the
second
throwable is the super class of all exception
In more than one catch block, we can use like sub class and super class combination. But we can't
use reverse

sub class ArithmaticException, NullPointException,.....

super class Throwable/Exception

if we give Super class and sub class combination, it will give compilation error

Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("start");
System.out.println("1");
System.out.println("2");
System.out.println("3");
try {
System.out.println(10/0);}
catch(NullPointerException e){
System.out.println("null point");
}
catch(Throwable e) {
System.out.println("dont/by zero");
}
finally{
System.out.println("final");
}
System.out.println("4"); System.out.println("5");
System.out.println("end");
}
}

Output:

start
1
2

dont/by zero
final
4

By Velmurugan & Team Page 69

 5

end

Example Program:

try {

System.out.println(10/0);}
catch(Throwable e) {
System.out.println("dont/by zero");
}

catch(NullPointerException e){
System.out.println("null point");
}

finally{
System.out.println("final");
}

If we give like above, will get compile time exception/error because we can't reverse
In one try block, we can write only one finally block

Inner try:

If we use inner try, it will print inner catch, inner finally and outerfinally.
But one try block handle one exception only, even if we use inner try also
If main try have no exception, it will through inner try. in that inner try if catch exception is
wrong, it will goes and print outer finally

Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("start");
System.out.println("1");
System.out.println("2");
System.out.println("3");
try {
System.out.println(10/0);
try {
String s=null; System.out.println(s.charAt(0));
}catch(NullPointerException e){
System.out.println("inner catch");
}finally{
System.out.println("inner finally");
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 70

 }
catch(ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("dont/by zero");
}
finally{
System.out.println("outer finaly");
}
System.out.println("4"); System.out.println("5");
System.out.println("end");
}
}

Output:

start
1
2

dont/by zero
outer finaly
4
5

end

Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("start");
System.out.println("1");
System.out.println("2");
System.out.println("3");
try {
System.out.println(10/2);
try {
String s=null; System.out.println(s.charAt(0));
}catch(NullPointerException e){
System.out.println("inner catch");
}finally{
System.out.println("inner finally");
}
}
catch(ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("dont/by zero");
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 71

 finally{
System.out.println("outer finaly");
}
System.out.println("4"); System.out.println("5");
System.out.println("end");
}
}

Output:
start
1
2
3
5
inner catch
inner finally
outer finaly
4
5
end

Throw and Throws:

Throw:

Throw is a keyword, we can through any exception inside the method

At a time we can throw only one exception

Throws:

Throws is a keyword, it is used to declare the exception(in method level)

At a time we can declare more than one exception

Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ArithmeticException,IOException{
info();
}
private static void info() throws IOException {
System.out.println("hello");
throw new IOException();
}
If we try to throws the compile time exception in any method, we must handle it in compile time

By Velmurugan & Team Page 72

 Example Program:
public class Exception {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException,
ArithmeticException,IOException{
info();
}
private static void info() throws IOException {
System.out.println("hello");
throw new IOException();
}

Constructor:
Class name and constructor name must be same.
It doesn’t have any return type.
We don’t want to call constructor which is creating object itself.
It will automatically invoke the default constructor.
It will support in method overloading but won’t support in method overriding

Example :
public class Const1 {
public Const1() {
System.out.println("i am in constructor");
}

public Const1(int a) {
System.out.println("1 argument int");
}

private void Const1(int i) {

System.out.println(i);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Const1 c = new Const1();
Const1 c1 = new Const1(10);

c.Const1(10);

}
}

Here,

public Const1() Non- Argument based constructor

By Velmurugan & Team Page 73

 public Const1(int a) Argument based constructor
In argument base constructor we have to pass the argument in object
Const1 c1=new Const1(10);
In non-argument base constructor we don’t want to pass any argument
Const1 c=new Const1();

Output:
i am in constructor
1 argument int
10

This:
It is a keyword.
If we use ‘this’ argument , we can pass without object
This argument we must use only in first statement

Example 1:
public class Const1 {
public Const1() {
this(10);
System.out.println("i am in constructor");

}
public Const1(int a){
System.out.println("1 argument int");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Const1 c=new Const1();

}
}
sOutput:
1 argument int
i am in constructor

By Velmurugan & Team Page 74

 EXAMPLE 2:
public class sample {
public sample(){
this(10);
System.out.println("i am in constructor");

}
public sample(int i) {
this(23.23f);
System.out.println("am integer constructor");
}
public sample(float f) {
System.out.println("am float constructor");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

sample s=new sample();

}
}

Output:
am float constructor
am integer constructor
i am in constructor

 If we trying to declare any variable without value in class level. It willprint

the default value
public class sample {
int id;
Inside the method, we must initialize the local variable otherwise we get
compile time error
public class sample {
int id=10;
private void num() {
int id=100;
System.out.println(id);

}
Output: 100
If same variable name in local level and class level, it will give first preference
is local level

By Velmurugan & Team Page 75

 This():
Class level:
It will refer the class level variable value
Example:
public class sample {
int id=100;
private void num() {
System.out.println(id);

}
public static void main(String[] args) {
sample s=new sample();
s.num();
}}

Output:
100
Method level access of this();

Without this(): With this():

public class Const1 { public class sample {

int id=100; int id=100;
private void num() { private void num() {
int id=10; int id=10;
System.out.println(id); System.out.println(this.id);
} }
public static void main(String[] args) { public static void main(String[] args) {
Const1 s=new Const1(); sample s=new sample();
s.num(); s.num();
} }
}
}
Output:
Output:
10
100

