Topic: Impact of Covid-19 on the Safety and Security Management of

UK Aviation Sectors

Student Name:

Student Number:

Course Name:
 Abstract
The topic chosen for conducting the dissertation includes “Impact of Covid-19 on the Safety
and Security Management of UK Aviation Sectors”. The dissertation begins with the
introduction that presents the context as well as sets main aim and objectives of the research. The
introductory part also justifies the topic selection as well as underlines the significance of the
research. The research on the subject “impact of Covid-19 on the safety and security
management of UK aviation sectors” is crucial because it helps evaluate the difficulties the UK
aviation industry likely to encounter due to the management of safety and security in the
pandemic. The study also helps identify the methods that aviation industry may choose to
mitigate the risks connected with the preservation of safety and security in the pandemic
scenario. The literature study of the research supports knowledge and analysis of the safety and
security management of the aviation sectors and also underlines the guidelines that are
established to maintain security and safety of the passengers and workers due to the pandemic.
The findings of the study helps evaluate the present state of the aviation industry in UK as well
as what are the difficulties that the whole sector is experiencing due to the management of safety
and security in the pandemic.

For the whole study a qualitative approach has been used, and the research has therefore been
relied on secondary data sources to get the required research information. The research is
conducted using secondary data to accomplish the research objectives of the study. Secondary
qualitative research employs qualitative information that someone else obtains or gathers to solve
another subject. In order to obtain acceptable findings, secondary data are used to conduct the
analysis. The case studies included five companies, BA CitiesFlyer, British Airways, Eastern
Airways, Jet2 and Loganair. The major topics which research has illuminated were the subject of
a thematic analysis. The discussion chapter binds every component of the research together and
the conclusion summarizes the entire research content as well as provides appropriate
recommendations to the research problem. Furthermore, the future scope o the research discuses
the gap in the study that in turn provides ample scope for conducting future researches.

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 Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................4

1.1 Research Background............................................................................................................4

1.2 Research problem..................................................................................................................5

1.3 Research Aim and Objectives................................................................................................5

1.4 Research Rationale................................................................................................................6

1.5 Research questions.................................................................................................................6

1.6 Research Significance............................................................................................................6

1.7 Research Structure.................................................................................................................7

Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................................8

2.1 Chapter overview...................................................................................................................8

2.2 Impact of Covid-19 on the Global Aviation sector...............................................................8

2.3 Impact of the Covid-19 on the safety and security management of UK aviation sector.....11

2.4 Covid-19 safety guidance for airlines and airports in UK...................................................14

2.5 Restarting air operations in the Wake of Covid-19.............................................................17

2.6 Literature Gap......................................................................................................................19

2.7 Summary..............................................................................................................................19

Chapter 3: Methodology................................................................................................................21

3.1 Chapter Overview................................................................................................................21

3.2 Research Method and Philosophy.......................................................................................22

3.3 Research Approach..............................................................................................................22

3.4 Research Design..................................................................................................................23

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 3.5 Data Collection Methods.....................................................................................................24

3.6 Data Analysis Technique.....................................................................................................24

3.7 Research Sampling..............................................................................................................25

3.8 Ethical Considerations.........................................................................................................25

3.9 Research Limitation.............................................................................................................26

Chapter 4: Findings........................................................................................................................27

4.1 COVID-19 Impacts on BA CityFlyer..................................................................................27

4.2 Impact of COVID-19 on the Safety and Security of British Airways.................................28

4.3 Influence of COVID-19 on Safety and Security Regulation of Eastern Airways...............30

4.4 Influence of COVID-19 Pandemic on Jet2..........................................................................31

4.5 COVID-19’s Impact on the Safety and Security of Loganair.............................................32

Chapter 5: Discussion....................................................................................................................34

5.1 Analysis...............................................................................................................................34

5.1.1 Thematic Analysis........................................................................................................34

5.2 Summary..............................................................................................................................37

Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations..............................................................................39

6.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................39

6.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................40

6.3 Future Research Scope........................................................................................................42

References......................................................................................................................................44

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Research Background

The COVID-19 pandemic affects the aviation sector in a huge manner, with considerable
economic losses and negative effects as it affects transportation services, demand for air
carriages and airport personnel and income (Dube,Nhamo and Chikodzi, 2021). The social
expenditures have put a lot of firms under severe strain inside this industry. As such, aviation has
suffered from some of the worst effects of the virus, because so many aspects of the sector have
been halted and transformed to prevent the spread of the virus. More essential cuts in the number
of passengers have led to cancelled flights or empty flights between airports that have, in turn,
massively reduced airline and airline revenues.  Some have attempted not to reimburse canceled
trips to avoid their losses (Rahmanet al., 2020).

Furthermore, airliner makers and airport operators have set off employees. Airports across the
planet came to a virtual stop in the second quarter of 2020 with the ongoing COVID-19
pandemic, resulting in airport traffic and lost income in all areas. Although many nations have
started to re-open various sections of their economy since then, numerous countries have faced
new waves of viruses and several jurisdictions have chosen for partial block-ups to be
reintroduced (Tisdall, Zhang and Zhang, 2021). Although the majority of nations has moved
away from all-inclusive lock-outs and is now seeking to curb targeted and less disruptive
infections, most jurisdictions have preserved either partly or fully restrictive international travel
legislation including self-quarantine at check-in.

Business aviation has been less impacted than aviation, since travel by top leadership is
frequently deemed vital. The traffic recorded at “London Biggin Hill” is approximately 30% of
the 2019 level, including significant transatlantic travel. After the outbreak of the COVID-19,
states, including government regulators, airports, airlines and aircrafts, amongst other
stakeholders in the aviation sector, developed in conjunction with the public health authorities, a
general set of principles generally aimed at lowering the risks related to health to aviation
workers, air travelers and general public(Rahmanet al., 2020). They will also contribute to the
growing number of passengers and cargo in efficient, safe and sustainable air transport and

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decrease the risks of the transmission of COVID-19 between these groups and between the
public in general. The implementation of these measures will make worldwide recovery from the
COVID-19 pandemic facilitated and strengthened. These steps would make the worldwide
recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic more effective and stronger. The following thesis
highlights the effect of Covid-19 on UK aviation safety and security management.

1.2 Research problem

The Covid-19 pandemic was the UK’s greatest threat in many decades and has a major effect on
the economy and on everybody’s life. In response, the State took unprecedented steps to limit the
spread of the virus, save lives and safeguard the NHS by backing companies in the world with
the most generous and extensive assistance package of £160 billion to date (Bas and Sivaprasad,
2020). The Committee has since begun its investigation, with the release of an updated guidance
on health and the establishment of ‘travel corridors,’ these steps extended to aviation to
encourage a restart in the sector in a manner that gives public health priority and scientific
guidance. Because there is nearly a two-meter distance between aircraft and airports, the industry
collaborated on special travel hygiene guideline with the government, which was published last
month. In airports, facial masking is compulsory and promoted, with UK airport signs giving
government advice information. As per the UK CAAs figures, by May 2020, the total number of
air travel from and to all airports recorded in the United Kingdom was 27,487 – 90% lesser than
the 289,447 air transportation reported by May 2019(Iacus et al., 2020). This 90% decline in
aviation traffic is largely due to the substantial reduction in passenger numbers as a result of the
travel restrictions. The UK aviation sector has thus been severely affected by the pandemic and
has encountered significant challenges in managing safety and safety due to the pandemic.

1.3 Research Aim and Objectives

The main aim of the research is to analyze the “impact of Covid-19 in the safety and security
management of UK aviation sectors”. The objectives of the research are listed below:

 To outline the impact of Covid-19 on the safety and security management of global
Aviation sector
 To highlight the Impact of the Covid-19 on the safety and security management of UK
aviation sector

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  To evaluate the Covid-19 safety guidance for airlines and airports in UK
 To outline the strategies that can be undertaken to cope up with the impact of Covid-19
on Safety and Security

1.4 Research Rationale

Owing to current pandemic situation, topic on “impact of Covid-19 in the safety and security
management of UK aviation sectors” is chosen as it is evident that the pandemic have caused
significant impact on the UK aviation sector. The selection of the topic is justified as the research
serves to provide in-depth and credible information concerning the” impact of the pandemic on
the UK aviation sector’s safety and security management”. Now the UK possessthe third-largest
aviation network in the world and the second-largest “aerospace industry.” It contributes more
than £22 billion of GDP and approximately one million UK jobs are directly and indirectly
supported for revenues in air travel of over £60 billion (Ofori, 2021). However, after the
outbreak of the pandemic, there have been gradual decline in air trafficking owing to the travel
restrictions imposed by the government, which has in turn led to significant loss in the UK
aviation sectors. The selection of the topic for the conduction of the research is justified as the
research serves to bridge the gap between all other existing research works and helps to provide
credible and authentic information relating to the topic to meet the objectives of the study.

