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    Stream and Block Ciphers

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    Gayathri Priyadharshini
    This document discusses stream ciphers and block ciphers. Stream ciphers operate on a character-by-character basis using a key stream to encrypt plaintext into ciphertext. Block ciphers encrypt fixed-size blocks of plaintext using a single key for each block. Examples are provided of additive ciphers, monoalphabetic substitution ciphers, Vigenere ciphers, Playfair ciphers, and Hill ciphers to illustrate stream and block cipher concepts. Combination ciphers use a stream of keys to encrypt message blocks individually, having properties of both stream and block ciphers.

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    Stream and Block Ciphers

    Uploaded by

    Gayathri Priyadharshini
    55 views8 pages
    This document discusses stream ciphers and block ciphers. Stream ciphers operate on a character-by-character basis using a key stream to encrypt plaintext into ciphertext. Block ciphers encrypt fixed-size blocks of plaintext using a single key for each block. Examples are provided of additive ciphers, monoalphabetic substitution ciphers, Vigenere ciphers, Playfair ciphers, and Hill ciphers to illustrate stream and block cipher concepts. Combination ciphers use a stream of keys to encrypt message blocks individually, having properties of both stream and block ciphers.

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    This document discusses stream ciphers and block ciphers. Stream ciphers operate on a character-by-character basis using a key stream to encrypt plaintext into ciphertext. Block ciphers encrypt fixed-size blocks of plaintext using a single key for each block. Examples are provided of additive ciphers, monoalphabetic substitution ciphers, Vigenere ciphers, Playfair ciphers, and Hill ciphers to illustrate stream and block cipher concepts. Combination ciphers use a stream of keys to encrypt message blocks individually, having properties of both stream and block ciphers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    55 views8 pages

    Stream and Block Ciphers

    Uploaded by

    Gayathri Priyadharshini
    This document discusses stream ciphers and block ciphers. Stream ciphers operate on a character-by-character basis using a key stream to encrypt plaintext into ciphertext. Block ciphers encrypt fixed-size blocks of plaintext using a single key for each block. Examples are provided of additive ciphers, monoalphabetic substitution ciphers, Vigenere ciphers, Playfair ciphers, and Hill ciphers to illustrate stream and block cipher concepts. Combination ciphers use a stream of keys to encrypt message blocks individually, having properties of both stream and block ciphers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    3-4 STREAM AND BLOCK CIPHERS

    The literature tlivules lhe symmetric ciphers into two


    broatl' categories.· stream ciphers and blDelc ciphers.
    Althoi,gh the definitions are normally applied' lo modern
    ciphers, this categorization also applies to traditional1
    1

    ciphers,.

    Topics discussed in this section:


    3.4.1 Stream Ciphers
    3.4.2 Block Ciphers
    3.4.3 Combination

    3.60
    3.4.1 Stream Ciphers

    Call the plaintext stream P, the ciphertext stream C, and


    the key stream K.

    Figure 3.26 Stream cipher


    Plaintext Ciphertext
    p 1a i n
    so ,,

    .,-
    l
    D = Ek3 (a)

    Encryption algorithm
    3.61
    3.4.1 Continued

    Example 3.30
    Additive ciphers can be categorized as stream ciphers in which the
    key stream is the repeated value of the key. In other words, the
    key stream is considered as a predetermined stream of keys or
    K = (k, k, ... , k). In this cipher, however, each character in the
    ciphertext depends only on the corresponding character in the
    plaintext, because the key stream is generated independently.

    Example 3.31
    The monoalphabetic substitution ciphers discussed in this chapter
    are also stream ciphers. However, each value of the key stream in
    this case is the mapping of the current plaintext character to the
    corresponding ciphertext character in the mapping table.

    3.62
    3.4.1 Continued

    Example 3.32
    Vigenere ciphers are also stream ciphers according to the
    definition. In this case, the key stream is a repetition of m values,
    where m is the size of the keyword. In other words,

    K = (k1, k2, ... km, k1, k2, ... k,n, .. . )

    Exa1nple 3.33
    We can establish a criterion to divide stream ciphers based on
    their key streams. We can say that a stream cipher is a
    monoalphabetic cipher if the value of ki does not depend on the
    position of the plaintext character in the plaintext stream;
    otherwise, the cipher is polyalphabetic.
    3.63
    3.4.1 Continued
    Example 3.33 (Continued)

    □Additive ciphers are definitely monoalphabetic because ki in the


    key stream is fixed; it does not depend on the position of the
    character in the plaintext.

    □ Monoalphabetic substitution ciphers are monoalphabetic


    because ki does not depend on the position of the corresponding
    character in the plaintext stream; it depends only on the value of
    the plaintext character.

    □ Vigenere ciphers are polyalphabetic ciphers because ki


    definitely depends on the position of the plaintext character.
    However, the dependency is cyclic. The key is the same for two
    characters m positions apart.

    3.64
    3.4.2 Stream Ciphers

    In a block cipher, a group of plaintext symbols of size m


    (m > 1) are encrypted together creating a group of
    ciphertext of the same size. A single key is used to
    encrypt the whole block even if the key is made of
    multiple values. Figure 3.27 shows the concept of a block
    cipher.
    Figure 3.27 Block cipher
    Plaintext Ciphertext

    p l a i n t ex t SO D DP V
    K

    . . . _ _ _ _ _ {D, P, V}
    l
    = EK {i, n, t} _ _ ____,

    Encryption algorithm
    3.65
    3.4.2 Continued

    Example 3.34
    Playfair ciphers are block ciphers. The size of the block is m = 2.
    Two characters are encrypted together.
    Example 3.35
    Hill ciphers are block ciphers. A block of plaintext, of size 2 or
    more is encrypted together using a single key (a matrix). In these
    ciphers, the value of each character in the ciphertext depends on
    all the values of the characters in the plaintext. Although the key is
    made of m x m values, it is considered as a single key.
    Example 3.36
    From the deC-mition of the block cipher, it is clear that every block
    cipher is a polyalphabetic cipher because each character in a
    ciphertext block depends on all characters in the plaintext block.
    3.66
    3.4.3 Combination

    In practice, blocks of plaintext are encrypted


    individually, but they use a stream of keys to encrypt the
    whole message block by block. In other words, the cipher
    is a block cipher when looking at the individual blocks,
    but it is a stream cipher when looking at the whole
    message considering each block as a single unit.

    3.67

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