By Velmurugan & Team Page 76

By Velmurugan & Team Page 77
 Super :
 It will refer the parent class level variable value
Class 1: Class 2:
public class sample extends Const1 {
int id=100; public class Const1 {
private void num() { int id =30;
int id=10; }
System.out.println(super.id);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
sample s=new sample();
s.num();
}
}

Output:
30

Final:
 It’s a keyword.
 If we use final before the variable, we can’t overwrite.
 If we trying to overwrite it show compile time error.
 As well as if we use final before the method/class, we can’t extend.
 We can use final in three ways,
 Variable level
 Method level
 Class level
Variable level using final:
We can overwrite the value of variable on variable declaration.
If we final, the value of variable can’t be overwrite.

By Velmurugan & Team Page 77

 Example:
Without using final: With using final
public class sample {
public class sample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a=10;
final int a=10;
a=20;
a=20;
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(a);
}
}
}
}

Output:
output:
20 We get compile time error.
if we use final , we can’t overwrite
Method level using final():
Class 1:
public class sample {
public final void example() {

}
}

Class 2:
public class Const1 extends sample {
public void example(){ // we get compile time error here, because if we use final in
method level(parent class), we can't use again

}
}

We get compile time error, because we using final in method level

We can’t over ride while using final

Class level :
If we are using final in class level , we can’t extends to anywhere

public final class sample {

}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 78

 JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. What is the difference between JDK, JRE and JVM?

JDK: Java Development Kit

 JDK is a software, it contains JRE and JVM
 If we run any applications, JDK have to installed
JRE: Java Runtime Environment
 It is a predefined .class files(i.e.) library files
JVM: Java Virtual Machine
 It is mainly used to allocate the memory and compiling

2. What is meant by class, method and objects?

CLASS:
 Class is nothing but collection of methods or collection of objects.
METHOD:
 A set of action to be performed
OBJECT:
 Run time memory allocation
 Using object we can call the any methods

3. What is meant by Encapsulation?

Structure of creating folder is called encapsulation

4. What is the use of inheritance and its types?

Inheritance is used to reduce the object memory

We can access one class property into another class using 'extend' keyword is called
inheritance
Reusable purpose
It has 5 types
1. Single Inheritance
2. Multilevel Inheritance
3. Multiple Inheritance
4. Hybrid Inheritance
5. Hierarchical Inheritance

By Velmurugan & Team Page 79

 1. Single Inheritance:
 One parent class is directly support into one child class using extend keyword
2. Multilevel Inheritance:
 More than one parent class support into one child class using extends keyword
3. Multiple Inheritance:
 More than one parent class parallely support into one child class but it won't support in java
because
 Priority problem
 Compilation error/syntax error

(i.e.) if both parent class having same method name it gets priority problem so it
doesn't work in java

 but multiple inheritance support in java using interface

4. Hybrid inheritance:
 It’s a combination of single and multiple inheritance
5. Hierarchical Inheritance:
 One parent class directly support into more than one child class

5. What is meant by java? why we go for java??

1. Java is a simple programing language
2. Writing, compilation and debugging a program is very easy in java
3. It helps to create reusable code
4. Java has more features,
1. platform independent
2. open source
3. multithreading
4. more secure
5. portable
1. Platform independent:

 During the compilation the java program converts into byte code

 Using byte code we can run the application to any platform such as windows, mac,
Linux.Etc.
2. Open source:
 A program in which source code is available to the general public for use and/or
modification from its original design at free of cost is called open source
3. Multithreading:
 Java supports multithreading
 It enables a program to perform several task simultaneously
4. More secure:

 It provides the virtual firewall between the application and the computer

 So it’s doesn't grant unauthorized access

By Velmurugan & Team Page 80

 5. Portable:

 "Write once Run anywhere"

 Java code written in one machine can run on another machine

6. What is meant by garbage collection??
Automatic De- allocation of objects is called garbage collection.

7. What is the difference between while and do while?

While:

 Entry level condition checking

Do. While:

 Exit level condition checking

 Even if condition fails, it print one time

8. What is the difference between break and continue??

Break:

 It exit from the current loop

Continue:

 It will skip the particular iteration

9. What is the use of polymorphism??

Poly many
Morphism forms

Taking more than one forms is called polymorphism

One task is completed by many ways

By Velmurugan & Team Page 81

 10. What is the difference between method overloading and method
over hiding?

Method overloading :( static binding/compile time polymorphism)

In a same class method name is same and the argument is different is called method
overloading

The argument is depends on

 data types
 data types count
 data type order

Method overriding :( dynamic binding/run time polymorphism)

In a different class , the method name should be same and argument name should be same is
called overriding

11. What is meant by abstraction??

Hiding the implementation part is called abstraction

It has 2 types,

1. Partially abstraction(abstract class)

2. Fully abstraction(interface)

12. What is the difference between abstract class and interface??

Abstract class:

 It is partially abstraction
 It support both abstract method and non-abstract method
 Its using "extends" keyword
 Here "public abstract" have to mention
 We can use whatever access specifier we want

Interface:
 It is fully abstraction
 It support only abstract method
 It’s using "implement" keyword
 "Public Abstract" is default. no need to mention
 Here only use public( access specifier)

By Velmurugan & Team Page 82

 13. What is the super class of java??
Object

14. What is default package of java??

java.lang

15. Define heap memory???

The objects are stored in the heap memory

16. What is meant by wrapper class and uses??

Classes of data types is called wrapper class

It is used to convert any data types into objects

17. What is meant by string????

Collections of character or word enclosed with double quotes is called string

18. What is the difference between literal and non-literal string???

Literal String:

Its stored inside the heap memory(string pool or string constant).