1.5 Research questions

The research problem can be split into various research questions that the research serves to
answer. The research questions are listed below:

1. How does Covid-19 impact influence the Aviation sector in UK ?

2. How does Covid-19 influence the Safety and Security Regulations of Airlines?

3. What is the level of impact of Covid-19 on UK Aviation Sectors’ Safety and Security?

1.6 Research Significance

The research on the topic “impact of Covid-19 in the safety and security management of UK
aviation sectors” is important because it helps analyze the challenges the UK aviation sector
tends to face owing to the management of safety and security in the pandemic. The research also
helps identify the strategies that aviation sector can opt to mitigate the risks associated with the

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maintenance of safety and security in the pandemic situation. The literature review of the
research underpins knowledge and analysis of the safety and security management of the
aviation sectors and also highlights the guidelines that are introduced to maintain security and
safety of the passengers and employees owing to the pandemic. The results of the research helps
analyze the current situation of the aviation sector in UK as well as what are the challenges that
the entire sector is facing owing to the management of safety and security in the pandemic.

1.7 Research Structure

To obtain effective research results, it is important to make an effective research structure. The
research structure for the following dissertation is listed below;;

1. The introduction is the first chapter that sets the background and highlights the main
objectives and significance of the study.
2. The literature review is the second chapter that is conducted by analyzing relevant
secondary sources such as Scholastic journals, articles, PDFs, etc and presents the option
of authors concerning the topic.
3. The third chapter includes the research methodology that presents the methods and ways
of data collection, sampling and analysis and also highlights the ethical consideration.
4. The fourth chapter includes the finding that illustrates the final outcomes of the research.
5. The discussion is the fifth chapter that discuses the results and binds the entire research
together.
6. The final chapter consists of the conclusion that summarizes the entire content and
provides solution to the research problem.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Chapter overview

The literature review of thethesisisdoneby analyzing authentic secondary sources such as Peer-
reviewed journals, PDFs, scholarly articles, and relevant websites for drawing relevant
information concerning the topic (Kalu, Unachukwu, and Ibiam, 2019). It is evident that every
business sector has been impacted by the worldwide pandemic and, in turn, led to the rise decline
of many countries. The lock-down across the countries to halt the virus spread has led to the
shutdown of many businesses and unemployment in almost every nation, the UK has the third
largest aerospace network in the world, it contributes and over £22 billion in GDP and about one
million UK jobs are intrinsically and extrinsically supported for over £60 billion in air travel
revenues (Ofori, 2021). Nevertheless, after the onset of the pandemic, air transport is decreasing
gradually due to travel restrictions imposed by the Government, leading to substantial losses in
the aviation industry in the United Kingdom. The literature review thus pulls relevant
information on Covid 19’s effect on the safety and security management of UK aviation and
provides appropriate safety precautionary measures as a result of the pandemic. The gap
highlights the void in information that the literature review has failed to acknowledge that in turn
provides opportunity for future researches on this topic.

2.2 Impact of Covid-19 on the Global Aviation sector

According to Abu-Rayash and Dincer(2020) in all industries, the 2019 corona virus pandemic
(covid-19) was the newest global danger. The aviation sector one of the first industries to be
impacted by the disease since it is easy for individuals to get over. To yet, the disease has not
been officially treated and creates great fear for global citizens (Gössling, 2020). Governments
all around the country have thus forbidden transit between countries. The aviation company’s
market worth has subsequently declined.

In the global aviation industry, all types of aircraft, along with the associated transport services,
are produced and operated. Across 4.2 billion people was transported around the world, as per
the World Bank Organization in 2018. Increased disposable money all over the globe, low-fare
airlines, increasing world economy activity, and new tourism trends are the main factors that

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drive the aviation sector before the COVID 19 pandemic (Miani et al., 2021). In addition,
replacing outdated commercial aircraft has also performed a major role in the growth of the
industry. Following the pandemic, the major drivers in the aviation industry include reducing
tours and voyages since a large number of international and national flights are cancelled
globally to avoid disease transmission (Ozili and Arun, 2020). Worldwide, the administration
prohibits foreign visas and stops the affected area, which is among the main reasons for the
stagnation of the aviation sector. The research is split into cargo, passenger airlines, airline
companies, catering and airports and other service providers. The most affected are expected to
be the passenger aviation industry and catering and other service providers. Airlines affecting
manufacturers of aircraft may potentially see the aircraft order being cancelled shortly (Gössling,
Scott and Hall, 2020). The effects of COVID-19 on the aviation industry may be recognized in
every region, including Europe,Asia-Pacific, North America, and Rest of the World. For
example, the whole of the region is closed up in the US because of the outbreak COVID-19
Public Health Emergency and therefore restricts domestic travel.

Nations like Italy, Spain, India  andFrance,are fully locked down and aircraft of all sorts are
halted till notice is given. Qatar Airways, Lufthansa, Airbus,Boeing,Emirates, China Eastern
Airlines, “American Airlines Group Inc”. and Delta Air Lines are key airline businesses that are
internationally affected.   For example, “Qatar Airways” halted all flights with the COVID-19
pandemic from and to Italy, among the most badly affected nations. The business has also opted
to reverse its operations by reducing flights and eliminating less cost-effective aviation (Iacus et
al., 2020). As a preventive step to the COVID-19 outbreak, Qatar Airways grounded all its 10
A380 aircraft by 31 May 2020. In fact, as a consequence of the pandemic, Emirates has stopped
most of its passenger operations. Now the government is seeking rescue packages from the
airlines and the airport operators. Airport managers in Europe, for instance, are anticipated to see
pandemic losses of $15.4 billion. Furthermore, Airports in Europe are anticipated to receive 700
million fewer passengers, 28% less than expectedGössling, Scott and Hall, 2020)..

According to Lamb et al., (2021)A significant decline in demand for aircraft services has been
the consequence of the shift in customer behavior, after the COVID-19 issue, travel limitations
and the subsequent economic crisis. The IATA estimates, in April 2020, that passenger air
transport was down 90% yearly as passenger mileage revenue and still fell by 75% in August.

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The economic and trading collapse affected freight, which was nearly 30% lower in April and
remained about 12% lower in August (Choi, 2021). The magnitude of the shock has exerted
strain on the liquidity buffers of airline companies even though a substantial proportion of their
expenses varies (around 50% according to IATA, particularly the cost of fuel) and the recent
drop in oil prices has reduced airlines’ cost of operation.

In the past there were different reasons for interventions on aviation in public policy. Most
initiatives have targeted makers of aircraft. These companies are often subject to learning
performance and to large economies of scale, which may lead to the under in technology,
innovation or manufacturing facilities, and thus to governmental assistance (Ozili and Arun,
2020). The goal of public policy has been to coordinate and guarantee the safety of a broad range
of suppliers and various know-how. More recently, aircraft manufacturers have also sought to
expedite the transition towards low carbon aircraft within green industrial strategies. In contrast,
governments have taken action to encourage aircraft manufacturers to safeguard jobs in major air
transport corporations.

In the field of business aviation, safety management systems have shown their value for years.
While not an obligation, businesses implementing programs including such” NATA Safety Firs”t
and “IBAC’s IS-BAH” establish high standards for the others (Sun et al., 2021).

As far as the response to the COVID-19 issue is concerned, the majority of actions in the field or
in the company have so far focused aviation. Governments supported airlines by about USD 160
billion until August 2020. Simple, secure execution of ground handling operations is facilitated
by the Security Management System (SMS) (Serrano and Kazda, 2020). When Covid-19 reached
safety considerations early 2020, the new and expanded hazards have made safety considerations
more complex and demanding. Covid-19 has become well-known in aviation workplaces over
the last year. At the same time, air activity was reduced considerably, creating a set of own
difficulties as the area recovered. Businesses have had to behave in accordance with changing
safety advice and instructions from the government (Dube,Nhamo and Chikodzi, 2021). Covid-
19 can still be an important driver for further use of SMS, despite those difficulties. In especially
for individual safety, Covid-19 posed significant hazards. But the pandemic also challenged the
efficiency of SMS introduction by FBOs and aircraft operators. A strong SMS offers a
mechanism for developing ways to manage a pandemic. For instance, “IS-BAH” has a question

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about controlling third-world nations’ possible health hazards. In the United States, NATA saw
the requirement to establish and promote FBO and clean and disinfect aircraft standards to assure
passengers and workers at the start of the pandemic (Sun et al., 2021). The NATA Safety 1st
Clean standard was used to collect and distribute the guidance.

2.3 Impact of the Covid-19 on the safety and security management of UK aviation
sector
As per the UK CAAs figures, by May 2020, the total number of air travel from and to all airports
reported in the United Kingdom was 27,487 – 90% lower than the 289,447 air transportation
recorded by May 2019(International Airport Review., n.d). This 90% decline in aviation traffic is
mainly due to the substantial reduction in passenger numbers as a consequence of the travel
prohibition. In all UK airports registering in May 2020 there were 327,929 passengers, much less
99% than 26,794,086 in May 2019(Smith, n.d.). . Similarly, 99 per cent of the passengers in
April 2020 were also lower than in April 2019 and 98 per cent in June 2020 were fewer than in
June 2019. The chart below utilizes the CAA data for each month available for/from the UK and
illustrates that the number of passenger transport movements has decreased significantly since
the 17 March travel restrictions were implemented. As can be seen in the diagram below, a small
impact was achieved by the relaxation of UK travel restrictions for 4 July on air passenger
transport – while the overall trends in passenger air transport were (-95 percent) both in May and
June 2020, compared with the same month in 2019, with (-87 percent) trying to change in July
(Choi, 2021).

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Fig. 1: “Graph showing the percentage change in passenger and cargo air transport in UK”

(Source: Hasell, n.d.). 

As indicated in the above graph, the movement of passenger air transport has declined
significantly ever since the ban began on all non-essential air transport in the UK on 17 March,
while the movements of freight air transport exhibited a less severe increase. In contrast with the
same months of the previous year, however, one can notice that COVID-19 has a wider impact
on freight and transport than the constant reduction in passenger travel across all United
Kingdom airports. The effect of aviation professionals on the lives and work of approximately
330,000 people (Gössling, Scott, and Hall, 2020), has been important with employees fed or
made redundant in all sectors. The aerospace business provides technology for commercial air
travel, military and missile flights, “GA operations”, space flights and drones-referred unmanned
aircraft systems (Investopedia, 2020). It enables 120000 employees in the UK and 25% of them
are “research and development engineers” (Investopedia, 2020).

Deloitte, however, in 2020, explains how COVID-19 pushed many employees to go to work and
slowed their output. Airbus has, for example, reduced its production rate by 30%, employing

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40% of its commercial aircraft sectors, and is expected to reduce 1,700 employments in the
United Kingdom alone (Linka et al., 2020). UK issued fresh advice on how safe activities may
be carried out for airlines and airports in order to reduce the dangers of coronavirus, expressing
optimism that soon the state can agree on quarantine-free transportation agreements. The
Department of Transport warned on Thursday that passengers and personnel should wear facial
covers at airports and planes while passengers must check all baggage including handbags and
stay in seat for as many times as it can.There have also been limited flights to and from Great
Britain since the emergence of coronavirus(Gössling, Scott, and Hall, 2020). In July, Airlines
hoped to recover, but they believe that new UK regulations require international quarantine
arrivals for 14 days put this back on their feet. Britain claimed “air bridges’ connecting low-
infection nations are still being built, which is vital to boost travel demand and avoid further job
losses in addition to the tens of thousands already cited. The CAA was responsible for aviation
safety regulatory activities and compliance monitoring (DfT) in the UK (Gössling, Scott and Hall
2020), as of 1 April 2014, when these tasks were moved from the transport department.

As air travel has decreased and clients delay delivery, which may lead to financial support,
demand for commercial aircraft is declining (Deloitte, 2020). Conversely, the long-term, and
short-term, market for military aircraft and rockets is less affected by ongoing need and budgets
for such goods, although demand may progressively decline in the longer future, as governments
are forced to cut spending because of the economic repercussions of COVID-19. There seems to
be a reduction in other flights in the UK compared to 2019(Buisnesswire, 2020). For all UK
airports reporting the number of military aircraft movements in May 2020, the percentage has
shifted by -43% compared to May 2019. The percentage change from reporting airports for other
general aviation (GA) flights shows a decrease as of May 2019: Test and training flights were
lowered by 77%, members of Aeroclub flights by 95%, private flights by 82%, official flights by
16%, and other airline operator’s flights by 70% (Civil Aviation Authority, 2020).

Especially in comparison with May 2019, the business aviation industry has seen a decrease of
83% by May 2020, a sector that earns revenue of over €90 billion each year and involves more
than 370,000 people. The charter flight, grounding of fleets, and insurance premiums and aircraft
sales were severely reduced as a result of travel restrictions for non-essential travel by operators
of major airports (Linka et al., 2020). But a business aviation sector, medical flights, has not

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been affected. According to EBAA, the typical European business aviation operator will conduct
out 70 medical flights daily, an activity important for public safety. Major airports, notably
British Airways, have invited their staff to take voluntary leave, and almost 1 in 5 pilots in
Europe are on a ‘precarious contract.’ (Miani et al., 2021) Whilst day-by-day operations at
British airports declined, the public health sector in England (‘PHE’) produced guidance for non-
clinical premises on health and security protocols. Such still functioning sites must be aware of
monitoring the establishment of updated guidance on the PHE and regulator platforms.
Furthermore, the Aviation Safety Agency of the European Union (EASA) has published a safety
directive to prevent the transmission of corona viruses from and to infected regions during
flights(Ofori, 2021).. The directive sets forth procedures to be undertaken during departure, on
flights and on landing.

Key guiding areas include:

The disinfecting and purification of airplanes operating in infectious locations after each flight
(WHO-based destinations and recommendations from the European Disease Prevention Center
(EDCD)(Ofori, 2021).

One or more Universal Precautionary Kits (“UPK”) and supply of fake masks on board should
be deployed for aircraft operations to or from impacted regions;

The operators and the airline operators in washing facilities and waiting rooms use in their
passengers and staff shall provide manually available manually disinfection solutions; and

Aircraft to recognize and follow the symptomatic passer release guidelines for passengers with
symptoms and signs of any acute respiratory infection(ARI) (reporting, guidance on collecting
information,passenger locator cards)(Ofori, 2021).

2.4Covid-19 safety guidance for airlines and airports in UK

According to Budd, Ison and Adrienne(2020) The United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority
acknowledges the severe effect of Coronavirus on the sector and on future plan companies. The
CAA is very conscious of the influence of COVID-19 on the aerospace, aerospace and travel
sectors, and they are all doing their best to help. Including the maintenance of the (FY 19/20) fee
by failing to execute broad (FY 21/22) pricing rises or implement the general pricing

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recommendations for the previous year (Civil Aviation Authority, 2020a). Like several other UK
regulators, it is supported by charges on individuals and organizations that it regulates to
preserve the knowledge and capabilities that it need to do its duties. It is a statute-based concept
and is a legal duty. While United Kingdom airlines still hope that it can agree upon arrangements
to allow quarantine-free travel shortly, the Transport Department reportedly stated on 11 June
that airport and aircraft coverage should be borne by passengers and workers.

According to an international media source, travelers are urged, under the new rules for checking
in all baggage including handbags, to wait on as long as possible for the aircraft (Khatib et al.,
2020). The Department of Transport also reported that the nation continues to operate globally
on “air bridges” connecting low infection countries. The aviation sector also thinks that start-up
air travel is vital to avoid additional job losses, which have been announced in addition to the
decades of thousands. The administration also stated that the airlines also should clean the
aircraft extensively and enhance the availability of hand laundry and personal sanitation facilities
(International Airport Review., n.d). Therefore, “The Minister of Transport Grant Shapps” noted
in a statement that the Department is taking necessary measures to make sure that an aviation
industry structure exists when it is safe to remove travel restrictions. The new guidance also
indicates that the administration is almost ready to resume flying.

According to Harrar(2020) with the new rules, although a number of UK airlines,

includingRyanair,easyJet, and British Airways have said that passengers have to wear face-
covering; the guidance that most luggage may be difficult for some low cost flights has been
pointed out. Likewise, at the beginning of this week, the aviation and tourist sector protested a
government decision as Britain started to impose 14-day quarantine on travelers arriving into the
nation. Critics claimed that the implementation of quarantine is a “political gimmick,” according
to an international press release (Serrano and Kazda, 2020). They also contended that the
obligatory rule would bring ‘untold devastation’ to the tourist sector in the nation, not just to
airlines. The crew in the UK is exempted and need not separate themselves on arrival. During
lay-off at the hotel, the foreign workers must isolate themselves. 

In adjacent areas of airports (particularly retail and hospitality facilities), passengers must have a
face in England and all airport areas in Scotland. In Wales people must wear facial covers
throughout the airport’s interior sections. The use of facial covers in busy, enclosed spaces like

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the airport is advised in Northern Ireland, where social distance is difficult to establish (Naboush
and Alnimer, 2020). In England, workers are exempt while their job, but have to wear a face
within the airport even when they’re not operating or in service (for example, during breaks).
Personnel in the public spaces of the airport must wear a face in Scotland. In Wales, airport
employees working in public-open interior sections of the airport are obliged to wear facial
covers in these locations (Berryet al., 2020). In Wales, transportation operators must give
passengers wishing to travel with information on the need to wear facial covers. This knowledge
may be supplied in a number of ways. The new guidelines will encourage the rapid reopening of
the aviation sector in the UK once it is judged safe. The “Department of Transport” (DfT) of
UK has issued a new aviation guideline which specifies steps to be implemented by airport
operators to safeguard its employees and customers and to limit COVID-19 spread (Toprani,
Scheiblerand Nagel, 2020).

It offers advice to passengers on how to fly securely and on the respond of social distance
measure at each step of their trip, and is generated by the “UK Government’s International
Aviation Tasks Force” in conjunction with industry (Iacus et al., 2020). The advice focuses
extensively on passengers’ health and safety as well as on international best practices. It is the
result of a large engagement effort involving the government, the aviation sector and specialists
in public health. It sets up a structure to operate on the basis of lifting travel restrictions and if it
is safe, helping to re-establish employment and trade and travel possibilities (Budd, Ison and
Adrienne, 2020). Passengers are provided with advice on all areas of the travel experience, from
the inspection of the vulnerable populations before booking a ticket to securely traversing the
airport and traveling or leaving the airport. 

The operators’ guidance will also assist employees by encouraging practices that are safe and
comfortable. This includes anything from cleaning the aircraft thoroughly to installing more
hand washing facilities to coping with passengers who have symptoms (Toprani, Scheibler and
Nagel, 2020). This is a major move in building the confidence required for the air system, and it
is important that it proceeds rapidly to allow the elimination of quarantine limitations and the
implementation of air bridges as soon as feasible. The aviation industry needs to cut out
quarantine measures if it wants in becoming an engine for future UK economic growth. In other
words, it must remove these procedures and follow a risk-based strategy.