It share the memory if same value (duplicate value)

Non literal string:

It’s stored in the heap memory.

its create a new memory every time even if its duplicate value(same value)

19. Define oops concept,

Object Oriented Programing Structure
OOPS is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as collection of objects, class
and methods

Oops principles are

1. Class
2. Method
3. Object

By Velmurugan & Team Page 83

 4. Abstraction
5. Encapsulation
6. Inheritance
7. Polymorphism

20. What is meant by interface??

Interface:
It will support only abstract method, won't support non abstract method

In interface "public abstract" is default. we no need to mention

It using implements keywords

It is fully abstraction

21. Define abstraction:

ABSTRACTION:

 Hiding the implementation part is called abstraction

 It has 2 types,

1. Partially abstraction(abstract class)

2. Fully abstraction(interface)

1. Partially Abstraction(Abstract class):

22. variable??
 Long-8

23. What is the size of short variable??

 Short-2

24. What is the size of int variable??

 Int-4

By Velmurugan & Team Page 84

 25. Define access specifier & its types??
ACCESS SPECIFIER:

1. Public
2. Protected
3. Default
4. Private

1. Public:
 It is global level access( same package + different package)
2. Private:
 It is a class level access

3. Default :
 Package level access

 Without access specifier within the package we can access

EX,

 public static public acces specifier( need to mention public)

 private static private access specifier( need to mention)
 static default access secifier( need not)

4. Protected:
 Inside package + outside Package( Extends)
 we can access inside package and outside package using extend keyword

26. What is meant by polymprphism???

POLYMORPHISM:

Poly-many
Morphism-forms
Taking more than one forms is called polymorphism.
One task is completed by many ways

It has 2 types,

1. Method overloading (static binding/compile time polymorphism)

2. Method overriding (dynamic binding/run time polymorphism)

1. Method overloading:

 In a same class method name is same and the argument is different is

called method overloading

By Velmurugan & Team Page 85

  The argument is depends on

 Data types
 Data types count
 Data type order

2. Method overriding:

 In a different class , the method name should be same and argument name
should be same is called overriding

27. What is array??

Collection of similar data
The values are stored based on index
The index will start from 0 to n-1

28. What is difference between hashmap and hashtable?

HashMap:

Key allows single null

Asynchronies(not thread safe)

Hashtable:

Key and value won't allow null

Synchronize(thread safe)

29. What is the difference between linked list and array list?
ArrayList: Worst case

In ArrayList deletion and insertion is a worst one because if we

delete/insert one index value after the entire index move to
forward/backward.
It makes performance issue.

ArrayList: Best case

In arraylist retrieve/searching is a best one

For ex we have 100 index is there, if we going to print 60th value, we can
easily search

LinkedList: Best case

 Insertion and deletion is a best one because

By Velmurugan & Team Page 86

  Here all values based on the separate nodes. So, here we can easily
delete/insert one value(i.e.) if we delete one value, the next node will join
to the previous one

LinkedList: Worst case

 Searching/retrieving is a worst
 For ex, if we have 100 nodes, we have to print 90th node value, it’s
communicate all the previous nodes and comes to first and then it will
print.
 It’s makes performance issue

30. Can we able to write any logic in interface?

 No. In class only we can write

31. What is the difference between mutable and immutable string?

Immutable string:
 We can store more duplicate value in same memory
 We can't change the value in memory
 In concord nation, we have to create new memory

Mutable string:
 We can't store duplicate value in same memory
 We can change the value in memory
 In concord nation, its takes same memory

32. What is the difference between thread safe and non-thread

safe?
Thread safe:

 synchronize we can access one by one

 ex. ticket booking

Non-thread safe:

 Asynchronies parallaly we can access

33. List will allow duplicate value?

 Yes. it will allow

By Velmurugan & Team Page 87

 34. What are all coding standards available in java? Where we use it?
Coding standards:

a. Pascal notation
b. Camel notation

 Pascal notation: Each word of first letter should be in capital

 Camel notation : First word should be small after every word of the first letter should be
capital
 Pascal notation:
1. Project name
2. Class name

 Camel notation :
1. Method name
2. Variable name

35. What is NullPointException?

 If we give Null in the string, it will throw the Null point exception. Because default value of
string is Null.

36. What is meant by List and set?

List:

 It is all insertion order

 It allows duplicate value
 It is index based

Set:

 It is not maintaining any order(i.e.)