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2.5 Restarting air operations in the Wake of Covid-19
The pandemic COVID-19 has banned all travel. As stated by Linka et al., (2020) the aviation
sector has been heavily affected by this Black Swan event, with many countries and governments
quickly placing severe restrictions on flights. The industry has to remain laser focused on cost
reduction in the near term. The action needed when concerns about COVID-19 are less, and
normalness continues to recover, must be taken in mind at the same time. There are three areas at
which airlines must prepare for success in the post COVID-19 age and prepare themselves for
success.

Reliable information analysis in real time:

The most urgent need is to evaluate the frequency of flights operating in the next quarter and
even into relation to financial loss. In other words, data on the spread of COVID-19, the flight
constraints are created and consumer feelings evaluated, etc. are correctly predicted by means of
predictive analytical systems(www.aviationpros.com , n.d.). This enables airlines to determine
whether they are granted sufficient financial reserves to maintain flights in advance and to take
realistic steps to reduce losses on certain routes. Analytics can also be useful in predicting and
preparing the results of reservations and cancelled flights in Echtzeit – net reservations, gross
reservations, net new – by markets (Subramanya and Kermanshachi, 2021). Together with the
knowledge of the airline, data-based analysis provides an insight into specific actions to achieve
optimum ROI. The most urgent field for analytics may be to measure consumers’ pulses when
using an external indicator of consumer confidence. The examination of key indicators within
and outside the airline sector may assist airlines measure consumer satisfaction levels and the
exact levers which affect them when they book early.

Promoting and preparing demand

Airlines would be well advised to plan for customer demand returns properly. In order to
enhance demand for packages, promotions and deep-related discounts, both leisure and business
travelers should in particular be ready with enticing offers (Ozili and Arun, 2020). All passengers
who have cancelled future travel reservations with personalized offers based on changes in their
revenue management systems should be reached by airlines. The ability of the airline to reverse
sales of new bookings when demand returns has been the most essential thing. “Adobe

18
Experience Manager” (AEM) suite is one of the most sophisticated solutions available today to
manage digital assets and content and demand, (Dube,Nhamo and Chikodzi, 2021).

Initiatives of customer care

Among the critical lessons from this unfortunate event is that airlines will in future be able to
provide easy and comforting self service capabilities, allowing their tickets to be canceled,
reimbursed or reprogrammed without contacting travel agents or contact
centres(www.aviationpros.com , n.d.). This decreases contact center volumes, decreases
expenses and guarantees always controlled consumers. Furthermore, airlines could use online,
kiosk and in-flight films to demonstrate cleaning and sanitization processes for passengers.
These movies may cover an urgent procedure which would protect the well-being of consumers
and staff, the care and regulatory adherence to in-flight meals, etc.

Further long term steps must not be neglected by airlines in order to protect the health and well-
being of its passengers proactively:

i. Create automatic baggage handling and biometric kiosk checks

ii. Introduce thermal scanners feeding into the central operational control center to generate
overall airport management warnings and passenger health information
iii. Utilize “permanent infrared cleaning equipments” for indoor airplanes and use VR to
check and verify every aircraft as ‘prepared to board’
iv. Speeding up remote operating infrastructure for workers addressing non-customers,
including call centers, IT teams and business divisions(Toprani, Scheiblerand Nagel,
2020).. The digitalization, cloud and collaboration technologies may help reduce costs.
This can be done.
v. Enhance cloud migration, involving the use of cloud data center apps to save IT
infrastructure and operational costs via AI and automation. The pace of these transitions
has now become more critical to demonstrate substantial cost benefits across major
carriers.

These are uncertain and challenging times for many industries, but the aviation sector is
particularly affected. The new leaders will come up after COVID-19 since their rivals have taken
preventive, proactive measures. It is folly to attempt to predict the future perfectly, but in this

19
case it is fair to assume that technology will play a key role in ensuring the health of airlines both
today and in future.

2.6 Literature Gap

Though the literature review covers almost every aspect concerning the topic, though, there
exists gap within the information provided in the literature review. Therefore, though the
literature review throws light on the impact of Covid-19 in the safety and security management
in the UK aviation sector, and presents strategies that can help mitigate the challenge, every
aspect was not possible to be pinned within the context. However, the absence of any particular
case study makes the study broad and thus; every detail concerning the topic was not covered in
this section. Furthermore, the presence of wide amount of information in turn limited the
information presented in this section that in turn opens opportunity to future research on this
topic.

2.7 Summary
The literature review of the dissertation thus reflects on relevant opinion of authors concerning
the impact of Covid-19 on the safety and security management of UK aviation sector. From the
view of the above, it can be summarized that Air traffic decreases progressively following the
start of a pandemic since of government travel restrictions resulting to significant losses in the
UK aviation sector. The literature study thus draws important information on the effects of Covid
19 on UK aviation safety and safety management and presents adequate safety precautions as a
response of this pandemic. The global government prohibits international visas and shuts off the
area, one of the major causes for the stagnation of the aviation sector. After the COVID-19
problem, travel restrictions and ensuing economic crisis, there has been a major decrease in
demand for aviation services. The UK Civil Aviation Authority recognizes Coronavirus’ serious
impact on the industry as well as future plan businesses. The CAA is very much aware of and
does their best to contribute to the impact of COVID-19 on the aerospace, aeronautic and
transport sectors. The preservation of the charge FY 19/20, such as the failure to execute wider
price increases for FY 21/22 or the fulfillment of the previous year’s general price
recommendations. It is backed by the accusations against people and organizations, as many
other British regulators do, that it regulates in order to maintain its expertise and skills. The
industry must stay laser-oriented in the short term to reduce costs. The actions that are required if

20
COVID-19 worries are fewer and normality continues to return must simultaneously be taken
into consideration.

21
Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Chapter Overview

The third part of the study primarily focuses on the research methodology which covers the
processes and methods of data collection. The research methodology section also gives the
overall research a level of depth and prominence (Cypress, 2018).

The research methodology allows readers to assess the feasibility and reliability of study in a
logical way. A qualitative method was utilized for the whole research and the research was thus
based on secondary data sources to get necessary details concerning the research topic. The
research is performed with secondary data to achieve the study's research goals. Secondary
qualitative research uses qualitative knowledge that someone else gets or collects in order to
solve a different topicConsequently, secondary analyses of qualitative data offer an opportunity
to use data, notably in accessible regions (Chatfield, 2020). In order to obtain acceptable
findings, the analysis is performed utilising secondary data from the research. Secondary data
collection is defined as the data the researcher collects and provides. Furthermore, it is
appropriate to utilise secondary qualitative methods since the method of the case study will help
to bridge gaps between limited information essential for this research subject and provide
complete information. Additionally the information about the "Impact of Covid-19 in Security
and Safety Management in the UK aviation sector" was collected from secondary sources such
as the Academic journals, previously-published studies, publications, PDF files, and reputable
websites (Collins and Salmon, 2020). Therefore, this chapter introduces the relevance and
technology of the study as well as data collection and analysis methods that assist to justify and
accurately interpret the results. The ethical considerations consideration part discusses the ethical
standards of researchers for respect for research ethics and authentic research conduct. The
chapter also discusses the samples used for conducnting secondary research as well as presents
the process of data collection and analysis that was undertaken for conducting this research
study.

22
3.2 Research Method and Philosophy
Methods of research encompass strategies, protocols or tactics for information or data collection.
Distinct kinds of research techniques, such as primary and secondary data, are utilized depending
on study methodology and objectives. Research methodologies like interviews, focus groups,
case reports, and observations are employed in qualitative research. In interviews the
respondents' perspectives might be exposed through unstructured, structured, or semi-structured
questionnaires (Kallioet al., 2016). Case studies are on-the-spot analysis and the outcomes of a
specific organization used to acknowledge the issues and solutions in the topic of the research. In
specifically, a questionnaire bundle is used for questioning or monitoring focal groups.
Observations are made in interviews and other complicated contexts. In this study, the qualitative
method focuses on subjective findings to get insight into the issue.

In order to better understand certain theories, experiences and conclusions, it initially gathers and
analyzes secondary data from a broad range of literature. In this research, case analysis has been
mostly employed. It is harder to specify correctly and concisely the research philosophy concept.
Researchers utilize a number of paradigms of study, including positivist, objective,
constructivism, pragmatism, realism and interpretativism. The paradigm of Positivism evaluates
a subject via a publicly recognized or widely proved manner (Kallioet al., 2016). Objectivism
analyzes a single topic employing different social events and data, which serves to dominant
features theories and ideas objectively. The polar opposite of objectivism is constructivism. This
theory examines the causes or evidence relevant to social experience or experiences. Realizm
seems to be about revealing the facts about a subject that helps users to comprehend issues and
solutions and adds to concrete consequences. In addition, the idea of interpretativism analyzes or
investigates the cosmos via human contextual perceptions. The research therefore analyzed the
problems of the "impact of Covid-19 on the administration of safety and security in UK aviation
industry using the philosophy of Realism." Realism, in philosophy, the point of view that is
consistent with things that are known or seen to exist or be irrespective of whether someone
thinks about it or perceives it. Realism is a principle that regards the world as it is and not an
unfulfilled ideal. It stresses the actual world's limitations and the need for pragmatism and
caution.Therefore, the use of realism philosophy also enabled the researcher to make the research
more realistic and authentic to obtain the legitimate research outcomes.

23
3.3 Research Approach
Research design is the plan and approach that includes general implications on specific data
collection, analysis and interpretation methods. The issue of data is therefore typically dependent
on its character. The following research examined the "effect of Covid-19 on the administration
of safety and security in the UK aviation sector" using a secondary study method (Van den
Mountain and Struwig, 2017). Numerous academic publications identify the following research
plan as a qualitative method. Analyses of reports, papers, and publications have been conducted.
It is critical to highlight here that the study technique incorporates a subjective research
approach, even if the inquiry identifies desired goals and outlines conventional results. The
approach has been tested so that academics may understand the topic properly.

Qualitative methods for the systematic approach to design were assessed and the whole research
was carried out utilising freely accessible secondary sources. Qualitative research, including
assessment papers, reviews, letters or articles etc., is extensively used across various channels. In
the following study the Second Database Strategy is frequently employed (Woo, O'Boyle and
Spector, 2017).The researcher thus employed the qualitative case study research approach for
this study. Qualitative case studies are methods of study that assist to analyze phenomena from
various data sources and to explore a range of lenses in order to expose various facets of the
phenomena. This helps to approve and consolidate the study.

3.4 Research Design

In order to achieve the research aim, researchers have used a case study qualitative research
design. A case study is not only an accurate, in-depth survey or a thorough examination of a
particular problem. In the case study, one or more examples were reduced which could readily be
accessed by a broad range of research. If the researcher intends to concentrate on why or how the
phenomena may be more effectively described, case study is required if the meaning and
phenomena are clearly not restricted (Harrison et al., 2017). A variety of methods may be used to
collect evidence, including observation and historical records. The main aim is to enable
researchers in conducting and authenticate scholarly evaluations of both information and facts
using suitable and relevant evidence (Ridder, 2017).

24
The dissertation was selected to gather data from a range of sources and to encourage a critical
methodological interpretation of results via a knowledge of a really credible and subject-oriented
empirical process. Additionally, a thorough understanding of a specific topic, issue, or
environment provides justification for qualitative research. The truth is that compiling data via a
small but focused survey may take time; qualitative information is mostly about depth, not
quantity. In general, a case study research design is a thorough examination of a single
occurrence rather than a valid investigation (Harrison et al., 2017). It is a method that condenses
a very wide area of study into a concisely stated topic.

3.5 Data Collection Methods

The data collection process in current research analyses when and how information and data are
gathered for the study. This research is based on a method for research which focuses on core
principles and basic ideas of a comprehensive research project (Miles, Huberman and Saldaña,
2018). The data collection technique is implemented by a comprehensive evaluation of the
specifics in the setting of the research. The subjective data used to gather the data are generally
data from non-numerical observations depending on discrete references. They are typically
nothing except the spellbinding data collected from many places, e.g. papers, publications of
academics and public research. Nevertheless, it is exceptionally difficult to break apart the
abstract system as opposed to the facts.

In order to fulfill the major objectives, theoretical evidence was reviewed and findings were
derived via qualitative analysis. Therefore, the main resources which the researcher relied upon
mainly includes peer-reviewed articles, internet searches, etc. In order to achieve the ultimate
research goals and objectives, the qualitative data collecting methodology has indeed been
created with the aim that many knowledge approaches, such as the chosen methodology, are
utilized (Maxwell, 2018). For this reason, a study of Covid-19's influence on safety and security
management has been chosen from the UK to collect information related case studies. Moreover,
the study was enough to exclude non-ethical data due to the complete data analysis, which
confirms and consistently generates research outcomes. A secondary reference set, only ones that
provide more proof, was obtained in compiling the study outcomes and in attaining validity and
accuracy.

25
3.6 Data Analysis Technique
During the research the approach to data analysis with the essential knowledge and information
was applied in a single step. Consequently, essential study was conducted to evaluate genuine
evidence for interpreting qualitative data analyses. The information or data acquired for analysis
must also be correctly evaluated, in order to acquire the datasets efficiently. The sources have
been studied and investigated in line with a list of problems, to ensure the reliability of research
(Lester, Cho and Lochmiller, 2020). The content analysis has been used throughout the research
review to evaluate the information gathered using qualitative approaches. The collected data
were further classified in this research inquiry as semi-themes and subsets.

The data analysis is often conducted in research to improve the acquired information and data, so
that secondary data is being used to rectify the results. Moreover, the goal of the study is the
thematic analysis of data collected from observational sources. The data analysis method
effectively allows data from several sources to be improved. In order to better understand facts
from qualitative evidence, the content analytics technique is being used to evaluate quantitative
data (Lester, Cho and Lochmiller, 2020). Using the method of thematic analysis, however, the
results of the study also are verified and authenticated. The whole process of analysis during the
study helped to identify standard results and to satisfy overall assessment demands of the
academic sector. The aim of Thematic Analysis is to discover patterns or themes within a
database that contribute to the resolution of the research issue. A thorough method for data
familiarization, data coding, and theme creation and modification is used to identify patterns.

3.7 Research Sampling

Research samples are essential in the research study to gather information regarding the study.
The objective of this research is to encourage, evaluate and adapt to results and issues in a
thorough review (Sharma, 2017). The thesis consists of systematic research which produces
important findings and solves problems. Evidence and information will be collected from
different research reviews, papers, journals, research articles, publications and academic
archives. This study will focus on spending or evaluating the outcomes and the problems of a
systemic review to get the right answer. Therefore, purposive sampling technique is mainly used
in which the researcher completely relied on his judgement on the choice of his sample. The
study concentrates on the analysis and collection of samples, to ensure that the collected sample

26
offers a large scope (Sharma, 2017). This resulted in mostly data being acquired in order to
provide credibility and clarity in study from relevant secondary sources. Thus, relevant case
studies of five Airlines Company from the United Kingdom aviation sector have typically been
employed to investigate Covid-19's influence in UK aviation security management. Furthermore,
only authentic journals, relevant and authentic websites to derive company information have
been incorporated to complete this research.

3.8 Ethical Considerations

In order to accomplish the research goal, a collection of rules and standards is put into place to
ensure the safety and growth of the various research activities commonly identified as research
ethics. Research ethics are generally the most appropriate approach to any study (Roth and von
Unger, 2018). Consequently, the principles of ethics are recognized as the principal parameter
for measuring the 'effect of Covid-19 in the UK aviation sector for safety and security
management.' The core objective of research standard is to ensure the ethical issues of the work
through procedural execution and planning. The evaluation and integration of evidence for the
creation of ethical norms for study is therefore the most important area of ethical concern.

The investigation generally highlights three formal ethical values or requirements, such as
assistance, permission and protection. Safety, security, and appropriate protection have been
viewed as a crucial ethical requirement for data acquisition and processing. It was necessary to
understand that information gathered from lawful source research may also be of worry to the
key data. Therefore, a variety of predetermined criteria were used in the analysis to analyze the
research theme. Especially in order to avoid the dissemination of sensitive content, the privacy of
the website is important (Roth and von Unger, 2018). Also, the primary objective of the
assessment was the evaluation of the courteous and fair performance of all research techniques.
A number of rules and principles will be used to improve current different practices in research
ethics in order to achieve the defined research goal.

3.9 Research Limitation

Research limitations are elements or changes that have influenced or affected the interpretation
of the outcomes of the research. The research of the thesis dealt with all other aspects of the issue
with both the method of quality gathering of data (Miles, Huberman and Saldaña, 2018).
Nevertheless, owing to the lack of quantitative techniques, there is not enough information
27
collection. The approach to the analysis of numerical data is quantitative research. It is used for
the identification of trends, the forecasting of causal linkages, test findings for huge populations
and generalisation of results. Quantitative analysis offers numerical data that shows or disagrees
with the hypothesis, and thus a gap in knowledge and information arises because of the absence
of quantitative research. Furthermore, the lack of an interview and a survey also creates a gap in
information deriving that in turn limits thesis knowledge.

28
Chapter 4: Findings

4.1 COVID-19 Impacts on BA CityFlyer

The year 2020 was the time when few in the aviation industry imagined about feasibility.
COVID-19's cumulative consequences have been greater than those of 9/11, the previous global
economic crisis, the Gulf War, and the 2010 Icelandic ash cloud. Demand collapsed dramatically
in March 2020, as nations blocked its borders. BA CityFlyer collaborated mostly with rest of the
worldwide aviation community to ensure flight safety. They examined every stage of the
passenger experience, implemented necessary safety measures, and used cutting-edge
technology. These include ultraviolet cleaning robots that destroy germs and viruses, ultraviolet
handrail technology, hand sanitizer stations, and freshly educated hygiene technicians to
safeguard passengers and coworkers. But BA City Flyer, a subsidiary of British Airways which
has always been far surpassed consumers' preconceptions even with their quick flight could not
mark itself safe from the seizure of corona virus. While check-in and bag drop are self-service,
they are both simple and quick to do because they employees of BA CityFlyers are very helpful
and are always at service to their customer (Mulfati, 2021). The passengers usually board the
aeroplane in a fairly organised manner, in distinct boarding groups. The aircraft's seats, an
Embraer E190, are spacious and comfy, with more than adequate legroom for economy class,
particularly on an hour-long journey. The team of the BA CityFlyer even offers wonderful
service and delicious meals. Though it is a well-known a British regional airline, and a in every
respect owned subsidiary of British Airways- the premium one, it has also faced the
consequences of the contagious Covid-19. BA CityFlyer operates the flights in question, which
connect to Palma de Mallorca, Ibiza, Málaga, and Florence.It is apparent that consumers enjoy
the safe, cautious, and timely environment that they have established according to the Richard
Hill, the airport's chief commercial officer. In the next months, additional foreign services will
restart. In an airport poll of 4,700 travellers, 79 percent said that they were inclined to fly with
BA CityFlyer if officials indicated that it was safe to do so.