 Hashset Random order

 LinkedHashset Insertion order
 Treeset Ascending order

 It is value based

 it will not allow duplicate value

37. How will you iterate map?

 Using entrySet() method we can iterate the map

By Velmurugan & Team Page 88

 38. What is the difference between ArrayList and Vector ?

ArrayList:

 Asynchronies
 It is not a thread safe

Vector:
 Synchronize
 Thread safe

Here,

Synchronize One by one (thread safe)

Asynchronies Paralally(not thread safe)

Ex, ticket booking,

39. Define map?

 It is key and value pair

 Here key + value is a one entry
 Key ignore the duplicate value and value allow the duplicate

 It has 5 types
 Hashmap(c)
 Linked hashmap(c)
 Treemap(c)
 Hashtable(c)
 Concurrent hashmap(C)

40. Define generics?

 It will support particular datatypes or object only

 It is a one of the features of JDK 1.5
 In the generics, we can mention only wrapper class
 <> it is a generic symbol. it is used to define the particular data type
 If we need integer data type,
 Syntax:

List<Integer> ex=new ArrayList<Integer>();

By Velmurugan & Team Page 89

 41. What is the difference between throw and throws?
Throw:

Throw is a keyword, we can through any exception inside the method

At a time we can throw only one exception

Throws:

Throws is a keyword, it is used to declare the exception(in method level)

At a time we can declare more than one exception

42. What is the difference between hashset,linked hashset and

treeset

Hashset:

 It will print random order

 It will allow single Null value but won’t allow duplicate Null

Linked hashset:

 It will print insertion order

 It will allow single Null value but won’t allow duplicate Null

Treeset:

 It will print ascending order

 Treeset won’t allow Null value

43. How many null values allow in treeset?

 Treeset won’t allow Null value

44. What is the super class of all exceptions?

 Throwable

45. What is the difference between equal and double equals?

= It is used to assigning the value

== It is used for condition checking

By Velmurugan & Team Page 90

 46. What is the difference between retain all and remove all?

removeAll():

 removeAll() is a method , it is used to compare the both list and remove all the list1 values in list
2

(i.e)

list2 = list2-list1 or a = a-b

retainAll():

 retainAll() is a method, it is used to compare both list and print the common values

47. How to create object for interface and abstract class?

 We won’t create object for interface and abstract class.

48. What are the advantages and dis advantages of arrays?

Advantage of array:

 In a single variable we can store multiple values

Disadvantage of arrays:

 It support only similar data types

 It is a fixed size
 Memory wastage is high
 To overcome these we go for collections

49. What is the difference between normal class and abstract class

Abstract class:
It will support abstract method and non-abstract method
We won’t create object for abstract class
We won’t write any business logic in abstract method
Class:
It support only in non-abstract method
We can create object for class

By Velmurugan & Team Page 91

 50. Difference between final and finally?
Final Finally

1. A final class variable whose value cannot be 1. It’s a block of statement that definitely
changed. executes after the try catch block.
2. A final is declared as class level, they 2. If try block fails means, the final block will
cannot be inherited. executes once.
3. If final is declared as method level, they
cannot be override.

51. How to access one class property into another class?

2 ways we can access

1. by using extends keyword(inheritance)
2. By creating object

By Velmurugan & Team Page 92

 CORE JAVA PROGRAMS

1. Sum of odd number(1 to 100):

public class SumofOddNum {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 1) {
count = count + i;
}
}
System.out.println(count);
}
}

Output:
2500

2. Sum of even number(1 to 100):

public class SumofEvenNum {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
count = count + i;

}
}
System.out.println(count);
}
}

Output:
2550

3. Count of odd number(1 to 100):

public class CountOfOddNumber {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {

By Velmurugan & Team Page 93

 if (i % 2 == 1) {
count = count + 1;
}
}
System.out.println(count);
}
}

Output:
50

4. Count of even number(1 to 100):

public class CountOfEvenNumbers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
count = count + 1;

}
}
System.out.println(count);
}

Output:
50

5. Factorial number:
public class FactorialNumbers {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int count = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= 8; i++) { count =
count * i;
}
System.out.println(count);
}
}

Output:
40320

By Velmurugan & Team Page 94

 6. Fibonacci series:
public class Fibanacci {
public static void main(String[] args) { int a = 0, b =
1; System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(b);
for (int i = 2; i <= 10; i++) { int c = a + b;
System.out.println(c);
a = b; b
= c;
}}}
Output:
0

13

21

34

7. To find even/odd number:

public class EvenoddNumber {
public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner e = new
Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter a
Number"); int n = e.nextInt();
if (n % 2 == 0) {
System.out.println("Even number");
} else {
System.out.println("Odd number");
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 95

 Output:
Enter a Number
121
Odd number

8. Swapping numbers using third variable:

public class SwappingNumbersWithVar {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a, b, c;
Scanner sw = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("The numbers are"); a =
sw.nextInt();
b = sw.nextInt(); c = a;
a = b; b
= c;
System.out.println("swapping numbers are");
System.out.println(a); System.out.println(b);

Output:
The numbers are
25
45

swapping numbers are

45
25

9. Swapping numbers without using third variable:

public class SwappingNumWithoutVar {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a, b;
Scanner sw = new Scanner(System.in);

By Velmurugan & Team Page 96

 System.out.println("The numbers are"); a =
sw.nextInt();
b = sw.nextInt(); a = a
+ b;
b = a - b;
a = a - b;
System.out.println("swapping numbers are");
System.out.println(a); System.out.println(b);

Output:
The numbers are
20
40

Swapping numbers are

40
20

10. Reverse the number:

public class Reversenumber {
public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner rn = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter a number"); int n =
rn.nextInt();
int a, i = 0, j = 0;

a = n;
while (a > 0) {
i = a % 10;
j = (j * 10) + i; a = a /
10;
}
System.out.println("Reverse number is=" + j);