Despite the modifications, the airport has taken care not to jeopardise its comfort and quality,
which are highly prized by City Airport passengers and are more critical than ever. For over
three months, London City Airport was closed owing to the coronavirus epidemic.  The shutting

29
down of certain British Airways including BA CityFlyer operations at London City Airport due
to the covid-19 turns out to be highly adverse for leisure and business travelers, and people were
eagerly hoping for it to start its reopening process. There was a huge need from the end of the
customers of BA CityFlyer to resume the flights, and BA CityFlyer has worked diligently to
make that possible by implementing necessary security measures and collaborating closely with
British Airways to resume some popular areas and critical connections. They looked forward to
flights restarting and collaborating with British Airways to increase passenger volumes and
expand their route network as confidence returns. As per Bloomberg (2020), the BA CityFlyer
has been affected by the epidemic of corona virus and closed it commercial operations for a long
period, it has been affected at work behind the scenes to ensure the safety of passengers and
workers. They tried to be developed in consultation with experts to comply with official
guidance and best practice standards, the measures implemented include quick contact-free
temperature verifying technology, crowd monitoring technology, a strengthened cleaning regime
that includes an antimicrobial surface treatment, and social distancing processes such as one-way
systems and Perspex screens. Additionally, they passengers were strictly ordered to be required
to wear facial covers while in the airport.

4.2 Impact of COVID-19 on the Safety and Security of British Airways

COVID-19, often known as the Corona virus, is hogging headlines worldwide. The travel and
tourism industries are undergoing substantial change, and the aviation sector is particularly hard
hit. The aviation industry is critical to the national economy. Prior to the outbreak of the Covid-
19 epidemic, air transport provided at least £14 billion to the UK's GDP and supported over
130,000 direct employments, with air freight exports to non-EU nations totaling £95 billion in
2018. British Airways that was once seen as a national champion, a powerful symbol of the
country's commercial success and - as the airline puts it - of "enduring British culture and
modern Britain's strengths, did not also escape the incident of corona virus being unharmed."
The Covid-19 epidemic has been the most serious danger the British Airways has encountered in
decades, impacting every aspect of the life intertwined with the people who serving at the British
Airways and having a significant fall of economy, safety and security. As a result, the
Administration has adopted unprecedented steps to halt the spread of the virus, save lives, and
safeguard the British Airways, all while keeping people employed through the most
comprehensive and complete package of support ever offered to businesses, which has totaled
30
160  billion pounds to far. Since the British Airways’s inception, efforts have been expanded to
include aviation, with the release of revised health standards and the establishment of "Travel
Corridors" to aid in the sectorsprelaunch in a manner that emphasizes public health and is driven
by research (British Airways, 2021).

However, British Airways was in serious crisis regarding safety and security of its passengers
and employees in the devastating corona season - trying to cope with the massive financial effect
of the coronavirus epidemic, its connection with the government appears to be strained, and it is
at odds with its own staff. There is little doubt that BA, like all other airlines, has also been
significantly impacted by the pandemic's lockdowns and border closures. For months, it has
operated only a few flights each day, with the majority of its aircraft idle. However, it is BA's
approach to the issue that has produced a poisonous work environment and sparked a political
backlash. According to the airline, it was undergoing "the most profound structural shift in its
history." It asserts that it is taking action immediately to safeguard many other jobs as possible
and that it intends to engage with unions to reduce the effects of the changes. Although BA has
substantial financial reserves, it is now burning through £20 million per day - and with the bulk
of its fleet stranded, revenue is scarce. British Airways took advantage of the UK's COVID-19
job retention plan in April and lay off many staff. It is also at odds with the administration over
the implementation of a 14-day quarantine requirement for visitors to the UK, which has
"torpedoed" the chance of flights resumed in July.

British Airways issued new guidelines for passengers about how to abide by certain protocols
launched by the government to safely and securely minimize corona virus risks, bolstering
expectations that the nation would soon agree to accords allowing for hassle-free travel (British
Airways, 2021). Travelers and crew must cover their faces in airports and on planes, while
passengers must check in all luggages, including hand bags, and sit for the most of the trip. Since
the coronavirus epidemic, there was minimal traveling into and out of the United Kingdom. The
government's latest aviation guideline indicates that it is prepared for a restart. British Airways in
a statement said, "We are taking the right steps to guarantee that the aviation sector can recover
when it is safe to relax travel restrictions". They have previously said that passengers must wear
facial covers when flying. The recommendation would definitely change British Airways
positively.

31
4.3 Influence of COVID-19 on Safety and Security Regulation of Eastern Airways
A substantial reduction in the need for aircraft services has been driven by the changed
behaviour of customers during the COVID-19 incident, travel limitations and the resulting
financial recession. As per the IATA, air travel assessed by revenue for passengers in April 2020
fell by 90% year-on-year, and by 75% in August. The economic and trade crisis hurt freight,
which in April was over 30% lower year on year and in August remained around 12% less
(Tisdall, Zhang and Zhang, 2021).The scale of the shock has placed the liquidity buffers of
airline businesses under strain, while the cost of the airlines is changeable by a large portion
about 50%, IATA notes, with fuel accounting for 25% of the overall expenses. Further health or
safety regulations (e.g. disinfection, PPE, temperature controls or virus tests) are willing to boost
the operational expenses for Eastern Airways in the short term prior to passing on to customers.

In addition, if social distancing techniques are used for air travel, it may reduce consumer burden
by as much as 50%. The resumption of pre-crisis currency values might be impeded through
global traveling limitations, financial development contractions, and transformations in
transportation conduct through careful customers, even after the lock-out and local limitations
measures are eased in many nations. The amount of aircraft continues more than 40% below the
worldwide level of pre-crisis, which represents a sluggish recovery for commercial air traffic.
This masks variations in journey lengths: the decrease for long-haul flights is considerably more
apparent. Developments in customer conduct in the long run may lead to fundamental changes in
the demand for air transport (Ofori, 2021). Although China's comeback of domestic flights
implies that congestion may restore to pre-crisis rates, it cannot be possible excluding a
persistent fall in demand from pre-crisis levels via modal changes in services or, to a lesser
degree, through replacement with other forms of transport.

Until the COVID-19 outbreak started, airlines had been in quite different positions. Air transport
is, in instance, one of the areas with the greatest production variation among companies and, to a
smaller degree, revenue. Thus Eastern Airways was able to cope with that kind of a surprise and
diverse future perspectives in surprisingly different ways. Failures or acquisitions of big
enterprises might have a detrimental impact on air transport competitiveness, with potential
pricing effects. Although 80% of seat backs are on lines with a variety of carriers, many of them
depend on a small number of individuals. In the past there were several rationales for public

32
intervention in the aviation sector. In most of the actions, airlines like Eastern Airways has been
pursued (Brammer and Clark, 2020). In general, this company will be susceptible to
apprenticeship and substantial economies of scale that might entail underinvestment in
technologies, development or production lines and hence require governmental support. Public
policy also aims to coordinate and guarantee safety with a wide range of providers.

4.4 Influence of COVID-19 Pandemic on Jet2

Due to foreign travel limitations that led to the suspension of its planes for more over half the
year, Jet2 recorded a loss of over £370 million for the entire years. The listing firm recorded a
loss of £373.8 million for the year through 31 March 2021, until the FX conversion and
insurance, contrasted to a gain amounting to £264.2 million in 2019/20. Income decreased from
£3.58 billion in the preceding year through 89% to £395.4 million. For roughly 29 weeks of the
financial year, foreign travel limitations meant Jet2's planes were entirely stranded (Vickerman,
2021). The overall number of travelers flew 1.32 million, a reduction of 91% over the previous
year. During the year, the business secured a further £1 trillion in capital, mostly via backing of
shareholders and financial institutions. As a consequence, its cash balance at the end of 2012
amounts to £1.38 billion, down 1% from last year.

After the time came to an end, it negotiated an unprotected £150m loan, which expired in
September 2023. Senior unrestricted conversion bond issue due in 2026 was planned. JET2
Chairman Philip Meeson said in his report, 2020/20/21, that "the pandemic had an extraordinary
effect on JET2 Plc. and on the leisure sector as a whole," a time of "expected financial and
operational problems." Despite the ongoing effective implementation of vaccines in the UK and
its dynamism throughout Europe, the main issues confronting the Leisure Travel sector changed
little over the first three months of the new fiscal year. In early April, the administration's
"Global Travel Task Force" report was deceptive in lack of information and depth (Nicola et al.,
2020). The ensuing 'traffic light' approach was used solely to mislead customers rather than
clarify. But the prominent declaration of an extended 'green surveillance list' and possible
relaxing limitations on dual-vaccine travel to amber-listed locations without quarantine on return
showed that the UK Government is forced to commit to restarting foreign flights.

For a year ending March 31, Dart Group, operators of Jet2.com, declared earnings before tax of
£148 million. The amount fell 11% compared to £166 million last year, mainly because of

33
COVID-19's influence on the tourist industry. The firm took 108 million pounds to cover
gasoline, and foreign exchange developments cost 8 million pounds as well. Dart Group
witnessed a year-on-year growth in sales of 21 per cent to £3.6 billion until Covid-19 entered
Europe in March. The amount of passengers also grew 14% to 14.6 million during Jet2.com and
Jet2holidays throughout the time (Ozili and Arun, 2020). Even if the recreational travel sector is
faced with unique obstacles owing to the COVID-19 epidemic, the company is delighted to
announce on its UK international travel business' record performances for the financial year
ended 31 March.

4.5 COVID-19’s Impact on the Safety and Security of Loganair

Loganair stated today that, unless when governmental regulations alter in the near future, it
continues to demand passengers to wear side coverage on every flight. In the context of news
reports on future government policy, Airline, which was the first airline in the UK to demand
wearing coverage on flights in May 2020 before legal requirements had been implemented. 
Loganair has also considered the possible differing public transport rules throughout the four
countries of the United Kingdom while adopting this conclusion, in which each government can
make its own restrictions (Forster et al., 2020). The transport system of the airline extends to all
four UK countries and a consistent policy is developed throughout the Loganair Network in
order to avoid any additional misunderstanding. The policy of Loganair will be legally backed by
the terms and conditions contained in each airline voyage in the United Kingdom. Security and
safety is always the first concern for Loganair.

They think that a uniform policy within the networks will give confidence and trust for all
customers and that trust is a leader of Loganair's attempts to fly via the epidemic constantly to
supply critical connection across the UK. Therefore we will be required to carry one on every
Loganaire aircraft, if a client is not medically exempted from the necessity for a facial covering.
The organisation will regularly evaluate this and report future modifications when the time
comes for such to be made. This paper presents a framework for the implications on the
worldwide air transport system of the recent COVID-19 epidemic (Wright, 2021). This
comprises steps for the reduction and increase in trust among the public, workers of Loganair,
the world supply chains and government, to decrease the public health hazard to air passengers
and aviation personnel. This will help speed up desire for necessary, non-essential COVID-19 air

34
travel. The guidelines created with Loganair are also included in this paper to accompany this
content, which is intended to help mitigate the consequences of COVID-19.

ICAO proposes a gradual strategy to allowing a safe return to large volumes regional and global
air travel for people and cargo with the assistance and supervision of the society of civil aviation
stakeholders. The strategy includes a fundamental set of steps to provide a basic protocol on
aviation health to safeguard flying passengers and COVID-19 personnel. These actions will
allow global aviation to expand as it rebounds from the present epidemic (Chowdhury, Khan and
Dhar, 2021). Nevertheless, it is vital to acknowledge that, at every phase of recuperation, such
actions will require readjustment to serve the joint aims of ensuring safe air travel, incorporating
new public health initiatives into the aviation system and fostering economic recuperation and
development. Loganair's organisational activity has to realise that it has to decrease risks for
public health while being aware of what airlines, airports and other aviation interests are
practically viable. This is necessary if the recovery is to be facilitated throughout every phase.

35
Chapter 5: Discussion

5.1 Analysis

5.1.1 Thematic Analysis

Theme 1: Level of Impact of COVID-19 on UK Aviation Companies

From the year 2020, the corona virus pandemic worldwide have spreaded to virtually every
sector of the UK and global economies. Few industries have been as profoundly impacted as
aviation. Aviation was one of the pandemic's early victims, as national governments blocked
international borders to discourage non-essential travel. In the United Kingdom, the Foreign and
Commonwealth Office recommended British people against any non-essential worldwide travel
on 17 March 2020. Thousands of vacationers and business travelers have had their flights
cancelled. Thousands of planes were grounded and kept idle on tarmacs worldwide.

The precipitous decline in air travel—a 97 percent drop in passenger flights from the preceding
year—has been disastrous for the aviation sector, with projections that the UK business lose
more than £20 billion in annual revenue by 2020. Additionally, the industry is critical to the
UK's strategic and economic development. The UK Government's aim was to find a proportional
approach to gradually restore flights while limiting the spread of coronavirus.

The following section will present a detailed discussion on the basis of the information derived
from the preceding chapter of this work. BA CityFlyer has worked tirelessly to restore service to
popular locations and essential connections by installing required security measures and
cooperating closely with British Airways. They anticipated flights resuming and partnering with
British Airways to boost passenger volumes and extend their route network as confidence
returned. The BA CityFlyer was impacted by the corona virus outbreak and was forced to
suspend commercial operations for an extended period; the airport was impacted by efforts
behind the scenes to guarantee the health of passengers and employees (Mulfati, 2021). They
attempted to be developed in consultation with experts to adhere to official guidance and best
practise standards. The measures implemented include contactless temperature verification,
crowd monitoring, a reinforced disinfecting regime that contains an antimicrobial surface

36
treatment, and social distancing procedures like one-way processes and Perspex screens.
Additionally, travellers were instructed to wear face coverings at all times while in the airport.

British Airways has published fresh recommendations for customers on how to adhere to specific
government-led measures aimed at safely and securely mitigating corona virus threats, reviving
hopes that the country would soon agree to quarantine-free travel accords. In airports and on
aircraft, travellers and personnel must use mask on their faces, while travelers must check all
belongings, as well as hand bags, and sit for most of the flight (British Airways, 2021). Since the
coronavirus pandemic, little travel into or out of the U.k. has occurred. The newest aviation
guideline from the government shows that it is properly equipped for a restart. "We are taking
the necessary actions to ensure that the aviation industry can revive when it is safe to lift travel
restrictions," British Airways stated in a statement. They reportedly said that travelers must
conceal their faces while flying. The proposal would undoubtedly have a favourable effect on
British Airways.

Airlines were in a very different situation before to the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, air
transport is one of the industries with the largest variance in output and, to a lesser extent,
income. Thus, Eastern Airways was capable of dealing with such a great shock and a range of
other future scenarios in a remarkable variety of ways (Brammer and Clark, 2020). Lapses or
acquisitions of large companies may have a severe influence on the competitiveness of air
transport, with potential pricing implications. Dart Group, the operator of Jet2 reported earnings
before taxes of £148 million for the fiscal year ended March 31. The figure decreased 11% from
£166 million the year before, owing mostly to COVID-19's impact on the tourism industry. The
business spent 108 million pounds on fuel, and 8 million pounds on foreign exchange
developments. Dart Group's revenues increased by 21% year on year to £3.6 billion till Covid-19
reached Europe in March (Ozili and Arun, 2020). Throughout the time period, the number of
travellers increased by 14% to 14.6 million on Jet2. Even though the recreational travel industry
is facing particular challenges as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the firm is pleased to
report record results for its UK foreign travel business for the fiscal year that ended 31 March.
Loganair's organisational action must recognise the need to minimise hazards to public health
while also considering the practical viability of airlines, airports, and other aviation interests
(Wright, 2021). 

37
Theme 2: Influence of COVID-19 on Safety and Security Regulations of Aviation
Companies

Throughout the interpretation of the data that has been gathered through five case studies of five
different airline organisations in the aviation industry in the UK, it becomes evaluated that the
dominating impact of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly hampered the
entire business of the organisations.

Theme 3: COVID-19’s Impact on Aviation Companies of the UK

During this conduction of the entire study, the researcher also has evaluated that the outbreak of
the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the organisational sales and their revenues and
profitability during their business operation in the market of the UK. In the case of Jet2, the
organisation has faced most hazardous situation during this pandemic within their business due
to the decrement of their organisational profitability. As per the case study of Jet2, due to
international travel constraints, Jet2 incurred a loss of more than £370 million over a period of
more than half a year. For the year to 31 March 2021, the insurance and conversion companies
had a loss of £373.8 million in comparison to a gain of £264.2 million by the 2019/220 FX

conversion. The previous year's revenue fell from £3.58 billion to £395.4 million, to 89 per
cent. Foreign travel limits meant Jet2 aircraft were fully stranded for about 29 weeks of the
financial year.

Moreover, the total traveller volume amounted to 1.32 million, a decrease of 91% over the last
year. The company secured additional £1 billion of capital during the year, mainly via the
support of shareholders and financial institutions. As a result, its cash position was £1.38 billion
at the end of 2012, down 1% over the past year. Furthermore, Compared to £166 million last
year, the sum decreased 11 percent, largely due to the impact of COVID 19 on tourism (Tisdall,
Zhang and Zhang, 2021). The company took 108 million pounds to cover petrol, while
developments in foreign currencies cost 8 million pounds. Until COVID 19 arrived in Europe in

March, the Dart Group had a year-on-year sales increase of 21% to 3.6 billion dollar. During the
Jet2.com and Jet2 holidays, the passenger volume also increased 14 percent to 14.6 million On
the other hand, in the case of Eastern Airways, the organisation has been unable to enhance its

38
profitability in the market during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Rather, for Eastern
Airways, the organisational management and the leadership team have been obliged to enhance
its expenses. Therefore, the organisation proficiently has been unable to develop its profit
margin. Under the terms of the IATA, the income for passengers evaluated for air travel
decreased by 90% annually in April 2020 and by 75% in August. Freight was impacted by
economic and trade crises, which were more than 30% lower annually in April and 12% lower in
August. The size of the shock has placed airline companies' liquidity buffers under strain,
although their airlines' cost is around 50% variables, according to IATA, with fuel making
up 25 percent of the total cost.