By Velmurugan & Team Page 97

 Output:
Enter a number
12345
Reverse number is=54321

11. To check palindrome number:

public class PolyndromeNumberCheck {
public static void main(String[] args) {

int n, a, i = 0, j = 0;
Scanner an = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter a number"); n =
an.nextInt();
a = n;
while (a > 0) {
i = a % 10;
j = (j * 10) + i; a = a /
10;

}
if (n == j) {
System.out.println("palindrome");
} else {
System.out.println("Not palindrome Number");
}
}
}
Output:
Enter a number
141
palindrome

12. To print palindrome number(1 to 100):

public class PolyndromeNumbers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int n = 1; n <= 100; n++) {
int a, i = 0, j = 0; a = n;
while (a > 0) {
i = a % 10;

By Velmurugan & Team Page 98

 j = (j * 10) + i; a = a /
10;

}
if (n == j) {
System.out.println(n);

}
}
}

Output:
1

11

22

33

44

55

66

77

88

99

By Velmurugan & Team Page 99

 13. To count palindrome number(1 to 1000):
public class palindromeNum{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int c = 0;
for (int n = 1; n <= 1000; n++) {
int a, i = 0, j = 0; a = n;
while (a > 0) {
i = a % 10;
j = (j * 10) + i; a = a /
10;

}
if (n == j) {
c++;

}
System.out.println(c);
}

Output:
108

14. To check Armstrong number:

public class ArmstrongNumberCheck {
public static void main(String[] args) {

int n, a, i = 0, j = 0;
Scanner an = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter a number"); n =
an.nextInt();
a = n;

while (a > 0) {
i = a % 10;
j = j + (i * i * i); a = a / 10;

}
if (n == j) {

By Velmurugan & Team Page 100

 System.out.println("Armstrong number");

} else {
System.out.println("Not armstrong Number");
}

}
}

Output:
Enter a number
153
Armstrong number

15. To print Armstrong number(1 to 1000):

public class ArmstrongNumbers {
public static void main(String[] args) {

for (int n = 1; n <= 1000; n++) {

int a, i = 0, j = 0; a = n;
while (a > 0) {
i = a % 10;
j = j + (i * i * i); a = a / 10;

}
if (n == j) {
System.out.println(n);

}
}}
Output:
1

153

370

371

407

By Velmurugan & Team Page 101

 16. To count Armstrong number(1 to 1000):
public class ArmsrongNumberCount {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int c = 0;

for (int n = 1; n <= 1000; n++) {

int a, i = 0, j = 0; a = n;
while (a > 0) {
i = a % 10;
j = j + (i * i * i); a = a / 10;

}
if (n == j) {

c++;
}

}
System.out.println(c);

}
Output:
5

17. Triangle program:

public class Triangle {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 102

 Output:
*

**

***

****

*****

18. Reverse triangle:

public class ReverseTriangle {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
for (int j = 5; j >= i; j--) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}
}

Output:

*****

****

***

**

19. To check prime number:

public class PrimeNumberChecking {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int n;
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter the number"); n =
input.nextInt();
int count = 0;
for (int i = 2; i <= n / 2; i++) {

By Velmurugan & Team Page 103

 if (n % i == 0) {
count = 1;
}
}
if (count == 0) {
System.out.println("prime");
} else {
System.out.println("not prime");
}
}
}

Output:
enter the number
17
prime

enter the number

21
not prime

20. To print prime number(1 to 10):

public class PrimeNumber {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { count = 0;
for (int j = 2; j <= i / 2; j++) {
if (i % j == 0) {
count++;
}
}
if (count == 0) {

System.out.println(i);

}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 104

 Output:
1

21. To count prime number(1 to 100):

public class PrimeNumberCount {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count, c = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) { count = 0;
for (int j = 2; j <= i / 2; j++) {
if (i % j == 0) {
count++;
}
}
if (count == 0) { c++;

}
}
System.out.println(c);

Output:
26

22. Student grade:

public class StudentsGrade {
public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sm =
new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter value:"); int n =
sm.nextInt();
if (100 >= n && n >= 90) { System.out.println("S
grade");
} else if (89 >= n && n >= 80) {
System.out.println("A grade");

} else if (79 >= n && n >= 70) {

By Velmurugan & Team Page 105

 System.out.println("B grade");

} else if (69 >= n && n >= 60) {

System.out.println("C grade");
}

else if (59 >= n) {

System.out.println("Fail");
}

Output:
enter value:

67

C grade
enter value:
55

Fail

23. Multiplication table:

public class MultiflicationTable {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int n, j;
Scanner mt = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the Table"); n =
mt.nextInt(); System.out.println("table upto");
j = mt.nextInt();
for (int i = 1; i <= j; i++) {
int c = n * i;
System.out.println(i + "*" + n + "=" + c);
}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 106

 Output:
Enter the Table
6
table upto
10
1*6=6

2*6=12

3*6=18

4*6=24

5*6=30

6*6=36

7*6=42

8*6=48

9*6=54

10*6=60

24. Biggest of 4 numbers:

public class BiggestNumberUsingif {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a, b, c, d;
Scanner bn = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("The four numbers are"); a =
bn.nextInt();
b = bn.nextInt(); c =
bn.nextInt(); d =
bn.nextInt();
if (a > b && a > c && a > d) {
System.out.println("the biggest number is=" +a);
} else if (b > a && b > c && b > d) { System.out.println("the biggest
number is=" + b);

} else if (c > a && c > b && c > d) { System.out.println("the biggest

number is=" + c);

} else {
System.out.println("the biggest number is=" + d);

By Velmurugan & Team Page 107

 }

Output:
The four numbers are
23
45

56

22

The biggest number is=56

25. Find vowels and non-vowels count

public class VowelsCount {
public static void main(String[] args) {

String a = "welcome";
int vowels = 0;
int nonVowels = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < a.length(); i++) {

char ch = a.charAt(i);
if (ch == 'a' || ch == 'A' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'E' || ch == 'i'
|| ch == 'I' || ch == 'o' || ch == 'O' || ch == 'u'
|| ch == 'U') {
vowels++;

} else {
nonVowels++;
}

}
System.out.println(vowels);
System.out.println(nonVowels);

}
}
Output:
3

By Velmurugan & Team Page 108

 26. Ascending order using array:

public class Ascending {

public static void main(String[] args)
{
int n, temp;
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter no. of elements you want in array:"); n = s.nextInt();
int a[] = new int[n]; System.out.println("Enter all the
numbers:"); for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
a[i] = s.nextInt();
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++)
{
if (a[i] > a[j])
{
temp = a[i]; a[i]
= a[j]; a[j] =
temp;
}
}
}
System.out.print("Ascending Order:");
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
{
System.out.print(a[i] + ",");
}
System.out.print(a[n - 1]);
} }

Output:
Enter no. of elements you want in array:6
Enter all the numbers:
10

20

100

40

200

60

Ascending Order: 10,20,40,60,100,200

By Velmurugan & Team Page 109

 27. Descending order using array:
public class DescendingOrder {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int n, temp;
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter no. of elements you want in array:"); n = s.nextInt();
int a[] = new int[n]; System.out.println("Enter all the
elements:"); for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
a[i] = s.nextInt();
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
if (a[i] > a[j]) {
temp = a[i]; a[i]
= a[j]; a[j] =
temp;
}
}
}
System.out.print("Descending Order:");
for (int i = n - 1; i > 0; i--) {
System.out.print(a[i] + ",");
}
System.out.print(a[0]);
}
}

Output:

Enter no. of elements you want in array:6

Enter all the elements:
10

20

100

40

200

60

Descending Order:200,100,60,40,20,10

By Velmurugan & Team Page 110

 28. Second minimum number:
public class SecondMinimumNumber {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a[]={-12,45,-23,64,-100,24};
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++){
for(int j=i+1;j<a.length;j++){ int
temp=0; if(a[i]<a[j]){
temp=a[j];
a[j]=a[i];
a[i]=temp;

}
}
}
for(int k=0;k<a.length;k++){
System.out.println(a[k]);

}
System.out.println("The Second minimum number is" + a[a.length-2]
);

Output:
64
45
24
-12
-23
-100
The Second minimum number is-23

29. First maximum number :

public class FirstLargest {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int a[]={-12,45,-23,64,-100,24};
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++){
for(int j=i+1;j<a.length;j++){ int
temp=0; if(a[i]<a[j]){
temp=a[j];
a[j]=a[i];
a[i]=temp;

}
}
}
for(int k=0;k<a.length;k++){
System.out.println(a[k]);

By Velmurugan & Team Page 111

 }
System.out.println("The First maximum number is" + a[a.length-6]
);

Output:
64
45
24
-12
-23
-100
The First maximum number is64

30. Third maximum number:

public class ThirdLarge {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a[]={-12,45,-23,64,-100,24};
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++){
for(int j=i+1;j<a.length;j++){ int
temp=0; if(a[i]<a[j]){
temp=a[j];
a[j]=a[i];
a[i]=temp;

}
}
}
for(int k=0;k<a.length;k++){
System.out.println(a[k]);

}
System.out.println("The Third maximum number is" + a[a.length-4]
); }}

Output:
64
45
24
-12
-23
-100
The Third maximum number is24

By Velmurugan & Team Page 112

 31. Count the Small ,Caps, number and Special character in string:

package org.room.assign4;

public class LettersCount {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String s = "Hi Welcome To Java Classes Tommorow At 2.00 p.m!!";
int count = 0; int
count1 = 0; int
count2 = 0; int
count3 = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {

if (s.charAt(i) >= 'a' && s.charAt(i) <= 'z') {

count++;
} else if (s.charAt(i) >= 'A' && s.charAt(i) <= 'Z') {

count1++;
} else if (s.charAt(i) >= '0' && s.charAt(i) <= '9') {

count2++;
} else {

count3++;
}

}
System.out.println("total no of small letters:" + count); System.out.println("total no of
capital letters:" + count1); System.out.println("total no of digits :" + count2);
System.out.println("total no of special characters:" + count3);
}
}

Output:
total no of small letters:27 total no of
capital letters:7 total no of digits :3
total no of special characters:12

32. Count of given number:

package org.room.assign4; import
java.util.Scanner; public class
CountOfGivenNum {
public static void main(String[] args) {

By Velmurugan & Team Page 113

 int n,i=0; System.out.println("enter a no");
Scanner get=new Scanner(System.in);
n=get.nextInt();
while(n>0)
{
n=n/10;
i++;

System.out.println("no of digits present:"+i);

}

Output:
enter a no
5267546
no of digits present:7

33. Palindrome string:

package org.room.assign4;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class PoyindromeString {

public static void main(String args[])
{
String original, reverse = ""; Scanner in = new
Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter a string to check if it is a palindrome"); original = in.nextLine();

int length = original.length();

for ( int i = length - 1; i >= 0; i-- ) reverse = reverse +

original.charAt(i);

if (original.equals(reverse))
System.out.println("Entered string is a palindrome.");
else
System.out.println("Entered string is not a palindrome.");

By Velmurugan & Team Page 114

 Output:
Enter a string to check if it is a palindrome madam
Entered string is a palindrome.