5.2 Summary
Throughout the discussion above, the research has drawn out the most five prominent airways
and the impact of the pandemic on these airlines. The Covid-19 pandemic has created a huge
disruption in these airlines. These airlines have initiated various strategies to gain back the trust
of passengers by ensuring their safety of the passengers. During this time, the study observed
that BA CityFlyer has been hit by a coronavirus epidemic and has temporarily suspended
commercial operations, whereas the airport has been disturbed behind the curtains to ensure
passenger and corporate responsibility. In discussions with the client, initiatives such as quick
interaction heat confirmation, audience, a strengthened cleanup scheme such as an antibacterial
surface modification, and societal factors such as main intend and projectors were developed to
conform to current guidelines and best practices standards.

During this debate, the researchers look at research articles from various airlines in the UK's
aviation sector, such as British Airways, Eastern Airways, Jet2, and Loganair. The researcher
was able to effectively analyze the most apparent and obvious information about the influence of
COVID-19 on the security and safety practices of these aircraft organizations in terms of this.
The effects of the present COVID-19 epidemic on the worldwide air transportation business are
discussed. This includes attempts to minimize and enhance public trust, as well as measures to
strengthen the trust of Loganair employees, global supply networks, and authorities in order to
lessen the danger to air customers and aviation experts.

39
Furthermore, the study pointed out that before the COVID-19 outbreak, aeroplanes were in a
very different situation. Air transportation is one of the sectors with the greatest variation in
production and, to a smaller degree, profit. Eastern Airways was however prepared to deal with a
completely new kind of unexpected, as well as a plethora of future possibilities.

40
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations

6.1 Conclusion

The research has discussed the impact of the global pandemic on the aviation sector of the UK
and the influence on the safety and security measures of this industry. The discussion has broadly
and critically described these issues into several parts. The first part has critically discussed all
the aspects of the research including the challenges faced by the UK aviation authority and their
main objective of implementing these new safety protocols in regard to the rise of Covid-19.
Again, this chapter has included the significance of the current discussion and the structure
followed to highlight the overall matter in detail. Generally, the beginning part has evaluated the
Covid-19 safety guidance of the airlines of the UK in restarting air operations.

The next part has critically demonstrated various safeties and security measures taken by the UK
aviation sector in the wake of Covid-19. The pandemic has led many businesses to face financial
losses, especially in the Aviation sector. Keeping that loss in mind the sector has to come back
with a major investment in the safety protocols and providing necessary items to the travelling
passenger to maintain their well-being during the journey. The industry in a short period has
taken various significant initiatives including providing adequate customer service for the
consumers. The last paragraph reviewed the gaps and limitations in the discussed section.

This section primarily focused on the methodology of the research which demonstrates the
method and process of the data collection. The research methodology defines the process through
which the collection and evaluation of data of the specific topic have been done. The whole
research has been drawn out utilizing the qualitative method and using secondary data collected
from PDF, legitimate websites, published papers and publications. All the data of the topic
"Impact of Covid-19 on the safety and security measures taken by UK aviation sector" has been
drawn out following the research process. The chosen analyzing method is appropriate to fulfil
the main objectives and goals of the research.

In this section, the impact of Covid-19 and the crucial initiatives of the various airline authorities
of the UK have been drawn out. For leveraging the impact of Covid-19, the airline's authority

41
has strictly adhered to the safety protocols and has taken necessary steps for the consumers. The
authority has collaborated with numerous global airline authorities and used cutting-edge
technologies to ensure the comfort of the passengers. Even after evidencing the huge economic
fall, the British airways have come back to their champion position by taking some
unprecedented steps. The airways ensured the safety protocols along with this they have
maintained their support for the employees and did not look at cutting the number of employees
during the uncertain period. Eastern Airways and Jet2 have also shown their responsible
carefulness towards their passengers. The Loganair has shown the leadership role in
implementing wearing coverage on the face of the passengers even before the government has
announced their regulations. The organization has set their renowned name by including
fundamental and crucial steps in global aviation. Therefore, this part has broadly described the
protocols and significant measures initiated by the renowned aviation companies of the UK.

Following the previous section, the final part has enlightened that the sudden outbreak of the
Coronavirus has led the government to impose various rules and regulations that had severely
impacted the aviation industry of the UK. The sudden reinforcement of the rules has thrown a
challenge to the authorities and the tireless and impromptu initiatives taken by the UK aviation
authorities are undoubtedly applaudable. Along with this, these companies have faced a
remarkable competitive race to make them stand out in this significant period. Hence, the Covid-
19 was a serious challenge for the aviation company but following the guidelines and rules
provided by the government, the Aviation industry has recovered significantly and has made a
significant come back on the restarting period of the air operation in the wake of the Covid-19
epidemic.

6.2 Recommendations

The recommendation section in a project is essentially a significant part as it critically analyzes

the discussed matter and comprehends the presented gap in the current existing discussions and
most crucially recommends different and considerably better ideas and methods for bridging the
gap in the project (Deng, 2020). The main objective behind the study of this research is to
evaluate and discuss numerous sides of the impact of the global pandemic, Covid-19, on the
airline sector of the UK. The rising threat of the Coronavirus has led many businesses to shut

42
down, numerous businesses have moved towards cutting down their employees to retain a
sustainable position in the market (Kalogiannidis and Chatzitheodoridis, 2021).

The aviation sector and the tourism industry was the most affected industry in consideration of
the impact of Coronavirus as to obstruct the spread of this virus strict regulations have been
implied on the travelling of the people worldwide (Nižetić, 2020). Because of this the global
aviation sector and transportation industry as well as the third-largest aviation sector has been
significantly disturbed by this epidemic. In the post-Covid-19 restart, the main issue faced by the
industry is relating to maintaining the strict safety and security issues of the travelling
passengers. In regard to this, the aviation industry has been strictly following the safety protocols
and guidelines stated by the government and various international organizations.

 Though the UK aviation industry is strictly ensuring the safety of the passengers by
following the protocols, still there are some gaps that have become a safety concern for
the industry (Akinola, N.D.). The inside of the industry might be highly sanitized and
ensuring hygiene protocols but the Passengers are opting for public transports to reach
the airports. These transports are considerably riskier to travel as it crowded and people
spend almost 30 minutes in that transport. To mitigate this challenge the UK airport
authority need to work together with the third party ground transport stakeholders to
ensure the safety and sanitizing protocols inside these vehicles.
 Another serious concern faced by the industry is the lack of awareness of the sanitization
procedures among the passengers. In regard to this, airlines have created multiple
communication strategies to convey the sanitization procedures among the passenger and
their relatives by displaying journey videos, visual cues like floor stickers and using
social media.

The complete research has been laid out by using the qualitative method and secondary data.
These methods have been used to collect, analyze and interpret the data regarding this subject.
Alternative research methods like quantitative methods such as surveys, interviews could have
been used to collect the data. In regard to this context, the quantitative method would have more
effective as this data analyzing method emphasize on objective measurement and data collected
through interview and surveys is considerably more relevant. The survey generally will aid to

43
obtain data directly from the employees of the aviation industry that could have been useful to
underline the existing issues and understand their ideas and perspectives regarding this. There are
three types of data collection methods, such as observation, questionnaire and experiments.
These methods could have been better for data collection and the questionnaire method is the
most advantageous as it helps to acquire an ample amount of data that could be used to identify
and understand the relevant issues in a specified time. The observational method will be helpful
to recognize the behaviour of the passengers and these data could be implemented to reduce the
existing safety issue in the aviation industry.

6.3 Future Research Scope

The present research has highlighted the impact of the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic on the
aviation industry and the impact on the safety and security measures taken by various aviation
companies of the UK. As per the viewpoint of the above research, the research could highlight
the existing issues in detail to recognize other safety issues that have unnoticeably become a
threat to the industry. The discussion is very much significant in the current scenario as safety
has become the main responsibility of the industry and it will help the UK aviation industry to
recognize the issues and take proper actions to leverage the threat and maintain the safety of
passengers.

However, the absence of a quantitative approach has visibly led the research to suffer from deep
understanding and lack of great knowledge. The use of this method could save an ample amount
of time in this significant moment and could provide information that is based on facts and logic.
Again, the interview could be conducted among the managers and employees to explore the
opinions and get a better understanding of the applied safety protocols and their challenges. The
interview method is very useful as directly communicate with the people associated with the
field and all the data collected from this method is considered to be raw and most effective for
any research. The discussion has covered almost all the crucial aspects regarding this issue,
though, these gaps have created limitations in the research.

Hence, further study should include a qualitative approach and other data collection methods like
an interview, surveys to acquire and analyze the key areas of the safety issue and to get a better

44
understanding of the required improvising in the implemented safety protocols in the aviation
industry.

45
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