34. Reverse the String:

package org.room.assign4; import
java.util.Scanner; public class
ReverseString {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String original, reverse = ""; Scanner in = new
Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter a string to reverse"); original =

in.nextLine();

int length = original.length();

for (int i = length - 1; i >= 0; i--)

reverse = reverse + original.charAt(i);

System.out.println("Reverse of entered string is: " + reverse);

}

Output:
Enter a string to reverse welcome
Reverse of entered string is: emoclew

35. Triangle with stars:

package org.room.assign4;

public class Triangle1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 5 - i; j++) {
System.out.print(" ");
}
for (int k = 1; k <= i; k++) {
System.out.print("* ");
}
System.out.println(" ");}}}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 115

 Output:
*
**
***
****
*****

36. Sum of give num:

package org.room.assign4;

public class SumOfGivenNum {

public static void main(String args[]) {
int m, n, sum = 0; m =
12345;
while (m > 0) {
n = m % 10;
sum = sum + n; m
= m / 10;
}
System.out.println("Sum of Digits:" + sum);
}
}

Output:
Sum of Digits:15

37. Count of each word in the string:

public class Count {
public static void main(String args[]) {
{
String s = "vengat ram"; String[] s1
= s.split(" ");
HashMap<String, Integer> emp = new HashMap<String, Integer>();

for (String c : s1) {

if (emp.containsKey(c)) { int x =
emp.get(c); emp.put(c, x
+ 1);
} else {

emp.put(c, 1);
}
}

System.out.println(emp);
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 116

 }
}

Output:
{vengat=1, ram=1}

38. Count of each character in the string:

public class ReverseString {

public static void main(String args[]) {
{
String s = "vengatram";
HashMap<Character, Integer> emp = new HashMap<Character, Integer>();

char[] ch = s.toCharArray();

for (char c : ch) {

if (emp.containsKey(c)) { int x =
emp.get(c); emp.put(c, x
+ 1);
} else {

emp.put(c, 1);
}
}

System.out.println(emp);
}
}
}

Output:

{a=2, r=1, t=1, e=1, v=1, g=1, m=1, n=1}

39. Assume a string “welcome to Polaris” remove space and print the string.
public class Dummy {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s="Welcome to Polaris";
String x = s.replace(" ", "");
System.out.println(x);
}
}

Output:
WelcometoPolaris

By Velmurugan & Team Page 117

 40. Write a program to split and then reverse a string.

Reverse the string:

public class ReverseString {

public static void main(String args[]) {
String original, reverse = "";
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter a string to reverse");
original = in.nextLine();
int length = original.length();
for (int i = length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
reverse = reverse + original.charAt(i); }
System.out.println("Reverse of entered string is: " + reverse);
}
}

Output:
Enter a string to reverse
HELLO
Reverse of entered string is: OLLEH

Split:
public class StringBasic {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Hello welcome to java class";
String[] x = s1.split(" "); // here we split by space
for(int i=0;i<x.length;i++){
System.out.println(x[i]);
}
}
}

Output:
Hello
welcome
to
java
class

By Velmurugan & Team Page 118

 41. Construct the triangle
9
8 9 8
7 8 9 8 7
6 7 8 9 8 7 6
5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5
4 5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5 4
34 5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
234 5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5 4 32
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21

Program:

public class ReverseString {

public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("How Many Rows You Want In Your Pyramid?");

int noOfRows = sc.nextInt();

int rowCount = 1;

System.out.println("Here Is Your Pyramid");

for (int i = noOfRows; i >= 1; i--)

{
//Printing i*2 spaces at the beginning of each row

for (int j = 1; j <= i*2; j++)

{
System.out.print(" ");
}

//Printing j where j value will be from i to noOfRows

for (int j = i; j <= noOfRows; j++)

{
System.out.print(j+" ");
}

//Printing j where j value will be from noOfRows-1 to i

for (int j = noOfRows-1; j >= i; j--)

{
System.out.print(j+" ");

By Velmurugan & Team Page 119

 }

System.out.println();

//Incrementing the rowCount

rowCount++;
}
}
}

Output:

How Many Rows You Want In Your Pyramid?

9
Here Is Your Pyramid

9
8 9 8
7 8 9 8 7
6 7 8 9 8 7 6
5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5
4 5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5 4
34 5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
234 5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5 4 32
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21

42. Write a program to find sum of each digit in the given number using recursion?

Program:

public class MyNumberSumRec {

int sum = 0;

public int getNumberSum(int number){

if(number == 0){
return sum;
} else {
sum += (number%10);
getNumberSum(number/10);
}
return sum;

By Velmurugan & Team Page 120

 }

public static void main(String a[]){

MyNumberSumRec a = new MyNumberSumRec();
System.out.println("Sum is: "+a.getNumberSum(5678));
}
}

Output:

Sum is: 26

43. Longest substring without repeating characters

INPUT OUTPUT
java2novice = a2novice
java_language_is_sweet = uage_is
java_java_java_java = va_j, _jav
abcabcbb = bca, abc, cab

program:

public class MyLongestSubstr {

private Set<String> subStrList = new HashSet<String>();

private int finalSubStrSize = 0;

public Set<String> getLongestSubstr(String input){

//reset instance variables
subStrList.clear();
finalSubStrSize = 0;
// have a boolean flag on each character ascii value
boolean[] flag = new boolean[256];
int j = 0;
char[] inputCharArr = input.toCharArray();
for (int i = 0; i < inputCharArr.length; i++) {
char c = inputCharArr[i];
if (flag[c]) {
extractSubString(inputCharArr,j,i);
for (int k = j; k < i; k++) {
if (inputCharArr[k] == c) {
j = k + 1;
break;
}
flag[inputCharArr[k]] = false;

By Velmurugan & Team Page 121

 }
} else {
flag[c] = true;
}
}
extractSubString(inputCharArr,j,inputCharArr.length);
return subStrList;
}

private String extractSubString(char[] inputArr, int start, int end){

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

for(int i=start;i<end;i++){
sb.append(inputArr[i]);
}
String subStr = sb.toString();
if(subStr.length() > finalSubStrSize){
finalSubStrSize = subStr.length();
subStrList.clear();
subStrList.add(subStr);
} else if(subStr.length() == finalSubStrSize){
subStrList.add(subStr);
}

return sb.toString();
}

public static void main(String a[]){

MyLongestSubstr mls = new MyLongestSubstr();
System.out.println(mls.getLongestSubstr("java2novice"));
System.out.println(mls.getLongestSubstr("java_language_is_sweet"));
System.out.println(mls.getLongestSubstr("java_java_java_java"));
System.out.println(mls.getLongestSubstr("abcabcbb"));
}
}

Output :

[a2novice]
[uage_is]
[va_j, _jav]
[bca, abc, cab]

By Velmurugan & Team Page 122

 44. Kth largest or smallest element in an array
Example : if given array is [1,3,12,19,13,2,15] and you are asked for the 3rd largest
element i.e., k=3 then your program should print 13

Program:

public class ThirdLarge {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int a[]={1,3,12,19,13,2,15};
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++){
for(int j=i+1;j<a.length;j++){
int temp=0;
if(a[i]<a[j]){
temp=a[j];
a[j]=a[i];
a[i]=temp;

}
}
}
for(int k=0;k<a.length;k++){
System.out.println(a[k]);

}
System.out.println("The Third maximum number is :" + a[a.length-5] );
}
}

Output:

19
15
13
12
3
2
1
The Third maximum number is :13

45. Armstrong number:

Program:
public class ArmstrongNumberCheck {

By Velmurugan & Team Page 123

 public static void main(String[] args) {

int n, a, i = 0, j = 0;
Scanner an = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter a number");
n = an.nextInt();
a = n;

while (a > 0) {
i = a % 10;
j = j + (i * i * i);
a = a / 10;

}
if (n == j) {
System.out.println("Armstrong number");

} else {
System.out.println("Not armstrong Number");
}

}
}

Output :

Enter a number
371
Armstrong number

46. Write a program to remove duplicates from sorted array

Input : 2,3,6,6,9,10,10,10,12,12
Output : 2,3,6,9,10,12

Program:

public class MyDuplicateElements {

public static int[] removeDuplicates(int[] input){

int j = 0;
int i = 1;
//return if the array length is less than 2

By Velmurugan & Team Page 124

 if(input.length < 2){
return input;
}
while(i < input.length){
if(input[i] == input[j]){
i++;
}else{
input[++j] = input[i++];
}
}
int[] output = new int[j+1];
for(int k=0; k<output.length; k++){
output[k] = input[k];
}

return output;
}

public static void main(String a[]){

int[] input1 = {2,3,6,6,8,9,10,10,10,12,12};
int[] output = removeDuplicates(input1);
for(int i:output){
System.out.print(i+" ");
}
}
}

Output:

2 3 6 8 9 10 12

47. Binary search

Program:
public class MyBinarySearch {

public int binarySearch(int[] inputArr, int key) {

int start = 0;
int end = inputArr.length - 1;
while (start <= end) {
int mid = (start + end) / 2;
if (key == inputArr[mid]) {
return mid;

By Velmurugan & Team Page 125

 }
if (key < inputArr[mid]) {
end = mid - 1;
} else {
start = mid + 1;
}
}
return -1;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

MyBinarySearch mbs = new MyBinarySearch();

int[] arr = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16};
System.out.println("Key 14's position: "+mbs.binarySearch(arr, 14));
int[] arr1 = {6,34,78,123,432,900};
System.out.println("Key 432's position: "+mbs.binarySearch(arr1, 432));
}
}

Output:

Key 14's position: 6

Key 432's position: 4

48. Butterfly shuffle:

Program:

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class SampleTest {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 };
int len = a.length / 2;
for (int i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
System.out.println(a[i]);
}
for (int i = a.length - 1; i >= len; i--) {
System.out.println(a[i]);
}

}
}

By Velmurugan & Team Page 126

 Output:

5
4
3
2
1
0
9
8
7
6

By Velmurugan & Team Page 127